This is presentation on Mango Production which is made by Mr. Safeer Mehdi (Dept. Agriculture Extension SAU TandoJam Sindh)
Contact: 0332-2522686 / 0308-3243315
This document provides a technical guidebook about bananas. It begins with an acknowledgment and abstract. It then provides a brief world history of bananas, discussing their origins in Southeast Asia and spread to other parts of the world. The document outlines the botanical and growth cycle facts about bananas, as well as their agronomic requirements for successful cultivation. It also discusses organic production, common varieties, classification standards, and major pests and diseases that impact bananas.
The document discusses agrotechniques for coconut cultivation including climatic requirements, soil types, nursery management, planting spacing and density, irrigation management, fertilizer recommendations, and effects of moisture stress. Key points include the ideal temperature, rainfall, humidity and altitude for coconut growth. Sandy loam soil is ideal with good water holding capacity. Nursery practices like polybag seedling raising and management are covered. Optimal planting spacing, density, and irrigation methods like basin and drip irrigation are recommended based on soil and climatic conditions.
Non conventional oil seed crops sunflower, saf flower, soyabeanXeshan Kassana
This document provides information about sunflower and soybean crops. It discusses their origins, history of cultivation, economic importance, agricultural practices for growing them, and some interesting facts. Sunflower originated in North America and has been cultivated for over 8,000 years. It is one of the most widely grown oilseed crops. Soybean is native to East Asia and has been grown there for thousands of years, being introduced to other parts of the world more recently. It is a highly nutritious legume crop and the world's largest producer of soybeans is the United States. The document outlines soil conditions, seed rates, and cultivation methods for maximizing yields of these important oilseed crops.
Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide used to control sucking insects like rice hoppers, aphids, and whiteflies in crops such as rice, cotton, cereals, and vegetables. It is effective against soil insects and some biting insects. The insecticide has translaminar and systemic activity and is used as a seed dressing, soil treatment, or foliar application. Stem borer is a serious pest of rice that damages crops. The larval stage bores into rice stems and feeds on internal tissues, causing the highest percentage of damage.
This document provides an overview of canola weeds, including their identification and management. It begins by describing canola and its botanical features. It then discusses major weeds that infest canola crops, such as Vicia sativa, Convolvulus arvensis, and Rumex species, presenting their taxonomic classification and common names. The document emphasizes the importance of weed control for increasing canola yields and profitability. It outlines various weed management methods like cultural, biological, chemical and integrated approaches and provides examples for each. The integrated weed management approach combines multiple methods for superior weed suppression at low input levels.
This document provides information about Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), including its scientific name, family, English and Nepali names. It originates in tropical Africa or Asia and is widely grown in Nepal. Okra is used as a vegetable and in curries. The document discusses okra's climate and soil requirements, popular varieties, cultivation practices like land preparation, sowing, irrigation, harvesting, yield, and diseases and pests. It provides details on the introduction, uses, nutritional value, and cultivation of okra in Nepal.
This document provides a technical guidebook about bananas. It begins with an acknowledgment and abstract. It then provides a brief world history of bananas, discussing their origins in Southeast Asia and spread to other parts of the world. The document outlines the botanical and growth cycle facts about bananas, as well as their agronomic requirements for successful cultivation. It also discusses organic production, common varieties, classification standards, and major pests and diseases that impact bananas.
The document discusses agrotechniques for coconut cultivation including climatic requirements, soil types, nursery management, planting spacing and density, irrigation management, fertilizer recommendations, and effects of moisture stress. Key points include the ideal temperature, rainfall, humidity and altitude for coconut growth. Sandy loam soil is ideal with good water holding capacity. Nursery practices like polybag seedling raising and management are covered. Optimal planting spacing, density, and irrigation methods like basin and drip irrigation are recommended based on soil and climatic conditions.
Non conventional oil seed crops sunflower, saf flower, soyabeanXeshan Kassana
This document provides information about sunflower and soybean crops. It discusses their origins, history of cultivation, economic importance, agricultural practices for growing them, and some interesting facts. Sunflower originated in North America and has been cultivated for over 8,000 years. It is one of the most widely grown oilseed crops. Soybean is native to East Asia and has been grown there for thousands of years, being introduced to other parts of the world more recently. It is a highly nutritious legume crop and the world's largest producer of soybeans is the United States. The document outlines soil conditions, seed rates, and cultivation methods for maximizing yields of these important oilseed crops.
Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide used to control sucking insects like rice hoppers, aphids, and whiteflies in crops such as rice, cotton, cereals, and vegetables. It is effective against soil insects and some biting insects. The insecticide has translaminar and systemic activity and is used as a seed dressing, soil treatment, or foliar application. Stem borer is a serious pest of rice that damages crops. The larval stage bores into rice stems and feeds on internal tissues, causing the highest percentage of damage.
This document provides an overview of canola weeds, including their identification and management. It begins by describing canola and its botanical features. It then discusses major weeds that infest canola crops, such as Vicia sativa, Convolvulus arvensis, and Rumex species, presenting their taxonomic classification and common names. The document emphasizes the importance of weed control for increasing canola yields and profitability. It outlines various weed management methods like cultural, biological, chemical and integrated approaches and provides examples for each. The integrated weed management approach combines multiple methods for superior weed suppression at low input levels.
This document provides information about Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), including its scientific name, family, English and Nepali names. It originates in tropical Africa or Asia and is widely grown in Nepal. Okra is used as a vegetable and in curries. The document discusses okra's climate and soil requirements, popular varieties, cultivation practices like land preparation, sowing, irrigation, harvesting, yield, and diseases and pests. It provides details on the introduction, uses, nutritional value, and cultivation of okra in Nepal.
Fipronil 5 % SCASHIRWAAD SC is a broad-spectrum insecticide that is toxic through contact and ingestion. It is effective against insects resistant to pyrethroids, organophosphates, and carbamates. It has a unique effect of enhancing plant growth. The document then provides information on the pests and recommended application of Fipronil 5 % SCASHIRWAAD SC for crops like rice, cotton, sugarcane, cabbage, and chilli. It lists common pests for each crop like stem borer and gall midge for rice, aphids and whiteflies for cotton, and diamond back moth and thrips for cabbage. It provides the dosage
This document is a progress report submitted by Alekh Chandra Sahu, a student at Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Pharmacy, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Pharmacy degree. It discusses the "Project on Drumstick", focusing on the drumstick plant (Moringa oleifera). It describes the species, cultivation practices, nutritional and medicinal benefits, and modern uses of drumstick. It also provides references used in the project.
This document discusses three major pests that damage mango crops: the mango hopper, mango mealybug, and mango fruitflies. The mango hopper nymphs and adults suck sap from plant tissues, causing browning, deformity, and drying. The mango mealybug nymphs and adults also suck sap from leaves, flowers, branches, and fruits, resulting in flower and fruit drop. Mango fruitflies lay eggs inside ripening fruits, and the hatched larvae feed on the pulp. Management strategies for these pests include the use of biocontrol agents like fungi, insecticide sprays, removal of weeds that harbor mealybugs, release of ladybird beetles,
TAMMA is a systemic seed treatment insecticide that protects crops by interfering with insect receptors to stop feeding. It acts on multiple sites in insects and provides control of many early season sucking and chewing pests like aphids, wireworms, flea beetles, and leaf miners in crops like corn, cotton, sugar beets, canola, wheat, barley, soybeans, sorghum and others. The document provides recommendations on using TAMMA for various crops, listing target pests controlled in each. It also details information on aphids, whiteflies and jassids as key pests controlled by TAMMA.
The codling moth is a pest that bores into apples, pears, and walnuts. It is difficult to manage in home orchards and requires an integrated pest management approach using several methods. These include sanitation practices like removing infested fruit, bagging individual fruits to protect them from larvae, and using low-toxicity insecticides precisely timed to kill hatching caterpillars. Combining non-chemical methods with targeted insecticide applications when infestations are severe is the most environmentally sound approach for codling moth control.
This document provides information on citrus fruit cultivation in Jammu province, India. The most important citrus fruits grown are mandarin, sweet orange, grapefruit, lemon, and lime. The total area under citrus cultivation is 11,026 hectares with an annual production of 18,445 metric tons. Citrus thrive in deep, well-drained soils between pH 5.5-6.2. Common varieties and their characteristics are described. Propagation is mainly through T-budding, with rootstocks like Jatti Khatti. Pests, diseases and their management are also outlined.
ICAR- IIHR, bangaluru
Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam
Horticultural College and Research Institute for Women, Trichy
8 x 8 m (156 plants/ha) for conventional planting
Adopt high density planting at 8 x 4 m (312 plants / ha) for high productivity
This document provides information on mango cultivation in the Jammu region of India. It discusses popular mango varieties grown in the region like Dashehari and Langra. It also introduces a new variety released by SKUAST-J called Jammu Mango. The document covers mango propagation methods, grafting techniques, planting practices, aftercare of young plants, and orchard management practices like training, pruning, pest management and rejuvenation of old trees. Mango thrives well in the subtropical areas of Jammu between 600m altitude in well-drained sandy loam soils. Proper care and management are needed for successful mango cultivation.
