This document provides historical context on realism and naturalism as literary movements before summarizing Charles Darwin's life and work, specifically his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. The book introduced Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, arguing that species evolve over generations through a process of inherited variations and natural selection. It was highly controversial at the time for contradicting religious beliefs but became the unifying theory of life sciences, explaining the diversity and adaptation of living things.
Representation of Hybrid Jacob in Octavia Butler’s Clay’s Ark: A Posthumanist...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Discussed from a posthumanistic perspective this paper argues for the possibility of a hybrid subject and the acceptance of the same. The discussion revolves around the enhanced characters and the human-animal hybrid Jacob. This paper also examines how human beings are interconnected with different life forms and there is a kinship between animals and humans. Peter Singer’s ideas about animal liberation and Nayar’s posthumanism are used to support the existence of a hybrid. Butler offers a hybrid that is radically different and possesses human values in a different form. The existence of human-animal hybrid can be found in mythology and science fictions. Rejection of the idea of autonomous self can help us to think about a hybrid in our world
Charles Darwin - On the origin of species. To understand Eugenics, you have to know where it all began. It all begins with Charles Darwin and this is his first book. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us for incredible content.
Representation of Hybrid Jacob in Octavia Butler’s Clay’s Ark: A Posthumanist...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Discussed from a posthumanistic perspective this paper argues for the possibility of a hybrid subject and the acceptance of the same. The discussion revolves around the enhanced characters and the human-animal hybrid Jacob. This paper also examines how human beings are interconnected with different life forms and there is a kinship between animals and humans. Peter Singer’s ideas about animal liberation and Nayar’s posthumanism are used to support the existence of a hybrid. Butler offers a hybrid that is radically different and possesses human values in a different form. The existence of human-animal hybrid can be found in mythology and science fictions. Rejection of the idea of autonomous self can help us to think about a hybrid in our world
Charles Darwin - On the origin of species. To understand Eugenics, you have to know where it all began. It all begins with Charles Darwin and this is his first book. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us for incredible content.
Kindle On Human Nature Revised Edition gridesgrerter
This revised edition of Human Nature begins a new phase in the most important intellectual controversy of this generation Is human behavior controlled by the species' biological heritage Does this heritage limit human destiny With characteristic pungency and simplicity of style the author of Sociobiology challenges old prejudices and current misconceptions about the naturenurture debate. He shows how evolution has left its traces on the most distinctively human activities how patterns of generosity selfsacrifice and worship as well as sexuality and aggression reveal their deep roots in the life histories of primate bands that hunted big game in the last Ice Age. His goal is nothing less than the completion of the Darwinian revolution by bringing biological thought into the center of the social sciences and the humanities. Wilson presents a philosophy that cuts across the usual categories of conservative liberal or radical thought. In systematically applying the modern theory of natural selection to human society he arrives at conclusions far removed from the social Darwinist legacy of the last century. Sociobiological theory he explains is compatible with a broadly humane and egalitarian outlook. Human diversity is to be treasured not merely tolerated he argues. Discrimination against ethnic groups homosexuals and women is based on a complete misunderstanding of biological fact. But biological facts can never take the place of ethical choices. Once we understand our human na
Charles Darwin - The Descent of Man. From the same guy who married his own cousin. The nut case that Eugenics is built on top of his works. Though they do apply to animals, they do not apply to humans and the spirit or soul of humankind. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us.
Gender & Sexuality in Information Studies Colloquium, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC -- April 23, 2016
http://litwinbooks.com/2016colloquium.php
The overcoming the climb of violence and the wars in the worldFernando Alcoforado
The debate about violence puts on the agenda the question of human nature whose topic was addressed by eminent thinkers like Raymond Aron (French sociologist and philosopher), Henri Bergson (French philosopher and diplomat), Hannah Arendt (German philosopher), Sigmund Freud (Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis), Carl Rogers (American pioneer of humanistic psychology), Thomas Hobbes (English political scientist, philosopher and mathematician), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Swiss philosopher and writer) and Karl Marx (German economist, philosopher, historian and political scientist), among others. Scientists and philosophers for millennia raise the following question: human nature is innate or is a product of the environment or both? It is genetically determined or by society where the human being lives or both?
