Malposition refers to any position of the vertex other than flexed occipitoanterior one.
In a vertex position where the occiput is placed posteriorly over the sacro-ilical joint or directly over the sacrum, it is called an occipito-posterior position.
When the occiput is placed over the right sacroiliac joint,the position is called right occipito posterior (R.O.P)position and when placed over the left sacro-iliac joint, iscalled left occipito posterior (L.O.P) position.
The document discusses hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, which are a leading cause of maternal mortality. Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia are characterized by high blood pressure and proteinuria developing after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Preeclampsia can progress to eclampsia, which involves seizures. Risk factors include nulliparity, obesity, and family history. Symptoms include headaches and visual changes. Complications affect both mother and baby. Treatment involves controlling blood pressure, delivering the baby, and administering magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures.
Physiological changes in pregnancy. It includes changes in the genital organs, uterus, cardiovascular changes, respiratory, metabolic, alimentary, skin, skeleton, psychological changes, urinary changes and weight gain in pregnancy.
This document provides information on endocrine disorders complicating pregnancy, focusing on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). It discusses the pathophysiology of GDM, risk factors, screening and diagnostic criteria, management including medical nutrition therapy, exercise, and insulin therapy if needed. Potential maternal and fetal complications of GDM are also outlined. The document emphasizes maintaining appropriate glycemic control during pregnancy, labor, and postpartum to minimize risks. Screening for and management of thyroid disorders during pregnancy are also briefly covered.
This document discusses dysfunctional labor, including its definition, types, causes, diagnosis, and management. It begins with an outline and overview of normal labor stages and durations. Dysfunctional labor is defined as any deviation from normal labor progress and can be caused by issues with uterine contractions, fetal positioning, or maternal pelvic anatomy. Types include prolonged latent phase, primary dysfunctional labor (prolonged active phase), and secondary arrest. Diagnosis involves monitoring labor progress with a partogram. Risks include fetal distress and operative delivery. Management depends on the type, and may involve oxytocin augmentation, changing maternal position, or cesarean section if no progress. Active management with early amniotomy and oxytocin for slow labor
This document discusses gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension. It begins by defining the two conditions and describing their pathophysiology. It then covers screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes, including risk factors, diagnostic testing guidelines from different organizations, and treatment targets. Treatment involves nutritional therapy, glucose monitoring, and insulin if needed to control blood glucose levels and prevent complications.
This document describes prolonged and obstructed labor. It defines prolonged labor as when the first and second stages of labor last more than 18 hours total. Obstructed labor occurs when there is poor or no progress despite strong contractions, usually due to issues with the fetus (fault in passenger) or birth canal (fault in passage). Causes include cephalopelvic disproportion, malpositions, big baby, or contracted pelvis. Diagnosis involves assessing cervical dilation rate and fetal descent rate with a partograph. Treatment depends on the stage of labor affected and may include oxytocics, analgesics, assisted delivery, or C-section. Complications can be serious for both mother and baby if not resolved.
The document discusses hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, which are a leading cause of maternal mortality. Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia are characterized by high blood pressure and proteinuria developing after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Preeclampsia can progress to eclampsia, which involves seizures. Risk factors include nulliparity, obesity, and family history. Symptoms include headaches and visual changes. Complications affect both mother and baby. Treatment involves controlling blood pressure, delivering the baby, and administering magnesium sulfate to prevent seizures.
Physiological changes in pregnancy. It includes changes in the genital organs, uterus, cardiovascular changes, respiratory, metabolic, alimentary, skin, skeleton, psychological changes, urinary changes and weight gain in pregnancy.
This document provides information on endocrine disorders complicating pregnancy, focusing on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). It discusses the pathophysiology of GDM, risk factors, screening and diagnostic criteria, management including medical nutrition therapy, exercise, and insulin therapy if needed. Potential maternal and fetal complications of GDM are also outlined. The document emphasizes maintaining appropriate glycemic control during pregnancy, labor, and postpartum to minimize risks. Screening for and management of thyroid disorders during pregnancy are also briefly covered.
