Managing Economic Development 1
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There are differing levels of economic development between countries. Wealthier countries with high standards of living are called more economically developed countries, while poorer countries with low standards are called less economically developed countries. Countries can be compared using gross national product per capita in US dollars, but this only provides an average and may not accurately capture living conditions. To better understand relative wealth, additional statistics on population, social factors like healthcare and education, and economic data should be considered. The wealth gap exists because less developed countries often have low industrialization, rely on agriculture and mining, cannot afford imports, lack infrastructure and power, face political instability or natural disasters, and have less education.
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Measuring Development
The document discusses measuring development between less economically developed countries (LEDCs) and more economically developed countries (MEDC). It defines development as encompassing both economic and social factors like wealth, quality of life, health, literacy, and housing. The most widely used indicator is gross national product (GNP) per capita, which is a country's total output divided by population. However, GNP is a more reliable indicator for MEDCs than LEDCs because LEDC statistics are less available and accurate, and GNP does not account for subsistence farming common in LEDCs. Other development indicators include birth rate, energy consumption, doctors per person, and literacy rates.
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2) Population growth rates are higher in developing countries compared to developed nations, leading to larger youth and dependency burdens.
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4) Imperfect markets, incomplete information, and lack of institutional and structural support also hinder development potential in these nations.
Development Economics
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Standard of living_ Chất lượng sống
The document defines standard of living as the level of wealth, comfort, and access to necessities available to a socioeconomic class in a geographic area. It lists factors used to evaluate standard of living such as income, housing quality, healthcare access, and education. Standard of living is commonly measured using indices like the Human Development Index, Gross Domestic Product, Satisfaction With Life Index, and Happy Planet Index. These indices take into account life expectancy, education, income, happiness, sustainability, and other quality of life factors to compare countries' standard of living. While standard of living is more objective and measured, quality of life considers more subjective experiences like freedom and well-being. Both aim to provide an overall picture of economic
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There are several ways to measure development including economic, social, and environmental indicators. Economic indicators include GDP, GNP, and PPP but have limitations in capturing how wealth is distributed or environmental/social impacts. Social indices like the HDI and HPI provide a more holistic view by combining factors like education, health, and standard of living. Multiple component indices are useful for comparisons but don't show imbalances in their underlying indicators. An accurate overall assessment requires considering various factors from different perspectives.
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The document provides information on the characteristics of developing nations. It discusses some key obstacles to development, such as reliance on subsistence agriculture and lack of political stability. It also lists some common characteristics of developing countries, including low levels of productivity, imperfect world markets, low living standards, and high population growth. The document then examines ways to measure a nation's level of development, such as through quantitative indicators like GDP per capita and qualitative indicators like the Happiness Index. It introduces the Human Development Index as a composite measure of development.
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The document defines and explains key concepts related to economic growth including:
1) Defining and measuring economic growth as an increase in real GDP or GDP per capita over time.
2) The causes of economic growth including natural resources, human resources, capital, technology and resource allocation.
3) The advantages of economic growth such as higher consumption, development, employment and living standards, but also disadvantages like resource depletion and unemployment.
4) The growth cycle phases of expansion, peak, recession and recovery.
5) Policies governments can implement to promote sustainable economic growth through education, research, savings, investment and trade.
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- Birth rate and death rate measure population growth and mortality.
- Infant mortality rate indicates child health and development levels.
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- Literacy rate reflects education levels.
- GDP, GNP, and GNP per capita are economic measures of wealth by location, ownership, and average income respectively.
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2. Low life expectancy and high birth rates strain countries' ability to support dependents, further reducing economic output and development.
3. As conditions deteriorate, death rates rise, shrinking the workforce and tax base in a downward cycle that widens the gap between developed and developing nations.
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1. The document discusses the prospects for a demographic dividend in Africa in the near future. While fertility declines that change population age structures have been slow, some factors could hasten the process, like economic development, mortality decline, and investments in family planning.
2. A demographic dividend occurs when a rising proportion of the population is working-age, lowering dependency ratios and freeing up resources for investment. This can fuel economic growth. However, complementary policies are needed to take advantage of the opportunity.
