The document discusses NASA's objectives to search for evidence of ancient life on Mars through ongoing rover missions. It also summarizes a presentation on a potential Mars mission, including discussions with scientists about challenges such as water availability, energy for rockets, bone density loss, and radiation. Biosphere 2 is mentioned as a facility studying closed ecological systems that could be relevant for Mars colonization. The overall feasibility of a Mars mission by 2028 is presented.
Is there life life on mars? For many people it is the big question and maybe we aren´t to far to find the answer...
Don´tforget, if you like the ppt; like it!
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Is there life life on mars? For many people it is the big question and maybe we aren´t to far to find the answer...
Don´tforget, if you like the ppt; like it!
:)
Chandrayan 2 Presentation- launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sr...KeralaOnline
Presenting Chandrayan 2 Power Point Presentation.All Details About Chandrayaan 2.Inages,Details of Chandrayan 2.Chandrayaan-2 launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, India, aboard a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) rocket on July 22, 2019 and reached lunar orbit on August.
The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also called Mangalyaan is a space probe orbiting Mars since 24 September 2014. It is India's first interplanetary mission and ISRO has also become the fourth space agency to reach Mars, after the Soviet space program, NASA, and the European Space Agency. It is the first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit, and the first nation in the world to do so in its first attempt.
Chandrayan 2 Presentation- launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sr...KeralaOnline
Presenting Chandrayan 2 Power Point Presentation.All Details About Chandrayaan 2.Inages,Details of Chandrayan 2.Chandrayaan-2 launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in Sriharikota, India, aboard a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) rocket on July 22, 2019 and reached lunar orbit on August.
The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also called Mangalyaan is a space probe orbiting Mars since 24 September 2014. It is India's first interplanetary mission and ISRO has also become the fourth space agency to reach Mars, after the Soviet space program, NASA, and the European Space Agency. It is the first Asian nation to reach Mars orbit, and the first nation in the world to do so in its first attempt.
INDIA'S FIRST MARS SPACE MISSION NAMED MARS ORBITER MISSION(MOM) SIMPLY KNOWN AS MANGALYAN. FOR MORE UPDATES AND SLIDES VISIT www.mechanizeinn.wordpress.com OR www.facebook.com/mechanizeinn
Background
We can search for evidence of past, or even present, life forms within our own solar system, find
evidence of simple life on planets around other stars –- a planet where water could be present has
recently be found –- or even detect an intelligent signal from an alien civilization. The speaker was
a project scientist in the most sensitive search, Project Phoenix, ever undertaken. Sadly, no signals
were detected but a new 10 year search using two of the world’s largest radio telescopes is about
to begin and, during the next decade, a giant radio telescope, the Square Kilometer Array, will have
the sensitivity to detect alien signals from across the galaxy.
The Concerns- Who Are We Protecting From Who?
The dawn of the space age in the 1950s also created the realization that for the first time, Earth could potentially become the subject of an alien invasion of sorts; the introduction of foreign biological material
would no longer be just the subject of science fiction, but would indeed be hard reality. Earthborne microbes might behave oddly in the environment of space, or be exposed to radiation while outside the
protective effects of Earth's atmosphere and magnetic fields, returning with harmful mutations. Similarly, exploring machines or men could accidentally pick them up from a foreign world, such as the Moon, and
bring them back home. In turn, there were also concerns about Earth lifeforms contaminating the other worlds of the solar system. Human history is filled with examples of biological disasters caused by the
inadvertent, and sometimes deliberate, introduction of new microbes or animal and plant species into a naive environment. Catastrophic destruction has often been the result of such contact, in terms of loss of
life, and damage to plant life and animal populations.
Apollo entered this stage in the early 60s, but not without precedent. Starting from the late 50s, international cooperation had begun in terms of biological safety of space flight, both for protection of Earth, and
other worlds. The terminology may sound grandiose, and although it was quite openly accepted that the probability of life forms existing on other worlds was extremely low, few were willing to take the chance
without any consideration for that minute possibility. Even the Soviet Union was keen to promote these ideas on the international stage, which the US agreed on. Apollo was a continuation of such efforts, in
terms of the preservation of life on Earth, and the protection of other planets and bodies of the solar system.
In retrospect, it is possible to suggest that these concerns were overblown, but we only know that this is the case due to the careful preparations and the execution of the protective plans that evolved over several
years in the build up to the Apollo lunar landings. There were genuine concerns that the Earth's biosphere could be damaged by foreign life forms or the lunar material itself with its chemical composition yet
unknown. A July 1964 Back Contamination Conference staged between different US governmental bodies also showed that the concerns extended to the legal sphere. The United States Public Health service had
the duty to protect the citizens of the country against microbes, which might exist on the Moon. Similarly, the Department of Agriculture had the duty and the power to determine what kind of potentially
biologically hazardous material entered the country - and in this particular case, the very planet itself. This made planetary protection not only a concern for NASA, but for the entire US Government.
John A Chapman mining the moon 20060723John Chapman
NASA has announced a schedule and plan for the creation of a lunar base within 16 years as a precursor to establishing a base on Mars. Space agencies from Europe, Japan, India and China have expressed support for the NASA plan and/or their separate plans for a lunar base. This plan to explore and inhabit the Moon and then Mars is driven by the triple goals of scientific research, lunar/asteroid resource extraction and saving the earthbound human species from eventual extinction by asteroid/comet impact or super-volcano eruption. This paper proposes the application, on the Moon, of equipment and mining methods already well proven on Earth in very cold and dusty environments. The authors present an innovative combination of existing technologies for exploration and mining, including: mobile equipment, spare parts, sample analysis, remote controls, semi-autonomous controls, remote equipment "health" monitoring, real-time precision location and guidance, and the use of broadband WiMAX for communication to and from the proposed lunar base and Earth's Internet.