This document discusses dysfunctional labor, including its definition, types, causes, diagnosis, and management. It begins with an outline and overview of normal labor stages and durations. Dysfunctional labor is defined as any deviation from normal labor progress and can be caused by issues with uterine contractions, fetal positioning, or maternal pelvic anatomy. Types include prolonged latent phase, primary dysfunctional labor (prolonged active phase), and secondary arrest. Diagnosis involves monitoring labor progress with a partogram. Risks include fetal distress and operative delivery. Management depends on the type, and may involve oxytocin augmentation, changing maternal position, or cesarean section if no progress. Active management with early amniotomy and oxytocin for slow labor
This document discusses gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension. It begins by defining the two conditions and describing their pathophysiology. It then covers screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes, including risk factors, diagnostic testing guidelines from different organizations, and treatment targets. Treatment involves nutritional therapy, glucose monitoring, and insulin if needed to control blood glucose levels and prevent complications.
This document describes prolonged and obstructed labor. It defines prolonged labor as when the first and second stages of labor last more than 18 hours total. Obstructed labor occurs when there is poor or no progress despite strong contractions, usually due to issues with the fetus (fault in passenger) or birth canal (fault in passage). Causes include cephalopelvic disproportion, malpositions, big baby, or contracted pelvis. Diagnosis involves assessing cervical dilation rate and fetal descent rate with a partograph. Treatment depends on the stage of labor affected and may include oxytocics, analgesics, assisted delivery, or C-section. Complications can be serious for both mother and baby if not resolved.
Shoulder dystocia is an obstetric emergency that occurs when the baby's anterior shoulder becomes trapped behind the pubic bone during childbirth after delivery of the head. Risk factors include previous shoulder dystocia, large baby size (macrosomia), diabetes, and certain complications during labor like prolonged pushing. Diagnosis involves difficulty delivering the baby's head or shoulders with normal traction. Management begins by calling for help and stopping pushing, and uses maneuvers like McRoberts position and suprapubic pressure to widen the pelvis and disimpact the shoulder. If these fail, internal maneuvers are attempted to rotate the baby before considering more extreme options. Complications can include maternal and fetal injuries.
Placenta previa is a condition where the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, either over or very near the internal cervical os. It is classified based on how much of the internal os is covered by the placenta. Risk factors include advanced maternal age, multiparity, previous cesarean delivery, smoking, and increased maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein. Diagnosis is made clinically based on uterine bleeding after mid-pregnancy or via ultrasound imaging. Management depends on fetal age and maturity, status of labor, and severity of bleeding, and may involve close observation, scheduled cesarean section, or emergency cesarean section in case of heavy bleeding.
A retained placenta occurs when the placenta is not expelled from the uterus within 30 minutes of childbirth. Risk factors include previous retained placentas, uterine injuries or surgeries, preterm births, induced labor, and multiple pregnancies. Causes can include failure of the placenta to separate fully from the uterine wall or abnormal placenta attachments like placenta accreta. Treatment involves controlled cord traction, manual removal in the operating room if needed, or hysterectomy for deeply embedded placentas. Complications can be life-threatening bleeding, infections, or shock if not properly managed.
Please find the power point on Management of Preterm labor. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy and usually disappears after giving birth. It occurs in 2-10% of pregnancies due to hormonal changes reducing the body's ability to use insulin. While most women have no symptoms, screening tests are done between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy to check blood sugar levels. Eating a healthy diet and exercise can help manage gestational diabetes and reduce risks to both mother and baby like high birth weight or developing diabetes later in life.
This document discusses operative vaginal delivery including forceps delivery. It provides information on the incidence of operative vaginal delivery, the position of safety for applying forceps, signs that the procedure should be abandoned, post-procedure care, and answers frequently asked questions. Key points include that the incidence of forceps delivery has declined in recent decades, proper placement is important to avoid injury, and the procedure should be abandoned if no progress after 3 contractions or delivery is not imminent. Post-procedure includes managing the third stage of labor, repairing any tears, and documenting the procedure.
1) Occiput posterior (OP) position occurs when the occiput of the fetal head is facing posteriorly during labor and delivery.
