Management Information Systems and Decision-Making: An Overview discusses different types of information systems that support decision-making at various management levels. It describes strategic, tactical, and operational management and the kind of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured decisions made at each level. The document also outlines different types of information systems like Management Information Systems, Decision Support Systems, Executive Information Systems, and Specialized Processing Systems that provide information to managers and professionals. Finally, it notes that real-world information systems typically integrate various types of systems to support multiple management levels and business functions.

1. Management Information Systems and Decision-Making: An Overview
The type of information required by decision makers in a company is directly related to:
 the level of management decision making
 the amount of structure in the decision situations managers face
The levels of management decision making that must be supported by information technology in a successful organization (independently of its size, shape, and participants), are often shown as a managerial pyramid – see the figure below (O'Brien, p. 393) and Lecture 4:
Strategic management: As part of a strategic planning process top executives
i. develop overall organizational goals, strategies, policies, and
ii. monitor the strategic performance of the organization and its overall direction in the political, economic, and competitive business environment
Tactical management: Business unit managers and business professionals in self-directed teams
i. develop short- and medium-range plans, schedules, budgets and specify policies, procedures, and business objectives for their sub-units of the company, and
ii. allocate resources and monitor the performance of their organizational sub-units, including departments, divisions, process teams, project teams, and other workgroups.
Operational management: Operating managers and members of self-directed teams
i. develop short-range plans (e.g. weekly production schedules), and
ii. direct the use of resources and the performance of tasks according to procedures and within budgets and schedules they establish for the teams and other workgroups of the organization.

2. Decision makers need information products whose characteristics, attributes or quality are having the three dimensions of time, content, and form – see the figure below (O'Brien, p. 393).
Decision maker at different levels of the organization are making more or less structured decisions. Typically there are three types of decision structure:
Unstructured decisions (usually related to the long-term strategy of the organization);
Semi-structured decisions (some decision procedures can be pre-specified but not enough to lead to a definite recommended decision);
Structured decisions (the procedure to follow, when a decision is needed, can be specified in advance).
Earlier in this course we discussed the concept of system as a set of interrelated components, with a clearly defined boundary, working together to achieve a common set of objectives. With respect to the information system, it can be any organized combination of people, hardware, software, communication networks, data resources, and policies and procedures that stores, retrieves, transforms, and disseminates information in an organization (O'Brian, p. 4).
There are three vital roles that information systems can perform for a business enterprise: support of business processes and operations, support of decision making by employees and

3. managers, and support of strategies for competitive advantage – see the figure below (O'Brien, p. 8).
The applications of information systems that are implemented in today's business world can be classified as either operations or management information systems – see the figure, below (O'Brien, p.13)

4. Operations Support Systems (OSS) produce a variety of information products for internal and external use, such as processing business transactions, controlling industrial processes, supporting enterprise communications and collaborations, and updating corporate databases effectively. They do not emphasize the specific information products that can best be used by managers. Further processing by management information systems is usually required.
In this course we are interested more on the Management Support Systems (Support of Managerial Decision Making) and more specifically on the process of providing information and support for decision-making by different levels of responsibilities of the managers and business professionals. The management classifications of information systems can be structured in four main groups of systems (O'Brien, the figure above, and chapter 10):
Management Information Systems (MIS): provide information in the form of reports and displays to managers and many business professionals that support their day-to-day decision- making needs. Usually the information has been specified in advance to adequately meet the expectations on operational and tactical levels of the organization, where the decision making situations are more structured and better defined.
Decision Support Systems (DSS) are computer-based information systems that provide interactive information support to managers and business professionals during the decision-

5. making process. DSS use analytical models, specialized databases, a decision maker's own insights and judgments, and an interactive, computer-based modeling process to support semi- structured business decisions.Â
Executive Information Systems (EIS) or Executive Support Systems (ESS) are information systems that combine many of the futures of MIS and DSS. Here the information is presented in forms tailored to the preferences of the executives using the system, such as graphical user interface, customized to the executives graphics displays, exception reporting, trend analysis, and abilities to 'drill-down' and retrieve displays of related information quickly at lower levels of detail.
Specialized Processing Systems (PS) are information systems characterized as functional business systems, strategic information systems, knowledge management systems, and expert systems.
It is important to realize that business applications of information systems in the real world are typically integrated combinations of all these types of information systems. In practice, all these different types and roles of information systems are combined into integrated or Cross- Functional Business Information Systems that provide a variety of functions. Thus, most information systems are designed to produce information and support decision making for various levels of management and business functions, as well as perform record-keeping and transaction-processing chores. Whenever you analyze or work with an information system, you probably see that it provides information for a variety of managerial levels and business functions. This will be explain and demonstrated in greater details in Lectures 7 to 12 of this course.
The figure below illustrates the scope of the managerial challenges and opportunities facing business managers and professionals in effectively managing information systems and technologies (O'Brien, p. 17).