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Production Technology of Mango in Nepal.pptx

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Production Technology of Mango in Nepal.pptx

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Production Technology of Mango Prepared by Umesh Timilsina Assistant Professor CNRM Bardibas, AFU Prepared by Umesh Timilsina Assistant Professor GPCAR, PU
MANGO • Scientific Name: Mangifera indica • Family: Anacardiaceae • Chromosome Number: 2n=40 • Origin: • It is originated in South East Asia especially in Indo-Burma region • Wild mangoes are still available in the Assam-Chittagong region. • It has been cultivated there more than 4000 years and its uses are mentioned in Hindu literatures
• Known as the ‘King of Fruits. • Mango rules most of the gardens in Terai region during the Nepali month of Jestha and Ashar. • This delicious fruit is one of the most loved and desired fruits in Nepal which makes everyone, from children to old, tempt for more. • Not only is mango a favorite fruit of the people in Nepal, it also holds a special place in our cultural and religious heritage. • According to the Hindu mythology, when Lord Shiva and Parvati had come from the heaven, they had missed this heavenly fruit so much that Parvati requested Lord Shiva to create a mango tree by his divine power. •
• Fulfilling her desire, he had created the tree and since then, mangoes people were able to devour this heavenly fruit. • The fruit is also mentioned in the ancient Sanskrit literature such as, in Valmiki’s Ramayana, mangoes were mentioned as the fruit of Kings and the princes used to pride themselves on the possession of large mango gardens. • There are over 500 varieties of the mango in various shapes and sizes around the world.
Area and Production • Major mango producing countries in the world are India, Thailand, Philipines, south Africa, West Indies, Brazil, Isarel, Srilanka, Australia etc. • In Nepal, the Terai regions of Siraha, Saptari Sarlahi, Mahottari, Sunsari, Morang Jhapa, Kapilavastu, Dhanusha, Rautahat, Bara, Dang, Banke, Bardiya, Kailali, Kanchanpur and Chitwan along with some hilly districts like Kavre and Dhading produces more than 140,000 mton of this seasonal fruit in a year. • Saptari District has the greatest acreage.
Climate and Soil • Mango can be grown on a wide variety of soils under varied climatic conditions. • It can be grown from alluvial (deposited by surface water) to lateritic (rich in iron and aluminium) soils except in black cotton (black due to titanium oxide, highly clay) soil having poor drainage. • It grows well in soils with slightly acidic pH (5-7). • It does not perform well in soils having pH beyond 7.5. • Soils having good drainage are ideal for mango.
• Mango is a tropical fruit, but it can be grown up to 1200-1400m above mean sea level. • But it an altitude of 700masl is best for commercial production • There should not be high humidity, rain or frost during flowering. • Good fruiting occurs between 25⁰C- 35 ⁰C but below 25 ⁰C yield is less. • The areas experiencing frequent showers and high humidity are prone to many pests and diseases. • Thus it can be grown best in regions with a rainfall between 25cm and 250cm. • Regions having bright sunny days and moderate humidity during flowering are ideal for mango growing.
Varieties of Mango Early Variety Mid- Variety Late Variety Bombay greeen Dashari Chausa Bombay yellow Maldah (Langra) Calcuttia Krishnabhog Gulabkhas Neelam Alphanso Amrapali (Dashari×Neelum Fazli Totapuri Mallika( Neelam× Dashari Small chausa Himasagar Ratna (Neelam× Alphanso) Other varieties are: Zardalu, Fazli, Bhadaure aanp,Supari aanp, Ambe Hayed, Sindhu (seedless mango)
• Among the various varieties of mangoes available in the market in Nepal, some of the famous ones are mentioned below: Alphonso Bombay green Maldaha Dassehri
Maldah Bombay green
Alphanso Dashari
Chausa Amrapali
Production Technology of Mango in Nepal.pptx
Propagation • Mango is a highly heterozygous and cross-pollinated crop. • Propagation is done by seed to produce rootstock. • Mainly propagated by grafting. • For raising rootstock, the seeds of mango are sown within 4-5 weeks after extraction otherwise they lose their viability. • For sowing the seeds, raised beds are prepared with a mixture farmyard manure, red soil and sand. • In some places, seeds are sown directly in polythene bags. • After germination, the leaves turn green in 2-4 weeks.