2) OP position is associated with a prolonged first stage of labor, delayed descent and engagement of the fetal head, and an increased risk of failed rotation requiring intervention.
3) Management of OP position focuses on encouraging rotation of the occiput to an anterior position during the second stage of labor. If rotation fails, interventions like manual rotation, forceps rotation, vacuum extraction, or cesarean section may be required.
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. Common symptoms include abdominal/pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding. Diagnosis is suggested by high beta-HCG levels and an empty uterus on ultrasound. Treatment options include expectant management for stable patients, medical management with methotrexate, or surgical intervention via laparoscopy or laparotomy for unstable patients or surgical candidates. The prognosis depends on the treatment, with methotrexate associated with higher subsequent intrauterine pregnancy rates compared to surgery.
Prolonged pregnancy refers to gestation lasting 42 weeks or more. The cause is still unknown, but it may be related to changes in the fetal brain that initiate labor or a placental estrogen deficiency. As pregnancy progresses past 40 weeks, amniotic fluid levels decrease from 500-1000 ml to around 400 ml by 42-43 weeks. This decrease in amniotic fluid can lead to compression of the umbilical cord and reduced blood flow to the fetus, resulting in potential complications like meconium aspiration, hypoglycemia, or polycythemia in the fetus. If left untreated, this condition known as dysmaturity syndrome can occur in 1-2% of postmature fetuses and cause skin changes,
Jaundice in pregnancy can occur due to physiological changes in liver during pregnancy or due to underlying liver diseases. Some common causes of jaundice in pregnancy include acute fatty liver of pregnancy, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, pre-eclampsia/HELLP syndrome, hyperemesis gravidarum, and acute viral hepatitis. Liver function tests and ultrasound can help diagnose the cause of jaundice. Treatment and management depends on the underlying etiology, with delivery often being curative for pregnancy-related liver diseases. Prognosis depends on severity and etiology of jaundice.
Dystocia refers to difficult or slow labor progress that may be caused by abnormalities of the passageway (mother's pelvis), passenger (baby), or powers (uterine contractions). There are two main types of uterine dysfunction that can cause dystocia: hypotonic dysfunction where contractions are insufficient and hypertonic dysfunction where contractions are incoordinated. Labor patterns are considered abnormal if the active phase of dilation progresses less than 1 cm/hr for nulliparous women or 1.5 cm/hr for multiparous women. Arrest disorders occur when dilation or descent stops progressing for over 2 hours. Precipitous labor is extremely rapid labor and delivery caused by abnormally low resistance in the birth canal
The document discusses the importance of monitoring labor using a partograph to track cervical dilation, fetal position, and fetal heart rate. It describes the normal progression of labor and signs of abnormal or dysfunctional labor like prolonged latent phase. The use of a partograph can help prevent unnecessary interventions and reduce maternal and fetal mortality by ensuring proper management of labor.
The document discusses the use of the partogram to monitor labor progress. It describes the phases of labor including the latent phase, active phase, second stage, and third stage. It provides details on normal durations and cervical dilation rates. The partogram is useful for charting cervical dilation, contractions, descent of the fetal head, and identifying prolonged or abnormal labor that may require interventions like augmentation or C-section. Prolonged phases can be caused by issues like CPD, fetal malposition, or insufficient contractions.
(1) Abnormal progress of labour can include prolonged labour, obstructed labour, or abnormal uterine contractions. Prolonged labour is defined as poor cervical dilation or delayed fetal descent. Obstructed labour occurs when there is a mechanical obstruction preventing delivery.
(2) Factors that can contribute to abnormal labour include uterine dysfunction, fetal issues like large size or malpositioning, and maternal factors like pelvic abnormalities. Complications of prolonged labour include maternal exhaustion and increased C-section rates, as well as risks to the fetus like distress and infection.
(3) Abnormal labour is monitored using a partogram to track cervical dilation, fetal position and heart rate. Management depends on the specific issue,
This document discusses induction of labor, including:
1. Induction of labor aims to stimulate uterine contractions to achieve a normal vaginal delivery before spontaneous labor begins, usually done after 36 weeks of gestation.