3. The economics of a demographic dividend for Africa includes potential benefits like increased income and savings. However, realizing these gains depends on labor market conditions and complementary socioeconomic factors. Problems include rising unemployment and changing social dynamics
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There are several ways to measure development levels and the gap between developed and developing countries:
1) GDP and GNP per capita are traditional economic measures but don't capture inequalities within countries.
2) Social indicators like health, education, and housing provide a more holistic view of development.
3) Composite indices that combine economic and social factors, such as the Human Development Index, provide a comprehensive overview of development levels.
4) Other indices measure specific issues like the digital divide, gender inequality, and livability between countries. No single measure can fully capture a country's development status.
Development & health
The document discusses various indicators used to measure development, including economic indicators like GDP and social indicators like life expectancy. It explains that composite indicators which combine multiple factors, like the Human Development Index, provide a more comprehensive picture of a country's development level than any single indicator. Reasons for differences in development levels between countries include natural resources, industrialization, political stability, location, and access to trade. Within countries, there are also often disparities between urban and rural areas in terms of access to services.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: CONTRASTS IN DEVELOPMENT
This document discusses ways to measure development between countries, including economic development indicators like GDP and human development indicators like health, education, and quality of life. It provides examples of development data for different countries and notes that while some countries may appear developed based on economic statistics, human development indicators provide a more complete picture of overall societal progress. Development happens unevenly and indices must be used carefully as averages may mask inequalities within countries.
Module 3 unit 2 geography
The document discusses various concepts related to development and underdevelopment including definitions, indicators, and indexes. It provides definitions for key terms like development, underdevelopment, and sustainable development. It outlines several economic and non-economic indicators used to measure development, including GDP, life expectancy, literacy rates, HDI, and GDI. It notes both advantages and disadvantages of different indicators. Composite indexes like the HPI and PQLI that incorporate multiple variables are discussed as attempts to provide a more comprehensive view of development.
Development
Economic development involves increasing a nation's wealth over time through economic growth, as measured by increases in gross domestic product. It requires using tools from various fields like finance, planning and economics. Sustainable development aims to meet current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. Countries vary widely in their levels of development, with more economically developed countries in the northern hemisphere owning most of the world's wealth compared to less developed countries in the south. Development encompasses both economic factors like GNP per capita and social factors like education and health outcomes.
Honors geo. ch 21 p.p.
The document discusses key differences between developed and developing countries across several categories:
- Developed countries have older populations while developing countries have younger populations, creating different challenges for each.
- Developed economies are dominated by services while developing rely more on agriculture and industry.
- Health indicators like life expectancy are higher in developed nations due to better healthcare and nutrition.
Bdgpart1
The document discusses the development gap and how development is measured. It defines development as improvements in human welfare and quality of life, not just economic growth. The development gap refers to differences in prosperity levels within and between countries.
Development is commonly measured using indicators like Gross National Product (GNP), the Human Development Index (HDI), and other socioeconomic indicators related to factors like income, education, health. The HDI in particular provides a composite index to measure development holistically rather than relying on single metrics.
The document also discusses models of development and theories about how countries progress through stages from traditional to modern societies. It notes debates around these theories and factors that can hinder development.
Development
The document contrasts measures of development between more economically developed countries (MEDCs) and less economically developed countries (LEDCs). It discusses factors like GDP per capita, infant mortality rates, literacy rates, access to healthcare, and employment structure. LEDCs generally have lower GDP, higher infant mortality, lower literacy, less access to doctors and hospitals, and a larger percentage working in agriculture compared to MEDCs. Location in the tropics also makes LEDCs more prone to environmental hazards like tropical storms, floods, and drought that can damage infrastructure and agriculture.
Chapter-2 Characterstics of UDs.pptx
The document discusses the key characteristics of developing economies. It begins by defining developing countries based on per capita income levels and then outlines 10 common features: 1) lower living standards and productivity, 2) lower human capital, 3) higher inequality and poverty, 4) higher population growth, 5) greater social divisions, 6) larger rural populations but rapid urbanization, 7) lower industrialization, 8) adverse geography, 9) underdeveloped markets, and 10) lingering colonial impacts. The document then examines several of these features in more depth, including levels of human capital, living standards, inequality, population trends, and social divisions.