• Budding (patch and T), air layering, stooling etc have been worked out in research but yet to have achieve commercial viability. • Several methods of grafting are practiced. They are: • lnarching: It is one of the most widely practiced methods of grafting. One can get a big-sized plant material for planting with over 95% success rate. • Veneer and side grafting: These can be utilized for preparing a grafted plant material or for insitu grafting, i.e. for the rootstocks which are already planted. • Epicotyl /stone grafting: • The germinated seedlings of 8-15 days old are used for grafting.
Veneer grafting Approach grafting Epicolyl grafting
CULTIVATION Planting • Different systems of planting like square, rectangular and hexagonal are followed at different places. • However, square and rectangular systems are also popular. • The spacing depends on the vigour of the variety and the cropping system. • The planting season varies from Jun to Sep. • The main field is brought to fine tilth. • Pits of 1m x 1mx 1m size are dug. • These are exposed to sun for about 30 days. • Before planting, pits are filled with well-rotten farmyard manure and soil.
High-density planting • High-density planting helps increase the yield/unit area. • Amrapali is found amenable for high-density planting with a spacing of 2.5m x 2.5m. • Soil drenching with paclobutrazol (2 ml/tree) induces flowering during off year. • If coupled with pruning, it, helps increase production /unit area in Dashehari.
AFTER CARE AND MANAGEMENT Training and pruning • Training is an important practice during the first few years (2-3 years) after planting. • It is essential to give a good framework and space the branches properly to facilitate intercultural operations. • No regular annual pruning is done since mango trees are evergreens. Remove the dead, diseased, intermingled and insect affected branches
Manure and fertilization • The nutritional requirement of mango varies with the region, soil type and age. • A dose of 73g N, l8g P2O5 and 68g K2O / year of age from first to tenth year and thereafter a dose of 730gN, l80g P2O5 and 680g K2O should be applied in 2 split doses during June- July and September- October respectively. • Spraying of zinc sulphate (0.3%) during February, March and May is recommended to correct the zinc deficiency. • Spraying of Borax (0.5%) after fruit set twice at monthly intervals and 0.5% manganese sulphate after blooming corrects boron and manganese deficiencies respectively. • Organic manures and phosphatic fertilizers should be applied immediately after harvest, whereas ammonium sulphate should be given before flowering.
• Intecropping • In mango, intercropping helps check weed growth and reduces nutrient losses. • Intercropping blackgram-wheat-mango and brinjal- onion-mango gives better monetary benefits. • Besides, taking up cover crops like sunhemp, cowpea, pea help to prevent soil erosion.
Irrigation • The young plants up to 2-year-old should be watered regularly. • The newly-planted grafts need about 30 litres of water every week. • Irrigation during pre-flowering phase increases flowering. • Irrigating grown-up trees after fruit set at 10-day interval increases the yield.
Flowering and fruit set: • Flower bud formation takes place 2-3 months prior to flowering. • Flowering occurs from Nov-Dec to Feb-Mar depending upon locality and variety and continues for about 2-3 weeks. • Flowers are polygamous-sex ratio can be improved by application of NAA 200ppm at flower bud initiation stage.
Harvesting and yield Stage of harvesting is very important, indicated by (1) Starting of Colour development (2) Falling of one or two fruits from the plant (3) Specific gravity of 1.0 to 1.02(more reliable) • Mango normally takes 90-120 days from fruit set to maturity. • Harvesting is done using pole harvesters without causing any damage to the fruit. • Mangoes should be harvested with pedicel. • Injury to the fruits during harvesting brings down their quality and also makes them prone to fungal attack.
• Mango grafts come to bearing in about 2-3 years but commercial yields can be had from 8-10 years and may continue up to 40-60 years. • Average yield is 8 tones/ha and may vary according to variety and locality. • The number of fruits per tree doing its bearing age generally various from 1000 to 2000 fruits. • Mango Mallika and Amrapali are also comparatively regular-bearer.