Production technology for vegetable and spices : DRUMSTICK ' MORINGASoudip Nandi
This document provides information on drumstick (Moringa oleifera) cultivation. It discusses the plant's origin in Africa and Asia, describes its physical characteristics as a fast-growing deciduous tree reaching 32-40 feet tall with tripinnate leaves. It also outlines ideal soil and climate conditions for cultivation, common varieties grown in India, and cultural practices including planting methods, manuring, irrigation, pest and disease management, harvesting, and potential yields.
Safflower was introduced to Pakistan in 1960 and is mainly cultivated in Sindh and Baluchistan provinces. It is a drought tolerant crop recommended for rainfed areas. Safflower seed contains 26-37% oil and its oil is popular for its high quality. Improved production practices include selecting light clay to heavy clay land, sowing from October 15 to November 30, using recommended seed rates and varieties, applying fertilizers, and doing weed control and insect pest management. The crop is harvested when seeds are ready and then dried, threshed, cleaned, and sold through purchase points set up by the Ghee Corporation.
This document summarizes information about growing sunflowers as a non-traditional crop in Pakistan. It discusses sunflower plant characteristics, ideal growing conditions, cultural practices like seedbed preparation, fertilizer use, planting times, and pest and disease management. Sunflowers thrive in a wide range of climates and soils across Pakistan, with average yields of 500-980 kg/ha in irrigated areas and 400-800 kg/ha in rainfed areas under proper agricultural techniques.
This document provides a guide for producing sesame. It discusses advantages of growing sesame, including its drought tolerance and ability to grow in soils where other crops fail. It covers topics like field selection, planting considerations, growth stages, moisture and nutrient needs, pests, and harvest. Sesame is heat tolerant and can be grown across the southern US. Proper soil moisture, fertility, and temperature influence the length of development stages from germination to harvest. The guide aims to help producers successfully grow and manage sesame crops.
Quality seed production in maize hybridsjesuslovesu
The document provides guidelines for hybrid maize seed production in Tamil Nadu. It discusses suitable climatic conditions, isolation distances, land requirements, field preparation including sowing, irrigation, fertilizer application, weed control, pest and disease management, detasseling, harvesting, cob sorting, shelling, seed drying, grading, storage, and certification. Key steps include growing female and male parent lines, removing tassels from female plants, harvesting seeds from female plants only, and processing and storing seeds to maintain high quality and genetic purity.
This document provides information about sunflower seed processing. It discusses the botany and characteristics of sunflowers, optimal growing conditions, varieties, estimated crop yields, standards for seed testing, harvesting, drying, winnowing, treatment, storage, packaging, and marketing of sunflower seeds. The key steps in sunflower seed processing include harvesting mature seeds, drying to a moisture content of 8-9%, winnowing to remove debris, treating seeds if needed, storing seeds at less than 9% moisture, and packaging for transport and sale. Sunflower seeds are mainly sold for oil production, birdseed, or as a snack.
Cluster bean (guar) is a drought resistant legume crop grown for its green pods, dry seeds, and gum. It is native to India and has a chromosome number of 2n=14. The plant is cultivated for its green pods, dry seeds, as a forage crop, and for guar gum extraction. Varieties include Pusa Mausami, Pusa Sadabahar, and Pusa Navbhar.
The document discusses the production technology of cluster bean, also known as guar. It is an annual legume grown for its seeds and guar gum. Varieties grown in Pakistan include BR-90, BR-99, and BR-2017. Cluster bean grows well in semi-arid regions and tolerates drought and salinity. It requires temperatures between 25-30°C and a pH of 7.0-8.0. Sowing is done from February to July, with a seed rate of 5-6 kg/acre. Fertilizer and two weedings are also needed. Pests include jassid, termites and beetles. Harvest occurs 50-80 days after sowing. Grain
This document provides information on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), including its botanical name, family, origin in South Africa, and chromosome number. It discusses 10 Abelmoschus species, their somatic chromosome numbers, and distributions in various parts of Asia and Africa. The document outlines okra germplasm collections in India, identified promising okra lines for various attributes, breeding objectives and programs, insect pests, diseases, floral biology, hybrid seed production methods, and nationally released okra hybrids.