Only A Trickster Can Save Us: Hypercommandeering Queer Identity Positionsinventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Kindle On Human Nature Revised Edition gridesgrerter
This revised edition of Human Nature begins a new phase in the most important intellectual controversy of this generation Is human behavior controlled by the species' biological heritage Does this heritage limit human destiny With characteristic pungency and simplicity of style the author of Sociobiology challenges old prejudices and current misconceptions about the naturenurture debate. He shows how evolution has left its traces on the most distinctively human activities how patterns of generosity selfsacrifice and worship as well as sexuality and aggression reveal their deep roots in the life histories of primate bands that hunted big game in the last Ice Age. His goal is nothing less than the completion of the Darwinian revolution by bringing biological thought into the center of the social sciences and the humanities. Wilson presents a philosophy that cuts across the usual categories of conservative liberal or radical thought. In systematically applying the modern theory of natural selection to human society he arrives at conclusions far removed from the social Darwinist legacy of the last century. Sociobiological theory he explains is compatible with a broadly humane and egalitarian outlook. Human diversity is to be treasured not merely tolerated he argues. Discrimination against ethnic groups homosexuals and women is based on a complete misunderstanding of biological fact. But biological facts can never take the place of ethical choices. Once we understand our human na
Charles Darwin - The Descent of Man. From the same guy who married his own cousin. The nut case that Eugenics is built on top of his works. Though they do apply to animals, they do not apply to humans and the spirit or soul of humankind. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us.
Gender & Sexuality in Information Studies Colloquium, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC -- April 23, 2016
http://litwinbooks.com/2016colloquium.php
The overcoming the climb of violence and the wars in the worldFernando Alcoforado
The debate about violence puts on the agenda the question of human nature whose topic was addressed by eminent thinkers like Raymond Aron (French sociologist and philosopher), Henri Bergson (French philosopher and diplomat), Hannah Arendt (German philosopher), Sigmund Freud (Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis), Carl Rogers (American pioneer of humanistic psychology), Thomas Hobbes (English political scientist, philosopher and mathematician), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Swiss philosopher and writer) and Karl Marx (German economist, philosopher, historian and political scientist), among others. Scientists and philosophers for millennia raise the following question: human nature is innate or is a product of the environment or both? It is genetically determined or by society where the human being lives or both?
Only A Trickster Can Save Us: Hypercommandeering Queer Identity Positionsinventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The way scientists responded to evolutionary ideas can yield powerful insights into understanding the historical resistance against the idea of evolution through natural selection as understood in current neo-Darwinian thinking. From the beginning, evolutionists, including Darwin himself, struggled in trying to find an explanation for the loss of features during evolution, particularly the loss of eyes and pigmentation among many cave organisms. Although Darwin responded to this challenge by embracing neo-Lamarckian ideas, most biologists, at least until the advent of the Modern Synthesis, strongly advocated directional evolution propelled by more or less mystical forces. Even today, many biospeleologists still employ jargon that epitomizes this view of evolution. Today’s controversies surrounding the evolution-creation debate are not really about biblical literalism versus scientific evidence but rather about the disgust created in many quarters of viewing evolution as a materialistic, purposeless process.
This material helps a reader understand meaning of theory in social science, precursors for the development of theory in social science fields like anthropology. Moreover, social science students learn a lot from this material. Thus read and take a lessons?!
Below are the characteristics of Realism--pick one piece of literatu.docxtaitcandie
Below are the characteristics of Realism--pick one piece of literature. Then, pick three of the characteristics below and explain how the piece of literature you chose is a good example of them. This response should be (at least) 250-300 words in length.