AS Macro: Introduction to Economic Development
This document provides an introduction to economic development. It defines economic development as improving human freedoms and reducing poverty, inequality, and unemployment. The key goals of economic development are outlined in the Millennium Development Goals and are measured by indicators such as the Human Development Index which considers education, life expectancy, and income. However, the HDI has limitations as it does not account for other important factors like political freedoms, income distribution, or qualitative changes over time. Common characteristics of lower income countries are also presented such as lower productivity and incomes as well as higher inequality, which can lead to social and economic costs if left unaddressed.
Global Economic Issues topic 4
Globalization has impacted standards of living in various ways. While there remain large inequalities between wealthy and poor countries, living standards have generally improved due to factors like global trade and financial integration. However, globalization has also reinforced inequalities through an international trade system and global financial architecture that favor developed nations. Domestic factors like natural resources, education levels, and institutions also contribute to differences in living standards between countries.
LIVING STANDARDS (A TOPIC FROM ECONOMICS)
The document discusses various methods used to measure living standards, including GDP per capita and the Human Development Index (HDI). It notes that while GDP per capita can provide insights into economic well-being, it has limitations as a measure of living standards since it does not account for income distribution or non-market activities. The HDI is presented as a more comprehensive alternative that considers factors beyond income like health and education. Overall the document examines different indicators and their advantages/disadvantages in assessing and comparing living standards within and between countries.
Class Presentation on Economic development, inequality and foreign aid.pptx
Economic Growth may be defined as rate of expansion over a short period.
Economic growth is a single dimensional quantitative concept which is concerned only with the rate of increase in national income.
Human Wellbeing definition and measurement show [Autosaved].pptx
The document discusses measuring human wellbeing through various indicators and indexes. It begins by defining key terms used to measure wellbeing, such as indicator, GDP, GDP per capita, GNI, life expectancy, and the Human Development Index (HDI). It explains that indicators can be qualitative or quantitative, and defines each type. It then proceeds to define each economic and health indicator in more detail. The document emphasizes that measuring wellbeing requires considering multiple dimensions, not just economic factors, which is the goal of the HDI.
Economic problems of development
There is significant global inequality in the distribution of resources, with over 1 billion people living in absolute poverty according to UN criteria in 1999. Developing countries face numerous economic challenges including lack of access to safe water, sanitation, and primary education for many children. While there is wide diversity among developing countries, common problems include underdevelopment, unequal terms of international trade, structural economic issues, and debt burdens.
Development Factors
This document discusses ways to classify countries as more economically developed countries (MEDC) or less economically developed countries (LEDC) based on development indicators. It provides key terms related to development measurements like standard of living, quality of life, and the Human Development Index. It lists factors that could be used to classify countries such as GDP per capita, literacy rates, life expectancy. Patterns in the global distribution of MEDCs and LEDCs are discussed, with MEDCs generally located in Europe, North America, and Australasia and LEDCs in Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia. Limitations of using atlas data in classifications are also noted.
Economic Inequality in Developing Country
This document is a presentation by four students - Nishat Jahan Supti, Sadman Joa Aninda, Atia Iffat Naziba, and Md Shazidul Islam - on economic inequality in developing countries. It defines economic inequality, identifies the main types as income, pay, and wealth inequality. It also explains how inequality is measured using tools like the Gini coefficient and ratio measures. The presentation then characterizes developing countries and discusses their high levels of inequality, poverty, population growth, and more. It concludes by proposing policies to reduce inequality through employment programs, education access, and other interventions.
Aqa development gap revision
1. The document discusses various indicators used to measure development, including economic indicators like GDP and GNI per capita, social indicators like life expectancy and education levels, and environmental indicators.
2. It examines factors that can influence development, such as environmental factors like natural disasters, social factors like access to water and sanitation, and political factors such as unrest that can deter investment and tourism.
3. A case study on Honduras highlights how it was severely impacted by Hurricane Mitch in 1998, which destroyed infrastructure, homes, and agricultural crops, setting back development.
Aqa development gap revision
This is for those who need help revising for tourism which will arise in paper 2 of 2 in Geography GCSE.
Comparative Economic Development
The document discusses reasons for studying comparative economic development. It notes that large gaps exist between developing and developed countries in measures of income, health, and education. Some key points made include:
- Per capita income in the US is about 10 times higher than India and over 50 times higher than the DRC.