This document provides information on seed production techniques for drumstick (Moringa oleifera L.). It discusses varietal selection, seed rate and spacing, nutrient and irrigation management, weed control, floral biology and pollination, genetic purity maintenance through rouging, harvesting, yield, grading, storage, and insect pest management. The key aspects covered are that drumstick is an important crop grown for its nutritional leaves and pods. Varieties like PKM-1 and Bhagya are commonly grown. Optimal seed rate is 650g/ha with a spacing of 2.5x2.5m for annuals and 5x5m for perennials. Nutrient management involves basal FYM and foliar or
Moringa is a highly nutritious plant that can be grown year-round in many climates. It produces leaves and pods that are rich in nutrients and can help prevent malnutrition. Moringa is easy to grow and can be processed and added to many foods. There are several varieties of moringa trees and plants that vary in size and climate preferences. Proper cultivation techniques include planting methods, soil preparation, spacing, irrigation, fertilization, and pest management. Moringa pods and leaves should be harvested at an immature stage for best nutritional value and taste.
This document provides information about almond production in Afghanistan. It discusses the history and nutritional profile of almonds as well as their major growing countries. It then summarizes almond cultivation in Afghanistan, including common varieties, suitable climate, production of saplings, transplanting, irrigation methods, pest and disease management, and pruning practices.
B.sc. agri i po h unit 4.1 cultivation practices of bananaRai University
Banana is one of the oldest and most important fruits cultivated in India. It is grown in various states across the country, with the largest production in Gujarat. Banana grows best in tropical climates and requires fertile, well-draining soil. It is commonly propagated through sword suckers and tissue culture. Proper cultivation practices such as irrigation, fertilization, pest and disease management are needed to achieve high yields of 40-60 tons per hectare. Harvesting occurs 11-16 months after planting when fruits change color.
Fipronil 5 % SCASHIRWAAD SC is a broad-spectrum insecticide that is toxic through contact and ingestion. It is effective against insects resistant to pyrethroids, organophosphates, and carbamates. It has a unique effect of enhancing plant growth. The document then provides information on the pests and recommended application of Fipronil 5 % SCASHIRWAAD SC for crops like rice, cotton, sugarcane, cabbage, and chilli. It lists common pests for each crop like stem borer and gall midge for rice, aphids and whiteflies for cotton, and diamond back moth and thrips for cabbage. It provides the dosage
This document is a progress report submitted by Alekh Chandra Sahu, a student at Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Pharmacy, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Pharmacy degree. It discusses the "Project on Drumstick", focusing on the drumstick plant (Moringa oleifera). It describes the species, cultivation practices, nutritional and medicinal benefits, and modern uses of drumstick. It also provides references used in the project.
This document discusses three major pests that damage mango crops: the mango hopper, mango mealybug, and mango fruitflies. The mango hopper nymphs and adults suck sap from plant tissues, causing browning, deformity, and drying. The mango mealybug nymphs and adults also suck sap from leaves, flowers, branches, and fruits, resulting in flower and fruit drop. Mango fruitflies lay eggs inside ripening fruits, and the hatched larvae feed on the pulp. Management strategies for these pests include the use of biocontrol agents like fungi, insecticide sprays, removal of weeds that harbor mealybugs, release of ladybird beetles,
TAMMA is a systemic seed treatment insecticide that protects crops by interfering with insect receptors to stop feeding. It acts on multiple sites in insects and provides control of many early season sucking and chewing pests like aphids, wireworms, flea beetles, and leaf miners in crops like corn, cotton, sugar beets, canola, wheat, barley, soybeans, sorghum and others. The document provides recommendations on using TAMMA for various crops, listing target pests controlled in each. It also details information on aphids, whiteflies and jassids as key pests controlled by TAMMA.
The codling moth is a pest that bores into apples, pears, and walnuts. It is difficult to manage in home orchards and requires an integrated pest management approach using several methods. These include sanitation practices like removing infested fruit, bagging individual fruits to protect them from larvae, and using low-toxicity insecticides precisely timed to kill hatching caterpillars. Combining non-chemical methods with targeted insecticide applications when infestations are severe is the most environmentally sound approach for codling moth control.
This document provides information on citrus fruit cultivation in Jammu province, India. The most important citrus fruits grown are mandarin, sweet orange, grapefruit, lemon, and lime. The total area under citrus cultivation is 11,026 hectares with an annual production of 18,445 metric tons. Citrus thrive in deep, well-drained soils between pH 5.5-6.2. Common varieties and their characteristics are described. Propagation is mainly through T-budding, with rootstocks like Jatti Khatti. Pests, diseases and their management are also outlined.