Post harvest management • After harvesting, mangoes are graded according to their size. • To maintain the quality, proper packaging is a must. • In some place , bamboo baskets are used for packing. • A basket contains 50-100 fruits. • Straw is used for packing. • Wooden boxes are also used in some place. • However, now perforated cardboard are generally used.
• In these boxes either fruits are individually wrapped with tissue paper before packing or paper shavings are used for cushioning. • Minimizing the post harvest losses is one of the most important aspects. • Usually green and mature mangoes are stored better than ripe ones harvested from trees. • Low temperature storage, controlled atmospheric storage, use of chemical treatment for delaying ripening, irradiation, heat treatment, packaging and shrink wrapping are methods to increase their shelf life.
• The temperature of 5-16°C for different varieties is ideal for storing. • Mangoes are highly susceptible to low temperature injury. • Loss of flavour and development of undesirable softening are major symptoms of chilling injury. • Under controlled atmospheric storage, retardation of respiratory activity, delaying of softening, colour development and senescence of fruits take place. • Hence, this method has not been adopted in mango.
• The combination of waxing (3%) along with hot- water treatment results in good quality fruits with extended storage life. • Individual wrapping of fruit imparts uniform colour and reduces shrinkage. • Hydro-cooling at 12°-15°C and holding for 2 weeks at 15°C followed by storage for 1 week at ambient temperature gives good storage life to fruits.
Fruit drop • Too many flowers and fruitlets are present in a panicle. • With in a month, about 99% of fruitlets drops. • At harvest we get only 0.01 to 0.1 %. • Fruit drop is natural and is very high in mango specially during the first four weeks. • Fruit drops occurs: 1. Soon after flower opening 2. After pollination and fertilization 3. At grain stage of the fruit.
• The causes of fruit drop are lack of proper and timely pollination, inadequate supply of nutrients and photosynthates for growth and development, hormonal imbalances, drought, wind, pest infestation and disease severity. • Adequate care and management of trees in time are really effective for reducing fruit drops. • This can be avoided by regular irrigations during fruit development, application of optimum doses of nutrients effective control of pests and diseases and some hormonal sprays like 2,4-D (10-30ppm) NAA(5-50ppm), 2,4,5-T(20ppm) etc.,
Physiological Disorders 1. Mango malformation • Production of thick vegetative shoots and transformation of floral parts into a compact mass of sterile flowers. • Two types: Vegetative and floral • Vegetative malformation resembles “bunchy top” which may dry and die in due course. • Floral malformation results in enlargement of flowers with new flowers being produced even after fruit set but with less % of hermaphrodite flowers. Malformed panicles may be 1.loose 2. compact.
Production Technology of Mango in Nepal.pptx
• Malformation is a serious Problem in mango. It may result in loss of about 50-60% crop. Krishnabhog, collecter, Langra, Neelum are tolerant( seedling trees are found to be tolerant) • Virus, fungus, mites, nutrients, C/N ratio, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, amino acids, proteins, phenolic compounds, enzymatic activity in the plant, phytohormones and occurance of malformation like substance are all supposed to be the probable causes for malformation.
Control measures 1. Application of plant growth regulators and phenolic compounds (NAA, Ethrel,GA, Paclobutrozol, etc. 2. Deblossoming: at bud brust stage-ethrel 3. Use of antagonists and antimalformins: Glutahione, Ascorbic acid, Silver nitrate 4. Application of nutrients: High NPK added with FeSO4, Cobalt Sulphate 5. Pruning of malformed parts. 6. Application of pesticides: Parathion, Kelthane, Kerathane. 7. Covering panicles with polythene film to raise the temperature around the panicle.
• Inspite of this, malformation is still a puzzling problem. It is therefore concluded that malformation can be kept under check by maintaining: 1. Orchards cleanly using disease free planting materials only. 2. Regularly inspecting the orchard 3. Regularly removing all malformation parts and 4. Spraying of insecticides and after each pruning.
Biennial bearing in mango • Mango producing good crop one year and no crop or fewer crops in the next year is known as biennial bearing or alternate bearing. This is genetic and inherent in mango varieties. Major causes for this are supposed to be: 1. Climatological factors: • Rain, high humidity, heavy wind and low temperature during the on year convert into an off year directly or indirectly by promoting the incidence of diseases like powdery mildew or anthracnose. 2. Age and size of shoots: • It is generally found that flowering shoots should have attained certain amount of physiological maturity atleast 8-10 month old. But this hypothesis may not be hold true in many cases.