- Life expectancy, literacy rates, and rates of child undernutrition also vary widely between countries.
- The document examines definitions of developing countries and indicators used to measure development, such as GDP, GNI, HDI, and PPP. It provides data comparing countries' development levels based on these measures.
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This document provides information about geography options for students currently in Year 8 going into Year 9. It lists GCSE Geography exam results from June 2010 showing 73% of students received grades A-C. It also mentions an Iceland trip taking place in March 2011 and provides a link for more information about geography options.
Options ks4
This document provides information about geography options for students currently in Year 8 going into Year 9. It lists GCSE Geography exam results from June 2010 showing 73% of students received grades A-C. It also mentions an Iceland trip taking place in March 2011 and provides a link for more information about geography options.
Iceland 2011
This 5-day trip to Iceland will involve daily activities exploring the natural scenery known as the "Land of Fire and Ice". The traveler has packed essential documents like a passport, insurance information, and money as well as a kit list and forms for the trip staying at the Husid Guesthouse.
A Level Geog
The document outlines the AS and A2 Geography curriculum for 2008, including unit topics, assessments, and sample exam questions. The AS course covers global challenges such as natural hazards and globalization, as well as geographical investigations like crowded coasts and place branding. The A2 course examines contested planet issues like resource use, biodiversity loss, and development gaps. Students take exams involving data responses, essays, and research questions.
Launch Of New Gcse Spec
This document introduces an exciting new GCSE course in Geography. It explains that studying Geography allows students to understand current issues in the news and make their own judgments. It helps develop useful skills for the future like problem solving, teamwork, and communication. The course will cover topics like climate change, natural hazards, urbanization and more. Students will be assessed through exams and a controlled assessment involving fieldwork. The Geography department encourages students interested in learning about the world to consider taking this course.
World Development
This document provides information about the AS World Development course. It indicates that the course focuses on development issues and requires keeping up with current events through newspapers. While GCSE Geography is ideal preparation, the main requirements are an interest in the topics and an ability to manage coursework demands. The course is 70% exam-based and 30% coursework consisting of article analyses and essays. It covers two themes - development resources and global citizenship, and poverty and inequality. Past students have achieved a 100% pass rate through diligent study. The course is taught by Mr. Crumbie with assistance on coursework elements.
I Need Help To Prepare
1. There is a range of tectonic hazards associated with both volcanoes and earthquakes, including lava, pyroclastics, ash, lahars, ground shaking, displacement, liquefaction, and tsunamis.
2. The specific impacts of tectonic hazards vary depending on factors like the duration and scale of the hazard, how frequently it occurs, its magnitude, and the level of economic development in the affected area.
3. Countries approach coping with tectonic hazards in different ways depending on their wealth and access to technology, employing strategies like modifying hazards, reducing vulnerability, and mitigating losses.
Unit 4 Student Guide
The document provides guidance on writing a report style essay for a geography exam, including:
1) Research and preparation is key, with planning, gathering a balanced range of sources, and organizing materials into a file.
2) Practicing report writing helps understand the required structured format, which merges traditional essays with elements like numbered sections and diagrams.
3) In the exam, a plan and introduction should be provided, with the body using language and structure to illustrate, contrast, extend and conclude points, while evaluating perspectives.
Unit 4 Pre Release
The document discusses tectonic hazards and their impacts on communities. It explores the different types and levels of challenges posed by varying forms of tectonic activity such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. It examines how the impacts of tectonic hazards vary depending on location and economic development through case studies of contrasting locations. Approaches to reducing risks from tectonic hazards are also discussed.
Promo Techniques
This document lists various marketing communication methods including advertising through internet, posters and leaflets. It also includes direct marketing through newsletters, public relations through press releases and sales promotion techniques such as competitions, money off vouchers and discounts. Displays are mentioned as being either cheap or flexible options.
Guidance Sheet
This document provides guidance on assessing promotional techniques and materials by describing the technique or material, stating its good and bad points, and suggesting how it could be improved. It instructs the reader to consider the target market, objectives, presentation, images used, and design when evaluating a promotion's effectiveness at achieving its goals and appealing to its intended audience. The document also references AIDA, research methods, and marketing strategy as relevant frameworks for assessment.