Definitions
Broadly defined as "the faithful representation of reality" or "verisimilitude," realism is a literary technique practiced by many schools of writing. Although strictly speaking, realism is a technique, it also denotes a particular kind of subject matter, especially the representation of middle-class life. A reaction against romanticism, an interest in scientific method, the systematizing of the study of documentary history, and the influence of rational philosophy all affected the rise of realism. According to William Harmon and Hugh Holman, "Where romanticists transcend the immediate to find the ideal, and naturalists plumb the actual or superficial to find the scientific laws that control its actions, realists center their attention to a remarkable degree on the immediate, the here and now, the specific action, and the verifiable consequence" (
A Handbook to Literature
428).
Many critics have suggested that there is no clear distinction between realism and its related late nineteenth-century movement,
naturalism
. As Donald Pizer notes in his introduction to
The Cambridge Companion to American Realism and Naturalism: Howells to London
, the term "realism" is difficult to define, in part because it is used differently in European contexts than in American literature. Pizer suggests that "whatever was being produced in fiction during the 1870s and 1880s that was new, interesting, and roughly similar in a number of ways can be designated as
realism
, and that an equally new, interesting, and roughly similar body of writing produced at the turn of the century can be designated as
naturalism
" (5). Put rather too simplistically, one rough distinction made by critics is that realism espousing a deterministic philosophy and focusing on the lower classes is considered
naturalism.
In American literature, the term "realism" encompasses the period of time from the Civil War to the turn of the century during which William Dean Howells, Rebecca Harding Davis, Henry James, Mark Twain, and others wrote fiction devoted to accurate representation and an exploration of American lives in various contexts. As the United States grew rapidly after the Civil War, the increasing rates of democracy and literacy, the rapid growth in industrialism and urbanization, an expanding population base due to immigration, and a relative rise in middle-class affluence provided a fertile literary environment for readers interested in understanding these rapid shifts in culture. In drawing attention to this connection, Amy Kaplan has called realism a "strategy for imagining and managing the threats of social change" (
Social Construction of American Realism
ix).
.
2. Historical Context and Two States of Thought:
Realism
A reaction against romanticism, an interest
in scientific method, the systematizing of the
study of documentary history, and the
influence of rational philosophy all affected
the rise of realism.
Broadly defined as "the faithful
representation of reality" or "verisimilitude,"
realism is a literary technique practiced by
many schools of writing.
Although strictly speaking, realism is a
technique, it also denotes a particular kind of
subject matter.
In American literature, the term "realism"
encompasses the period of time from the
Civil War to the turn of the century during
which William Dean Howells, Rebecca
Harding Davis, Henry James, Mark
Twain, and others wrote fiction devoted to
accurate representation and an exploration
of American lives in various contexts.
3. Continued….
Characteristics: (from Richard Chase, The American Novel and Its Tradition)
Renders reality closely and in comprehensive detail. Selective presentation of reality
with an emphasis on verisimilitude, even at the expense of a well-made plot
Character is more important than action and plot; complex ethical choices are often
the subject.
Characters appear in their real complexity of temperament and motive; they are in
explicable relation to nature, to each other, to their social class, to their own past.
Class is important; the novel has traditionally served the interests and aspirations of
an insurgent middle class.
Events will usually be plausible. Realistic novels avoid the sensational, dramatic
elements of naturalistic novels and romances.
Diction is natural vernacular, not heightened or poetic; tone may be comic, satiric, or
matter-of-fact.
Objectivity in presentation becomes increasingly important: overt authorial
comments or intrusions diminish as the century progresses.
Interior or psychological realism a variant form.
4. Naturalism
This literary movement , like its predecessor Realism, found
expression almost exclusively within the novel.
-Naturalism also found its greatest number of practitioners in
America shortly before and after the turn of the twentieth
century.
Naturalism sought to go further and be more explanatory
than Realism by identifying the underlying causes for a
person’s actions or beliefs.