3. Carbon/Nitrogen ratio: It is generally indicated that higher starch reserve, total carbohydrates and C:N ratio favour flower bud formation and anything to alter this or to favour higher N content may tend favouring N content.  High carbon/moderate N encourages flower bud formation 4. Hormonal balance:  Physiological studies on flowering in mango established that higher level of auxin like substances and an inhibitor(ABA) and lower level of gibberellin are vital for flowering shoots in mango.  Inspite of several studies, the biennial bearing is still an unsolved problem which is thought could be corrected by genetic engineering only.
Perennial bearing • Example: In Bosc Pear, there is two off year following heavy crop in the next year
Control measures • Presently the suggested measures to overcome biennial bearing are: 1. Proper upkeep and maintenance of orchards 2. Deblossoming in on year (NAA) 3. Fruit thinning 4. Smudging and chemical regulation like application of Paclobutrazol (10gm/tree),spraying 1-2% KNO3 , 6-8% calcium nitrate, etc. 5. Pruning: Pruning the fruited shoots and opening tree top properly 6. Use of PGR: NAA, 2,4,5-T and ethrel (200 ppm). 7. Growing regular bearing cultivars: Ratna, Mallika Neelum, Amrapali and almost all hybrids.
• Black tip: Physiological disorder causing distal end of fruit to become black. • Polluted atmosphere with smoke, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, acetylene causes this disorder. • Spraying Borax 0.6% from fruit set at 10-15 days intervals controls disease
• Clustering (Jhumka) Clustering of fruits without growth at the tip of the panicle caused by adverse weather (low temperature) during Feb- March. • Most of the fruits drop, shriveled and have aborted embryos.
• Spongy tissue • Fruit appears normal extremely but contains yellowish, sour spongy tissue inside high temperature, convertive heat and exposing to sunlight after harvest are supposed to be the causes. • Remedy lies in sod culture, mulching in the orchard and harvesting fruits at 3/4th mature stage only.
• Fruit cracking: • Mango fruit cracks when dry spells are followed by rains but the intensity and severity depends upon the variety. • Late varieties cracked more than early and mid season variety • Soft nose: Physiological disorder caused by Ca deficiency causing breakdown of flesh towards the apex of the fruit before ripening.
Pest 1. Mango hopper(jassids) (Amaritodus atkinsoni) • Spray phosalone @ 0.05% or carbaryl 2 g/ lit or phosphamidon 1 m1/litre. 2. Nut weevil (Cryptorrhynchus mangiferae and C. gravis) • General cleanliness in the orchard, destroying the adults in the bark crevices and holes and spraying with Fenthion 0.1%
3. Stem borer (Batocera rufomaculata) • Padding with monocrotophos 36 WSC 10ml in 2.5 cm per tree soaked in absorbant cotton • Application of carbofuron 3G 5g per bore hole and plugging with mud. 4. Mealy bug
5. Fruit fly (Dacus spp) • Plough the inter spaces to expose pupae. • Monitor with Methyl Eugenol traps. • Remove the fallen fruits now and then and bury them deep into soil.
Diseases 1. Powdery mildew (Oidium mangiferae) • Apply sulphur dust in the early morning to protect new flush or spray wettable sulphur 0.2% or Tridemorph 0.05%
2.Anthracnose(Collectotrich um gloesporioides) • Spray Mancozeb 0.2% (1kg /ha) or Carbendezim 0.1% as preharvest spray, 3 times at 15 days interval.
3. Stalk and end rot (Collectotrichum gloesporioides)
3. Sooty mould (Capnodium sp) • More hopper attack sooty mould fungus dew to the honey dew secreted by hoppers. • Spray Dimecron 0.03% + Maida 5% (1kg maida or starch boiled with one litre of water and diluted to 20 litre).