ICAR- IIHR, bangaluru
Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam
Horticultural College and Research Institute for Women, Trichy
8 x 8 m (156 plants/ha) for conventional planting
Adopt high density planting at 8 x 4 m (312 plants / ha) for high productivity
This document provides information on mango cultivation in the Jammu region of India. It discusses popular mango varieties grown in the region like Dashehari and Langra. It also introduces a new variety released by SKUAST-J called Jammu Mango. The document covers mango propagation methods, grafting techniques, planting practices, aftercare of young plants, and orchard management practices like training, pruning, pest management and rejuvenation of old trees. Mango thrives well in the subtropical areas of Jammu between 600m altitude in well-drained sandy loam soils. Proper care and management are needed for successful mango cultivation.
Production technology for vegetable and spices : DRUMSTICK ' MORINGASoudip Nandi
This document provides information on drumstick (Moringa oleifera) cultivation. It discusses the plant's origin in Africa and Asia, describes its physical characteristics as a fast-growing deciduous tree reaching 32-40 feet tall with tripinnate leaves. It also outlines ideal soil and climate conditions for cultivation, common varieties grown in India, and cultural practices including planting methods, manuring, irrigation, pest and disease management, harvesting, and potential yields.
Safflower was introduced to Pakistan in 1960 and is mainly cultivated in Sindh and Baluchistan provinces. It is a drought tolerant crop recommended for rainfed areas. Safflower seed contains 26-37% oil and its oil is popular for its high quality. Improved production practices include selecting light clay to heavy clay land, sowing from October 15 to November 30, using recommended seed rates and varieties, applying fertilizers, and doing weed control and insect pest management. The crop is harvested when seeds are ready and then dried, threshed, cleaned, and sold through purchase points set up by the Ghee Corporation.
This document summarizes information about growing sunflowers as a non-traditional crop in Pakistan. It discusses sunflower plant characteristics, ideal growing conditions, cultural practices like seedbed preparation, fertilizer use, planting times, and pest and disease management. Sunflowers thrive in a wide range of climates and soils across Pakistan, with average yields of 500-980 kg/ha in irrigated areas and 400-800 kg/ha in rainfed areas under proper agricultural techniques.
This document provides a guide for producing sesame. It discusses advantages of growing sesame, including its drought tolerance and ability to grow in soils where other crops fail. It covers topics like field selection, planting considerations, growth stages, moisture and nutrient needs, pests, and harvest. Sesame is heat tolerant and can be grown across the southern US. Proper soil moisture, fertility, and temperature influence the length of development stages from germination to harvest. The guide aims to help producers successfully grow and manage sesame crops.
Quality seed production in maize hybridsjesuslovesu
The document provides guidelines for hybrid maize seed production in Tamil Nadu. It discusses suitable climatic conditions, isolation distances, land requirements, field preparation including sowing, irrigation, fertilizer application, weed control, pest and disease management, detasseling, harvesting, cob sorting, shelling, seed drying, grading, storage, and certification. Key steps include growing female and male parent lines, removing tassels from female plants, harvesting seeds from female plants only, and processing and storing seeds to maintain high quality and genetic purity.
This document provides information about sunflower seed processing. It discusses the botany and characteristics of sunflowers, optimal growing conditions, varieties, estimated crop yields, standards for seed testing, harvesting, drying, winnowing, treatment, storage, packaging, and marketing of sunflower seeds. The key steps in sunflower seed processing include harvesting mature seeds, drying to a moisture content of 8-9%, winnowing to remove debris, treating seeds if needed, storing seeds at less than 9% moisture, and packaging for transport and sale. Sunflower seeds are mainly sold for oil production, birdseed, or as a snack.
Cluster bean (guar) is a drought resistant legume crop grown for its green pods, dry seeds, and gum. It is native to India and has a chromosome number of 2n=14. The plant is cultivated for its green pods, dry seeds, as a forage crop, and for guar gum extraction. Varieties include Pusa Mausami, Pusa Sadabahar, and Pusa Navbhar.
The document discusses the production technology of cluster bean, also known as guar. It is an annual legume grown for its seeds and guar gum. Varieties grown in Pakistan include BR-90, BR-99, and BR-2017. Cluster bean grows well in semi-arid regions and tolerates drought and salinity. It requires temperatures between 25-30°C and a pH of 7.0-8.0. Sowing is done from February to July, with a seed rate of 5-6 kg/acre. Fertilizer and two weedings are also needed. Pests include jassid, termites and beetles. Harvest occurs 50-80 days after sowing. Grain
This document provides information on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), including its botanical name, family, origin in South Africa, and chromosome number. It discusses 10 Abelmoschus species, their somatic chromosome numbers, and distributions in various parts of Asia and Africa. The document outlines okra germplasm collections in India, identified promising okra lines for various attributes, breeding objectives and programs, insect pests, diseases, floral biology, hybrid seed production methods, and nationally released okra hybrids.