2. The incidence of induction has increased globally from 90 per 1,000 live births in 1989 to 184 per 1,000 live births in 1997.
3. Cervical ripening methods like prostaglandin gels are often used before labor induction to soften and dilate the cervix, making induction more successful and reducing the length of the induction process.
This document discusses adherent placenta, beginning with an introduction defining it as an abnormal invasion of the placenta directly into the uterus due to a defect in the decidua basalis. It then covers the types of adherent placenta, risk factors, incidence, significance, diagnosis, and methods for diagnosing adherent placenta antenatally through clinical suspicion and ultrasound techniques like color Doppler to improve outcomes. The goal is to emphasize the importance of early antenatal diagnosis to avoid catastrophic emergencies.
This document summarizes potential neonatal complications that can occur during breech delivery, including intrapartum death, asphyxia, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhage, trauma to internal organs, fractures, brachial plexus injuries, and head entrapment. Specific risks include umbilical cord prolapse cutting off oxygen supply, rapid birth of the head causing brain damage, and traumatic injuries to the skull, spine, or long bones from obstetric maneuvers. Close monitoring during delivery and potentially expedited c-section are recommended to prevent complications from breech birth.
This document discusses abnormal labor presentations including malpositioning of the fetal head, breech presentation, and shoulder presentation. It notes increased risks to both mother and fetus compared to normal labor, especially with inexperienced personnel. Maternal risks include prolonged labor, infection, obstructed labor, trauma, and hemorrhage. Fetal risks include cord prolapse, hypoxia, infection, and trauma. Specific types of abnormal head position like occiput-posterior are described in detail including causes, diagnosis, mechanisms of labor, and treatment options. Face and brow presentations are also summarized briefly.
This document defines induction of labor as artificially initiating uterine contractions before spontaneous labor begins. It lists several medical indications for induction, such as post-term pregnancy, preeclampsia, IUGR, and others. It also discusses contraindications and complications of induction. Several methods of induction are described, including pharmacological methods using prostaglandins and oxytocin, as well as non-pharmacological methods like membrane stripping, amniotomy, and balloon catheters. Factors that increase the success of induction like bishop score and gestational age are also summarized.
This document discusses premature rupture of membranes (PROM), which is the spontaneous rupture of membranes before the onset of labor. It defines term and preterm PROM and discusses the diagnosis, causes, complications, and management of PROM. The key points are:
- PROM is diagnosed based on a history of leakage and physical exam findings like pooling of fluid. Tests like nitrazine and fern tests can also help diagnose.
- Causes of PROM can include infections, smoking, collagen deficiencies, mechanical stress from twins or polyhydramnios.
- Complications include infections, preterm labor and delivery, and respiratory distress in preterm infants.
- Management depends on gestational age,
The document discusses occipito-posterior position of the vertex during labor. It has the following key points:
1. Occipito-posterior position occurs when the occiput is placed posteriorly over the sacrum during vertex presentation, leading to an abnormal position but not presentation.
2. Diagnosis is made through abdominal and vaginal examinations to locate the occiput in the posterior position.
3. Labor mechanisms and outcomes vary depending on the degree of flexion and rotation of the fetal head - favorable rotation leads to normal delivery while non-rotation or malrotation can cause arrest requiring assistance.
Shoulder dystocia is an obstetric emergency that occurs when the baby's anterior shoulder becomes trapped behind the pubic bone during childbirth after delivery of the head. Risk factors include previous shoulder dystocia, large baby size (macrosomia), diabetes, and certain complications during labor like prolonged pushing. Diagnosis involves difficulty delivering the baby's head or shoulders with normal traction. Management begins by calling for help and stopping pushing, and uses maneuvers like McRoberts position and suprapubic pressure to widen the pelvis and disimpact the shoulder. If these fail, internal maneuvers are attempted to rotate the baby before considering more extreme options. Complications can include maternal and fetal injuries.