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Production Technology of Mango in Nepal.pptx

  • 1. Production Technology of Mango Prepared by Umesh Timilsina Assistant Professor CNRM Bardibas, AFU Prepared by Umesh Timilsina Assistant Professor GPCAR, PU
  • 2. MANGO • Scientific Name: Mangifera indica • Family: Anacardiaceae • Chromosome Number: 2n=40 • Origin: • It is originated in South East Asia especially in Indo-Burma region • Wild mangoes are still available in the Assam-Chittagong region. • It has been cultivated there more than 4000 years and its uses are mentioned in Hindu literatures
  • 3. • Known as the ‘King of Fruits. • Mango rules most of the gardens in Terai region during the Nepali month of Jestha and Ashar. • This delicious fruit is one of the most loved and desired fruits in Nepal which makes everyone, from children to old, tempt for more. • Not only is mango a favorite fruit of the people in Nepal, it also holds a special place in our cultural and religious heritage. • According to the Hindu mythology, when Lord Shiva and Parvati had come from the heaven, they had missed this heavenly fruit so much that Parvati requested Lord Shiva to create a mango tree by his divine power. •
  • 4. • Fulfilling her desire, he had created the tree and since then, mangoes people were able to devour this heavenly fruit. • The fruit is also mentioned in the ancient Sanskrit literature such as, in Valmiki’s Ramayana, mangoes were mentioned as the fruit of Kings and the princes used to pride themselves on the possession of large mango gardens. • There are over 500 varieties of the mango in various shapes and sizes around the world.
  • 5. Area and Production • Major mango producing countries in the world are India, Thailand, Philipines, south Africa, West Indies, Brazil, Isarel, Srilanka, Australia etc. • In Nepal, the Terai regions of Siraha, Saptari Sarlahi, Mahottari, Sunsari, Morang Jhapa, Kapilavastu, Dhanusha, Rautahat, Bara, Dang, Banke, Bardiya, Kailali, Kanchanpur and Chitwan along with some hilly districts like Kavre and Dhading produces more than 140,000 mton of this seasonal fruit in a year. • Saptari District has the greatest acreage.
  • 6. Climate and Soil • Mango can be grown on a wide variety of soils under varied climatic conditions. • It can be grown from alluvial (deposited by surface water) to lateritic (rich in iron and aluminium) soils except in black cotton (black due to titanium oxide, highly clay) soil having poor drainage. • It grows well in soils with slightly acidic pH (5-7). • It does not perform well in soils having pH beyond 7.5. • Soils having good drainage are ideal for mango.
  • 7. • Mango is a tropical fruit, but it can be grown up to 1200-1400m above mean sea level. • But it an altitude of 700masl is best for commercial production • There should not be high humidity, rain or frost during flowering. • Good fruiting occurs between 25⁰C- 35 ⁰C but below 25 ⁰C yield is less. • The areas experiencing frequent showers and high humidity are prone to many pests and diseases. • Thus it can be grown best in regions with a rainfall between 25cm and 250cm. • Regions having bright sunny days and moderate humidity during flowering are ideal for mango growing.
  • 8. Varieties of Mango Early Variety Mid- Variety Late Variety Bombay greeen Dashari Chausa Bombay yellow Maldah (Langra) Calcuttia Krishnabhog Gulabkhas Neelam Alphanso Amrapali (Dashari×Neelum Fazli Totapuri Mallika( Neelam× Dashari Small chausa Himasagar Ratna (Neelam× Alphanso) Other varieties are: Zardalu, Fazli, Bhadaure aanp,Supari aanp, Ambe Hayed, Sindhu (seedless mango)
  • 9. • Among the various varieties of mangoes available in the market in Nepal, some of the famous ones are mentioned below: Alphonso Bombay green Maldaha Dassehri
  • 14. Propagation • Mango is a highly heterozygous and cross-pollinated crop. • Propagation is done by seed to produce rootstock. • Mainly propagated by grafting. • For raising rootstock, the seeds of mango are sown within 4-5 weeks after extraction otherwise they lose their viability. • For sowing the seeds, raised beds are prepared with a mixture farmyard manure, red soil and sand. • In some places, seeds are sown directly in polythene bags. • After germination, the leaves turn green in 2-4 weeks.