Aida Help
The document discusses the AIDA marketing model which focuses on gaining a customer's Attention with visually appealing design elements, maintaining their Interest with relevant and engaging content, creating a Desire to purchase through special offers or discounts, and prompting the desired Action by providing contact details. It also analyzes a sample promotional material in terms of its visual design, target market focus, use of color and fonts to see how effectively it follows the AIDA model.
Updated Excursion Pack. Iceland.
This document provides information on various excursion options for a geography study tour in Iceland, including visits to geothermal sites, greenhouses, natural attractions like the Blue Lagoon and Geysir, cultural attractions in Reykjavik, and outdoor activities like river rafting and whale watching. Contact details, locations, schedules, and pricing are provided for each excursion.
Roots
The document discusses trends in the UK population including aging, immigration, and regional shifts. Some key points:
- The proportion of over-60s is expected to rise significantly, increasing the dependency ratio and challenging the economy.
- Immigration has helped offset population aging but its future impact is uncertain.
- Younger workers have moved to southern and eastern regions while older residents settle in coastal and rural areas.
- The upcoming decades will see the large "baby boom" generation retire, placing greater burden on a smaller working-age population to support them. Careful planning is needed to address this challenge.
World Cities
By 2030, 60% of the global population will live in urban areas, with Asia's urban population rising from 1.4 billion to 2.6 billion. There will be close to 30 megacities with over 10 million people, including Istanbul, Guangzhou, and Bogota. Many cities, especially in developing areas, face problems like sprawling slums, lack of infrastructure, and pollution as populations grow rapidly. Solutions require better planning and more sustainable practices around resource use, transportation, and waste management.
Global Groupings
The document discusses various ways that countries and economies can be grouped on a global scale. It examines economic groupings based on development levels and types of economies. Political groupings like trade blocs that countries form through international agreements are also covered. The impacts of transnational corporations on both host and source countries are summarized, noting they can bring both benefits like job creation but also costs such as environmental impacts and profits leaving the host nation.
Global Networks
Global networks come in many forms, including business, communication, transport, production, and political networks. The document discusses the growth of internet usage globally and some key factors related to development and connectivity. It also describes global hubs as highly connected places that other locations seek to connect to, often hosting large transnational corporations. Creating connections for poorer countries requires infrastructure investment, economic reforms, stable societies, human capital development, and attracting foreign direct investment. One example discussed is China's success from economic growth and reforms. The document also summarizes the One Laptop Per Child initiative and some criticisms of the project.
On The Move
The document discusses global migration trends, including types of migrants and factors that push and pull people to migrate. It focuses on migration within Europe, including illegal immigration across southern European borders and migration of eastern Europeans after the EU's expansion. Specific examples analyze eastern European migration to the UK, costs and benefits for both source and host countries, as well as challenges around managing migration.
Globalisation
Globalization refers to the increasing economic interdependence between countries through rising trade and financial flows, as well as the spread of technology. Developments in communication and transportation technologies have reduced distances and facilitated globalization over recent decades. This has led to growth in world trade and the rise of large transnational corporations operating globally. While some nations and people have benefited from these changes, globalization has also increased economic inequality between wealthy and poor countries.
Climate Change & Causes
Climate change occurs over short, medium, and long timescales. Short-term climate change involves global warming over decades, while medium-term changes occurred over thousands of years according to ice core and fossil records. Long-term changes shaped climate over hundreds of thousands to millions of years. Recent climate change has led to 0.5°C warming globally since 1970 due to increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like burning fossil fuels. This enhanced greenhouse effect from carbon dioxide and methane emissions is trapping more heat in the atmosphere and causing unprecedented global warming according to temperature and Arctic sea ice records.
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Managing Economic Development 1
- 1. Managing economic development Contrasting levels of development How can development be measured?
- 5. Why does a wealth gap exist? Low levels of industrial development Over reliance of agriculture/mining Lack of power supplies Countries cannot afford to import goods Poor roads and other communication networks Political instability of war Lack of power supplies Natural disasters – earthquakes and floods Lack of education and training Why does a wealth Gap exist? The North/ South Divide