- The thinking was that certain factors, such as heredity and
social conditions, were unavoidable determinants in one’s
life.
There was in the late nineteenth century a fashion in
sociology to apply evolutionary theory to human social
woes. This line of thinking came to be knows as Social
Darwinism, and today is recognized as the
systematized, scientific racism that it is.
5. Works on the subject of Naturalism
The work of French novelist
and playwright Emile Zola’s
most famous contribution to
Naturalism was Les Rougon-
Macquart,
-a collection of 20 novels that
-follow two families over the course
of five generations. One of the
families is privileged, the other
impoverished.
-Takes place during the rule of
Napoleon III.
One of the first truly Naturalist
works of literature, and
certainly the first in
America, was Stephen Crane’s
Maggie: A Girl of the Streets.
-vulgar dialect of the persons
portrayed.
-portrayed abject poverty exactly as
it was.
6. Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin born 1809, was born
the fifth of six children into a wealthy
Shropshire gentry family in the small market
town of Shrewsbury.
In October 1825 Darwin went to Edinburgh
University with his brother Erasmus to study
medicine with a view to becoming a physician.
While in Edinburgh Darwin investigated
marine invertebrates with the guidance of
Robert Grant.
His name appeared in print when some of his
records of insect captures were published by
Stephens in his British Entomology in 1829.
On the Origin of Species by means of Natural
Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured
Races in the Struggle for Life is published in
London on 24 November 24, 1859 by John
Murray
Dies 19 April 19, 1882, aged seventy-three.
Buried in Westminster Abbey, April 26.
7. The Origins of Species
Darwin's theory argued that organisms gradually
evolve through a process he called "natural
selection."
-In natural selection, organisms with genetic
variations that suit their environment tend to
propagate more descendants than organisms of
the same species that lack the variation, thus
influencing the overall genetic makeup of the
species.
It was controversial because it contradicted
religious beliefs which underlay the then current
theories of biology.
Darwin’s book was the culmination of evidence
he had accumulated on the voyage of the Beagle
in the 1830s and added to through continuing
investigations and experiments since his return.
8. His theory of evolution by natural selection, now the unifying theory of
the life sciences, explained where all of the astonishingly diverse kinds
of living things came from and how they became exquisitely adapted to
their particular environments.
His theory reconciled a host of diverse kinds of evidence such as the
progressive nature of fossil forms in the geological record, the
geographical distribution of species, recapitulative appearances in
embryology, homologous structures, vestigial organs and nesting
taxonomic relationships.
In further works Darwin demonstrated that the difference between
humans and other animals is one of degree not kind.
Subsequent developments in genetics and molecular biology led to
modifications in accepted evolutionary theory, but Darwin's ideas
remain central to the field.
9. The impact of The Origins of Species
Darwin’s Origin of Species denied a divine hand in creation. In
consequence, those who read it inferred that no absolute good or
absolute evil exists.
-Paradoxically, the development of human society was an attempt to
escape from the natural selection. Human beings create social
systems in order to protect themselves from the uncontrollable
forces of nature.
Evolutionary theory provoked a wave of pessimism and
skepticism about the human condition. Darwin made it necessary
to re-evaluate the most essential concepts which humanity had
created for the last 2000 years:
man, nature, consciousness, God, and the soul.
Controversy over Darwin's ideas deepened with the publication of
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871), in
which he presented evidence of man's evolution from apes.
10. Works Cited
Campbell, Donna M. "Realism in American http://www.victorianweb.org/science/darwi
Literature, 1860-1890." Literary n/diniejko.html
Movements. Dept. of English, Washington
State University.
http://public.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/rea
lism.htm
Wyhe, John. Ed 2002. “The Complete Work
of Charles Darwin Online. http://darwin-
online.org.uk/
http://www.online-
literature.com/periods/naturalism.php
http://librivox.org/the-origin-of-species-by-
charles-darwin/
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-
history/origin-of-species-is-published