  • 15. • Budding (patch and T), air layering, stooling etc have been worked out in research but yet to have achieve commercial viability. • Several methods of grafting are practiced. They are: • lnarching: It is one of the most widely practiced methods of grafting. One can get a big-sized plant material for planting with over 95% success rate. • Veneer and side grafting: These can be utilized for preparing a grafted plant material or for insitu grafting, i.e. for the rootstocks which are already planted. • Epicotyl /stone grafting: • The germinated seedlings of 8-15 days old are used for grafting.
  • 17. CULTIVATION Planting • Different systems of planting like square, rectangular and hexagonal are followed at different places. • However, square and rectangular systems are also popular. • The spacing depends on the vigour of the variety and the cropping system. • The planting season varies from Jun to Sep. • The main field is brought to fine tilth. • Pits of 1m x 1mx 1m size are dug. • These are exposed to sun for about 30 days. • Before planting, pits are filled with well-rotten farmyard manure and soil.
  • 18. High-density planting • High-density planting helps increase the yield/unit area. • Amrapali is found amenable for high-density planting with a spacing of 2.5m x 2.5m. • Soil drenching with paclobutrazol (2 ml/tree) induces flowering during off year. • If coupled with pruning, it, helps increase production /unit area in Dashehari.
  • 19. AFTER CARE AND MANAGEMENT Training and pruning • Training is an important practice during the first few years (2-3 years) after planting. • It is essential to give a good framework and space the branches properly to facilitate intercultural operations. • No regular annual pruning is done since mango trees are evergreens. Remove the dead, diseased, intermingled and insect affected branches
  • 20. Manure and fertilization • The nutritional requirement of mango varies with the region, soil type and age. • A dose of 73g N, l8g P2O5 and 68g K2O / year of age from first to tenth year and thereafter a dose of 730gN, l80g P2O5 and 680g K2O should be applied in 2 split doses during June- July and September- October respectively. • Spraying of zinc sulphate (0.3%) during February, March and May is recommended to correct the zinc deficiency. • Spraying of Borax (0.5%) after fruit set twice at monthly intervals and 0.5% manganese sulphate after blooming corrects boron and manganese deficiencies respectively. • Organic manures and phosphatic fertilizers should be applied immediately after harvest, whereas ammonium sulphate should be given before flowering.
  • 21. • Intecropping • In mango, intercropping helps check weed growth and reduces nutrient losses. • Intercropping blackgram-wheat-mango and brinjal- onion-mango gives better monetary benefits. • Besides, taking up cover crops like sunhemp, cowpea, pea help to prevent soil erosion.
  • 22. Irrigation • The young plants up to 2-year-old should be watered regularly. • The newly-planted grafts need about 30 litres of water every week. • Irrigation during pre-flowering phase increases flowering. • Irrigating grown-up trees after fruit set at 10-day interval increases the yield.
  • 23. Flowering and fruit set: • Flower bud formation takes place 2-3 months prior to flowering. • Flowering occurs from Nov-Dec to Feb-Mar depending upon locality and variety and continues for about 2-3 weeks. • Flowers are polygamous-sex ratio can be improved by application of NAA 200ppm at flower bud initiation stage.
  • 24. Harvesting and yield Stage of harvesting is very important, indicated by (1) Starting of Colour development (2) Falling of one or two fruits from the plant (3) Specific gravity of 1.0 to 1.02(more reliable) • Mango normally takes 90-120 days from fruit set to maturity. • Harvesting is done using pole harvesters without causing any damage to the fruit. • Mangoes should be harvested with pedicel. • Injury to the fruits during harvesting brings down their quality and also makes them prone to fungal attack.
  • 25. • Mango grafts come to bearing in about 2-3 years but commercial yields can be had from 8-10 years and may continue up to 40-60 years. • Average yield is 8 tones/ha and may vary according to variety and locality. • The number of fruits per tree doing its bearing age generally various from 1000 to 2000 fruits. • Mango Mallika and Amrapali are also comparatively regular-bearer.
  • 26. Post harvest management • After harvesting, mangoes are graded according to their size. • To maintain the quality, proper packaging is a must. • In some place , bamboo baskets are used for packing. • A basket contains 50-100 fruits. • Straw is used for packing. • Wooden boxes are also used in some place. • However, now perforated cardboard are generally used.