Pesquisa mostra que as exoluas podem ser os corpos mais comuns no universo onde se pode encontrar vida. As exoluar aumentam o número de corpos presentes na chamada zona habitável dos exoplanetas.
Life on Earth began about 3.7 billion years ago in the form of a single cell that gradually evolved from a single cell into a multicellular cell.
As far as we know, the diameter of the universe (observed universe) is 93 billion light winds (8.8E23 km).
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. Was or is there life?
• On January 24, 2014, NASA
reported :
The search for evidence
of habitability, taphonomy (relate
d to fossils), and organic
carbon on the planet Mars is now
a primary NASA objective.
7. Mars Mission Control
• We had a tele conference with a scientist of the mars mission.
• Gernot Grömer" <gernot.groemer@oewf.org>, "Sebastian
Hettrich"<sebastian.hettrich@web.de>
during the World Space Week
• AUSTRIAN SPACE FORUM
Innsbruck Office, Sillufer 3a, 6020 Innsbruck, AUSTRIA
8.
9. Basic Problems
•Is there enough water?
•Energy for the Rocket propulsion
•Loss of bone density
•Cosmic radiation
•food
11. Is there enough water?
There are also ice sheets on Mars, partly of carbon dioxide, partly of
water.
12. The energy for the Rockets
The water on Mars will be decomposed by solar energy into hydrogen
and oxygen and will be used as fuel.
13. Loss of bone density
A Russian doctor has developed a method to counter this problem.
With a medicament the start of the bon density can be delayed for ten
years. This time should be enough for a Mars mission.
14. The start of the return trip to earth
The start will work similar as the one of the moon landing, the lower
part of the capsule will be the start ramp and stay on Mars.
16. Biosphere 2
• Biosphere 2 is an Earth systems science research facility.
• It is originally built to be an artificial, materially closed ecological
system and it explored the web of interactions within life.
• It also explored the use of closed biospheres in space colonization,
and allowed the study and manipulation of a biosphere without
harming Earth's.
• It’s observed by the NASA, because it could be important for the Mars
Mission.
19. Summary of my presentation
• Foil 2: On January 24, 2014, NASA reported that current studies on
the planet Mars by the Curiosity and Opportunity rovers will now be
searching for evidence of ancient life, including a biosphere based
on autotrophic, chemotrophic,
and/or chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms, as well as ancient
water, including fluvio-lacustrine environments(plains related to
ancient rivers or lakes) that may have been habitable The search for
evidence of habitability, taphonomy (related to fossils), and organic
carbon on the planet Mars is now a primary NASA objective.
20. Summary of my presentation
• Foil 4: The commando of the Mars Mission Control is in Innsbruck
(Austria).
• Foil 5+6: The spacesuits and the equipment were tested on a glacial
and in the desert.
• Foil 7: The Mars Mission control Austria organised the World Space
Week. During this week we had the chance to have a live conference
with a scientist. We asked him a lot of things of the Mars mission and
he answered our question. At the following foil you can see the
biggest problems, which he had told us.
21. Summary of my presentation
• Foil 10:cosmic radiation
• The space radiation on Mars is very high, of course there are protective suits,
they cannot stop radiation altogether. There are considerations to Mars since
the consequences of radiation would not be so bad as older people do not
have such a long life-span left.
• Foil 11:Is there enough water?
• There is a light morning dew on Mars, which indicates water. There are also
ice sheets on Mars, partly of carbon dioxide, partly of water. Furthermore you
could extract oxygen from the ice.
22. Summary of my presentation
• Foil 12: The energy for the rockets
• There is the possibility to bring the fuel from the earth for the start from
Mars. Of course, rockets with far stronger propulsion would be needed to
enable them to break away from earth gravity. There should be ways to
produce rocket fuel on Mars, either from ice or moisture in the atmosphere.
On the first mission to Mars, enough fuel for the return flight should probably
be brought from earth. Both approaches could be tried, attempt to produce
enough fuel for the return flight on Mars and still have enough in reserve,
should the production not be successful. Should the production succeed, the
fuel from earth could be stored on Mars for future flights, should problems
develop in the marsian production. Locally (martian) produced fuel would be
preferable to terran fuel.
23. Summary of my presentation
• Foil 13: Loss of bone density
• Another problem is the bone density, but a Russian doctor has
developed a method to counter this problem. With a medicament
the start of the bone density can be delayed for ten years. This
time should be enough for a Mars mission.
• Foil 14: The start of the return trip to earth
• The start will work similar as the one of the moon landing, the lower part of
the capsule will be the start ramp and stay on Mars.
24. Summary of my presentation
• Foil 16:Biosphere 2
• Biosphere 2 is an Earth systems science research facility. It has
been owned by the University of Arizona since 2011. Its mission is
to serve as a center for research, outreach, teaching, and lifelong
learning about Earth, its living systems, and its place in the
universe. It is originally built to be an artificial, materially closed
ecological system in Oracle, Arizona, US by Space Biosphere
Ventures, Constructed between 1987 and 1991, it explored the
web of interactions within life. It also explored the use of closed
biospheres in space colonization, and allowed the study and
manipulation of a biosphere without harming Earth's.