This document provides information on seed production techniques for drumstick (Moringa oleifera L.). It discusses varietal selection, seed rate and spacing, nutrient and irrigation management, weed control, floral biology and pollination, genetic purity maintenance through rouging, harvesting, yield, grading, storage, and insect pest management. The key aspects covered are that drumstick is an important crop grown for its nutritional leaves and pods. Varieties like PKM-1 and Bhagya are commonly grown. Optimal seed rate is 650g/ha with a spacing of 2.5x2.5m for annuals and 5x5m for perennials. Nutrient management involves basal FYM and foliar or
Moringa is a highly nutritious plant that can be grown year-round in many climates. It produces leaves and pods that are rich in nutrients and can help prevent malnutrition. Moringa is easy to grow and can be processed and added to many foods. There are several varieties of moringa trees and plants that vary in size and climate preferences. Proper cultivation techniques include planting methods, soil preparation, spacing, irrigation, fertilization, and pest management. Moringa pods and leaves should be harvested at an immature stage for best nutritional value and taste.
This document provides information about almond production in Afghanistan. It discusses the history and nutritional profile of almonds as well as their major growing countries. It then summarizes almond cultivation in Afghanistan, including common varieties, suitable climate, production of saplings, transplanting, irrigation methods, pest and disease management, and pruning practices.
B.sc. agri i po h unit 4.1 cultivation practices of bananaRai University
Banana is one of the oldest and most important fruits cultivated in India. It is grown in various states across the country, with the largest production in Gujarat. Banana grows best in tropical climates and requires fertile, well-draining soil. It is commonly propagated through sword suckers and tissue culture. Proper cultivation practices such as irrigation, fertilization, pest and disease management are needed to achieve high yields of 40-60 tons per hectare. Harvesting occurs 11-16 months after planting when fruits change color.
The document provides information on the protected cultivation of papaya. It discusses the botany, climate requirements, cultivation practices including planting, irrigation, training and pruning, pest and disease management, and harvesting of papaya. Key points covered are that papaya grows in tropical climates, has large leaves and three types of flowers, and the fruit is harvested when light green and contains nutrients and enzymes that aid digestion. Proper soil preparation, irrigation, training and pest management are required to achieve yields of 75-100 tonnes per hectare.
1) Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is a rich source of nutrients and thrives in hot, humid climates between 25-30°C. It grows best in loose, well-draining loamy soil with a pH of 6.0-6.8.
2) Varieties recommended for Jammu conditions include Jammu Okra-05, Pusa Sawani, Pusa A-4, Arka Anamika, Varsha Uphar, and Hisar Unnat.
3) Pests that affect okra include jassids, aphids, shoot and fruit borers, red cotton bugs, and whiteflies. Diseases include
The document provides information on field staff training for rice production in Haryana, India. It discusses rice facts, growth stages of rice plants, packages of practices including planting methods, insect and disease management, and safe pesticide use. Key details covered include common rice pests like stem borer and their control methods, as well as diseases like blast and sheath blight and recommended fungicides for treatment.
This document provides information about mango production. It discusses the botanical details of mango, its economic importance as India's national fruit, commonly grown varieties in India like Alphonso and Dasheri, methods of propagation, cultivation practices from planting to harvesting, pest and disease management, and average yields. Mango is an important fruit crop that can be commercially viable with adoption of new technologies.
This presentation provides information on jackfruit, including its botanical name, origin in India, uses, cultivation practices, pests, and diseases. It is a large tree-borne fruit that is native to India and Bangladesh. It prefers humid, tropical climates. The presentation covers jackfruit's composition, varieties, propagation methods, spacing for planting, fertilizer requirements, and management of common pests (shoot borer, spittlebugs, mealybugs, aphids) and diseases (fruit rot, dieback, leaf spot). It aims to educate about this important fruit crop.
This document provides information on the production technology of mangoes. It discusses the origin, vegetative structure, flowering, adaptation, propagation, planting, nutrition, irrigation, plant protection measures, physiological disorders, maturity indices, harvesting and yield, and uses of mangoes in food. Key points include that mangoes originated in South Asia, have terminal panicle inflorescences with many male and few hermaphroditic flowers, require a dry period for good floral initiation, are propagated through grafting, and their fruit is eaten fresh or used to make products like jam, jelly, pickles and dried mango powder.
This document provides information on mango production, including that mango is known as the "king of fruit" and is India's national fruit. It is cultivated in over 60 countries and India is the largest producer. The document discusses mango varieties, production practices such as propagation, planting, irrigation, and pest and disease management. It also addresses factors that influence mango yields.