  • 27. • In these boxes either fruits are individually wrapped with tissue paper before packing or paper shavings are used for cushioning. • Minimizing the post harvest losses is one of the most important aspects. • Usually green and mature mangoes are stored better than ripe ones harvested from trees. • Low temperature storage, controlled atmospheric storage, use of chemical treatment for delaying ripening, irradiation, heat treatment, packaging and shrink wrapping are methods to increase their shelf life.
  • 28. • The temperature of 5-16°C for different varieties is ideal for storing. • Mangoes are highly susceptible to low temperature injury. • Loss of flavour and development of undesirable softening are major symptoms of chilling injury. • Under controlled atmospheric storage, retardation of respiratory activity, delaying of softening, colour development and senescence of fruits take place. • Hence, this method has not been adopted in mango.
  • 29. • The combination of waxing (3%) along with hot- water treatment results in good quality fruits with extended storage life. • Individual wrapping of fruit imparts uniform colour and reduces shrinkage. • Hydro-cooling at 12°-15°C and holding for 2 weeks at 15°C followed by storage for 1 week at ambient temperature gives good storage life to fruits.
  • 30. Fruit drop • Too many flowers and fruitlets are present in a panicle. • With in a month, about 99% of fruitlets drops. • At harvest we get only 0.01 to 0.1 %. • Fruit drop is natural and is very high in mango specially during the first four weeks. • Fruit drops occurs: 1. Soon after flower opening 2. After pollination and fertilization 3. At grain stage of the fruit.
  • 31. • The causes of fruit drop are lack of proper and timely pollination, inadequate supply of nutrients and photosynthates for growth and development, hormonal imbalances, drought, wind, pest infestation and disease severity. • Adequate care and management of trees in time are really effective for reducing fruit drops. • This can be avoided by regular irrigations during fruit development, application of optimum doses of nutrients effective control of pests and diseases and some hormonal sprays like 2,4-D (10-30ppm) NAA(5-50ppm), 2,4,5-T(20ppm) etc.,
  • 32. Physiological Disorders 1. Mango malformation • Production of thick vegetative shoots and transformation of floral parts into a compact mass of sterile flowers. • Two types: Vegetative and floral • Vegetative malformation resembles “bunchy top” which may dry and die in due course. • Floral malformation results in enlargement of flowers with new flowers being produced even after fruit set but with less % of hermaphrodite flowers. Malformed panicles may be 1.loose 2. compact.
  • 34. • Malformation is a serious Problem in mango. It may result in loss of about 50-60% crop. Krishnabhog, collecter, Langra, Neelum are tolerant( seedling trees are found to be tolerant) • Virus, fungus, mites, nutrients, C/N ratio, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, amino acids, proteins, phenolic compounds, enzymatic activity in the plant, phytohormones and occurance of malformation like substance are all supposed to be the probable causes for malformation.
  • 35. Control measures 1. Application of plant growth regulators and phenolic compounds (NAA, Ethrel,GA, Paclobutrozol, etc. 2. Deblossoming: at bud brust stage-ethrel 3. Use of antagonists and antimalformins: Glutahione, Ascorbic acid, Silver nitrate 4. Application of nutrients: High NPK added with FeSO4, Cobalt Sulphate 5. Pruning of malformed parts. 6. Application of pesticides: Parathion, Kelthane, Kerathane. 7. Covering panicles with polythene film to raise the temperature around the panicle.
  • 36. • Inspite of this, malformation is still a puzzling problem. It is therefore concluded that malformation can be kept under check by maintaining: 1. Orchards cleanly using disease free planting materials only. 2. Regularly inspecting the orchard 3. Regularly removing all malformation parts and 4. Spraying of insecticides and after each pruning.
  • 37. Biennial bearing in mango • Mango producing good crop one year and no crop or fewer crops in the next year is known as biennial bearing or alternate bearing. This is genetic and inherent in mango varieties. Major causes for this are supposed to be: 1. Climatological factors: • Rain, high humidity, heavy wind and low temperature during the on year convert into an off year directly or indirectly by promoting the incidence of diseases like powdery mildew or anthracnose. 2. Age and size of shoots: • It is generally found that flowering shoots should have attained certain amount of physiological maturity atleast 8-10 month old. But this hypothesis may not be hold true in many cases.
  • 38. 3. Carbon/Nitrogen ratio: It is generally indicated that higher starch reserve, total carbohydrates and C:N ratio favour flower bud formation and anything to alter this or to favour higher N content may tend favouring N content.  High carbon/moderate N encourages flower bud formation 4. Hormonal balance:  Physiological studies on flowering in mango established that higher level of auxin like substances and an inhibitor(ABA) and lower level of gibberellin are vital for flowering shoots in mango.  Inspite of several studies, the biennial bearing is still an unsolved problem which is thought could be corrected by genetic engineering only.
  • 39. Perennial bearing • Example: In Bosc Pear, there is two off year following heavy crop in the next year
  • 40. Control measures • Presently the suggested measures to overcome biennial bearing are: 1. Proper upkeep and maintenance of orchards 2. Deblossoming in on year (NAA) 3. Fruit thinning 4. Smudging and chemical regulation like application of Paclobutrazol (10gm/tree),spraying 1-2% KNO3 , 6-8% calcium nitrate, etc. 5. Pruning: Pruning the fruited shoots and opening tree top properly 6. Use of PGR: NAA, 2,4,5-T and ethrel (200 ppm). 7. Growing regular bearing cultivars: Ratna, Mallika Neelum, Amrapali and almost all hybrids.
  • 41. • Black tip: Physiological disorder causing distal end of fruit to become black. • Polluted atmosphere with smoke, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, acetylene causes this disorder. • Spraying Borax 0.6% from fruit set at 10-15 days intervals controls disease
  • 42. • Clustering (Jhumka) Clustering of fruits without growth at the tip of the panicle caused by adverse weather (low temperature) during Feb- March. • Most of the fruits drop, shriveled and have aborted embryos.
  • 43. • Spongy tissue • Fruit appears normal extremely but contains yellowish, sour spongy tissue inside high temperature, convertive heat and exposing to sunlight after harvest are supposed to be the causes. • Remedy lies in sod culture, mulching in the orchard and harvesting fruits at 3/4th mature stage only.
  • 44. • Fruit cracking: • Mango fruit cracks when dry spells are followed by rains but the intensity and severity depends upon the variety. • Late varieties cracked more than early and mid season variety • Soft nose: Physiological disorder caused by Ca deficiency causing breakdown of flesh towards the apex of the fruit before ripening.
  • 45. Pest 1. Mango hopper(jassids) (Amaritodus atkinsoni) • Spray phosalone @ 0.05% or carbaryl 2 g/ lit or phosphamidon 1 m1/litre. 2. Nut weevil (Cryptorrhynchus mangiferae and C. gravis) • General cleanliness in the orchard, destroying the adults in the bark crevices and holes and spraying with Fenthion 0.1%
  • 46. 3. Stem borer (Batocera rufomaculata) • Padding with monocrotophos 36 WSC 10ml in 2.5 cm per tree soaked in absorbant cotton • Application of carbofuron 3G 5g per bore hole and plugging with mud. 4. Mealy bug
  • 47. 5. Fruit fly (Dacus spp) • Plough the inter spaces to expose pupae. • Monitor with Methyl Eugenol traps. • Remove the fallen fruits now and then and bury them deep into soil.
  • 48. Diseases 1. Powdery mildew (Oidium mangiferae) • Apply sulphur dust in the early morning to protect new flush or spray wettable sulphur 0.2% or Tridemorph 0.05%
  • 49. 2.Anthracnose(Collectotrich um gloesporioides) • Spray Mancozeb 0.2% (1kg /ha) or Carbendezim 0.1% as preharvest spray, 3 times at 15 days interval.
  • 50. 3. Stalk and end rot (Collectotrichum gloesporioides)
  • 51. 3. Sooty mould (Capnodium sp) • More hopper attack sooty mould fungus dew to the honey dew secreted by hoppers. • Spray Dimecron 0.03% + Maida 5% (1kg maida or starch boiled with one litre of water and diluted to 20 litre).