This document provides an overview of mangoes, including:
- Mangoes originated in Southeast Asia and the edible varieties belong to the species Mangifera indica.
- India is the largest producer of mangoes in the world, accounting for 42.2% of global production.
- Mangoes grow best in well-draining soil with a pH of 5.5-7 and temperatures between 24-27°C. Popular planting systems include square and triangular spacing.
- There are many mango varieties classified by ripening time as early, mid-season, or late season. Common varieties include Alphonso, Dashehari, Langra, and Chausa.
This document provides information about strawberry production including its classification, varieties, cultivation practices, pests, and diseases. It discusses that strawberry is a short day, perennial herb rich in vitamin C and iron. The major varieties grown in India are Chandler, Tioga, Torrey, Selva, and Belrubi. Matted row system is commonly used for training. Proper soil preparation, irrigation, nutrition management and pest/disease control are required for successful cultivation.
This document summarizes information about banana cultivation in Maharashtra, India. It discusses the leading banana varieties grown in the state like Basrai, key cultivation practices including soil and climate requirements, planting methods, irrigation, fertilization and intercultural operations. It also outlines some of the major banana diseases found in the region such as Panama wilt, sigatoka leaf spot and bunchy top virus, and their management strategies. Maharashtra is one of the top banana producing states in India with an average yield of 28.7 tons/ha, significantly higher than the national average of 13.8 tons/ha.
Tomato is grown practically in every country of the world in outdoor fields, greenhouses, and net houses. The leading tomato producing countries in the world are China, India, USA, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, Italy, Spain, and Brazil.
It occupies an area of about 4.73 million hectares with a production of 163.96 million tonnes in the world (FAO, 2016). It is the world’s 3rd largest vegetable crop after potato and onion
Tomato is the most widely cultivated crop in India. Tomato is a very important vegetable crop regarding both income and nutrition. Tomatoes are predominantly summer crops, but it can be cultivated throughout the year.
In its fruit contain vitamins like ‘A’ and ‘C’ and antioxidant in abundance quantity. Due to the unique properties contained in its fruit, tomato demand remains almost the same throughout the year.
Tomatoes are also used as fresh fruits, and they are cooked and cooked in pickles, chutneys, soups, ketchup, sauces, etc.
This document provides information on the cluster bean plant. It begins by identifying the scientific name as Cyamopsis tetragonolobus and notes it is a drought tolerant, warm season annual legume grown for its tender fruits. The document then describes the plant's physical characteristics including its upright structure, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. It discusses the plant's uses as a vegetable, for production of guar gum from seeds, and as forage/green manure. The document also provides details on cultivation methods, common varieties, and pests/diseases affecting the crop.
Pomegranate is native to Iran and India is the largest producer globally. The document discusses the taxonomy, distribution, varieties, cultivation practices and pest management of pomegranate. It provides details on important varieties like Ganesh, Alandi, Dholka; propagation through cuttings; cultural practices like irrigation, manuring, training; and management of pests like fruit borer and bark eating caterpillar.
This document discusses banana production in the state of Bihar, India. It outlines the agroclimate conditions suitable for banana, key varieties grown, and major producing areas in the state. It details common production practices including soil and planting requirements, intercropping, fertilization and disease/pest management. It identifies major constraints like diseases, lack of post-harvest infrastructure and marketing challenges. It concludes with future research priorities needed like introducing resistant varieties and disease-free planting materials to improve yields and profitability of banana cultivation in Bihar.
This document provides information on quality seed production of maize. It discusses suitable climate and seasons for maize cultivation, isolation distances required for seed production fields, land preparation methods, sowing procedures, fertilizer and irrigation requirements, weed, insect and disease management practices, harvesting, drying, shelling, grading, storage and certification standards for quality maize seed production. The goal is to produce foundation seed meeting certification standards for genetic and physical purity as well as high germination rates.
Bael (Aegle marmelos) is a native fruit tree of India commonly found in temple gardens. It has wide adaptability and can grow in subtropical climates with hot, dry summers and mild winters up to 1200m elevation. Popular varieties include Narendra bael-5, Pant Shivani, and Goma Yashi. Bael trees are planted at 8-10m spacing and produce 30-45 fruits at 6-7 years old, yielding 500-800 fruits at 30-40 years. Pests include termites and caterpillars while diseases include fruit rot. Fruits are used to make toffee, squash, powder, jam and more.
Panchkula offers a wide array of dining experiences. From traditional North Indian flavors to global cuisine, the city’s restaurants cater to every taste bud. Let’s dive into some of the best restaurants in Panchkula
Heritage Conservation.Strategies and Options for Preserving India HeritageJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation looks at the role , relevance and importance of built and natural heritage, issues faced by heritage in the Indian context and options which can be leveraged to preserve and conserve the heritage.It also lists the challenges faced by the heritage due to rapid urbanisation, land speculation and commercialisation in the urban areas. In addition, ppt lays down the roadmap for the preservation, conservation and making value addition to the available heritage by making it integral part of the planning , designing and management of the human settlements.
The Menu affects everything in a restaurant; as our friend and FCSI consultant Bill Main says, “The Menu is your blueprint for profitability.”
Let’s start with the segment. What will be your marketing and brand positioning? It depends on what menu items you serve. What type of cooking methods and equipment will you use? GUEST EXPERIENCE = FACILITY (Space) DESIGN + MENU + SERVPOINTS™
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Cacao, the main component used in the creation of chocolate and other cacao-b...AdelinePdelaCruz
Cacao, the main component used in the creation of chocolate and other cacao-based products is cacao beans, which are produced by the cacao tree in pods. The Maya and Aztecs, two of the earliest Mesoamerican civilizations, valued cacao as a sacred plant and used it in religious rituals, social gatherings, and medical treatments. It has a long and rich cultural history.
A Review on Recent Advances of Packaging in Food IndustryPriyankaKilaniya
Effective food packaging provides number of purposes. It functions as a container to hold and transport the food product, as well as a barrier to protect the food from outside contamination such as water, light, odours, bacteria, dust, and mechanical damage by maintaining the food quality. The package may also include barriers to keep the product's moisture content or gas composition consistent. Furthermore, convenience is vital role in packaging, and the desire for quick opening, dispensing, and resealing packages that maintain product quality until fully consumed is increasing. To facilitate trading, encourage sales, and inform on content and nutritional attributes, the packaging must be communicative. For storage of food there is huge scope for modified atmosphere packaging, intelligent packaging, active packaging, and controlled atmosphere packaging. Active packaging has a variety of uses, including carbon dioxide absorbers and emitters, oxygen scavengers, antimicrobials, and moisture control agents. Smart packaging is another term for intelligent packaging. Edible packaging, self-cooling and self-heating packaging, micro packaging, and water-soluble packaging are some of the advancements in package material.
4. Production in Pakistan
Pakistan produces 5.86 percent
world's mangoes being the third
largest producer. Its export is
progressing resulting into
substantial foreign exchange
earnings
5. Climate and Soil:
Elevations ranging from 200 to 300 meters.
Suitable temperature range is 15 to 40oC. Low
temperatures are extremely harmful. Frosts and
hot winds cause great damage to the trees. Young
plants need protection against frost and hot winds.
A hot and humid climate is suitable.
6. Propagation:
Suitable age of nursery plant for transplanting: 1.5 to 2.0 year
Time for transplanting: Feb/March
Time to start of bearing: 4-5 years
Time to full bearing: 6-7 years
Normal economic bearing life: 30-50 years
Time of flowering: Feb/Mar
7. Commercial varieties:
Sindh: Sindhri, Gulabkhas, Swarnarice, Baganpalli, Collector, Neelum
Punjab: Malda, Langra, Aman Duseri, Anwar Ratol, Samer Bahisht, Fajri Kalan
NWFP: Lengra and Samer Bahisht
Baluchistan: Sindhri and Banganpalli
9. Fertilizer:
Apply farm yard manure at the rate of 10-30 kg per young
plant and 80 to 100 kg per full grown tree.
Apply 3-4 kg SSP, 2-3 kg Potassium Sulphate and 2-3 kg
Urea before flowering (Dec to Jan).
Apply a further 2-3 kg Urea after fruit setting in two
equal doses (Mar/Apr).
10. Harvesting:
Picking should be done when the
fruit is fully developed and
mature. Natural drop of the fruit is
the main indication that the fruit
is ready for picking.
11. Pests and Diseases:
PESTS & DISEASES WHAT DOES IT DO ? CONTROL
Aphids suck the sap of the leaves Use Folido 50% EC at the rate of
0.45 litres 450 litres of water per
acre.
Fruit Flies attack mango fruits For effective control collect all
the fallen and affected fruits and
bury them deep into the soil
Mango Borer damage to shoots and stems To protect the stems, cover them
with a cloth or Jute and paste
charcoal over it.
Mango Scales suck the sap from the leaves Collect the affected leaves and
burn them to check further
spread.
Mango Malformation Leaves gradually dry up There is no effective control yet
Mango Blight Many spots appear on the
leaves
Use Dithane M 45 at the rate of
750 gram in 450 litres of water
per acre.