Placenta previa is a condition where the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, either over or very near the internal cervical os. It is classified based on how much of the internal os is covered by the placenta. Risk factors include advanced maternal age, multiparity, previous cesarean delivery, smoking, and increased maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein. Diagnosis is made clinically based on uterine bleeding after mid-pregnancy or via ultrasound imaging. Management depends on fetal age and maturity, status of labor, and severity of bleeding, and may involve close observation, scheduled cesarean section, or emergency cesarean section in case of heavy bleeding.
A retained placenta occurs when the placenta is not expelled from the uterus within 30 minutes of childbirth. Risk factors include previous retained placentas, uterine injuries or surgeries, preterm births, induced labor, and multiple pregnancies. Causes can include failure of the placenta to separate fully from the uterine wall or abnormal placenta attachments like placenta accreta. Treatment involves controlled cord traction, manual removal in the operating room if needed, or hysterectomy for deeply embedded placentas. Complications can be life-threatening bleeding, infections, or shock if not properly managed.
Please find the power point on Management of Preterm labor. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy and usually disappears after giving birth. It occurs in 2-10% of pregnancies due to hormonal changes reducing the body's ability to use insulin. While most women have no symptoms, screening tests are done between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy to check blood sugar levels. Eating a healthy diet and exercise can help manage gestational diabetes and reduce risks to both mother and baby like high birth weight or developing diabetes later in life.
This document discusses operative vaginal delivery including forceps delivery. It provides information on the incidence of operative vaginal delivery, the position of safety for applying forceps, signs that the procedure should be abandoned, post-procedure care, and answers frequently asked questions. Key points include that the incidence of forceps delivery has declined in recent decades, proper placement is important to avoid injury, and the procedure should be abandoned if no progress after 3 contractions or delivery is not imminent. Post-procedure includes managing the third stage of labor, repairing any tears, and documenting the procedure.
1) Occiput posterior (OP) position occurs when the occiput of the fetal head is facing posteriorly during labor and delivery.
2) OP position is associated with a prolonged first stage of labor, delayed descent and engagement of the fetal head, and an increased risk of failed rotation requiring intervention.
3) Management of OP position focuses on encouraging rotation of the occiput to an anterior position during the second stage of labor. If rotation fails, interventions like manual rotation, forceps rotation, vacuum extraction, or cesarean section may be required.
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tubes. Common symptoms include abdominal/pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding. Diagnosis is suggested by high beta-HCG levels and an empty uterus on ultrasound. Treatment options include expectant management for stable patients, medical management with methotrexate, or surgical intervention via laparoscopy or laparotomy for unstable patients or surgical candidates. The prognosis depends on the treatment, with methotrexate associated with higher subsequent intrauterine pregnancy rates compared to surgery.
Prolonged pregnancy refers to gestation lasting 42 weeks or more. The cause is still unknown, but it may be related to changes in the fetal brain that initiate labor or a placental estrogen deficiency. As pregnancy progresses past 40 weeks, amniotic fluid levels decrease from 500-1000 ml to around 400 ml by 42-43 weeks. This decrease in amniotic fluid can lead to compression of the umbilical cord and reduced blood flow to the fetus, resulting in potential complications like meconium aspiration, hypoglycemia, or polycythemia in the fetus. If left untreated, this condition known as dysmaturity syndrome can occur in 1-2% of postmature fetuses and cause skin changes,
Jaundice in pregnancy can occur due to physiological changes in liver during pregnancy or due to underlying liver diseases. Some common causes of jaundice in pregnancy include acute fatty liver of pregnancy, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, pre-eclampsia/HELLP syndrome, hyperemesis gravidarum, and acute viral hepatitis. Liver function tests and ultrasound can help diagnose the cause of jaundice. Treatment and management depends on the underlying etiology, with delivery often being curative for pregnancy-related liver diseases. Prognosis depends on severity and etiology of jaundice.
Dystocia refers to difficult or slow labor progress that may be caused by abnormalities of the passageway (mother's pelvis), passenger (baby), or powers (uterine contractions). There are two main types of uterine dysfunction that can cause dystocia: hypotonic dysfunction where contractions are insufficient and hypertonic dysfunction where contractions are incoordinated. Labor patterns are considered abnormal if the active phase of dilation progresses less than 1 cm/hr for nulliparous women or 1.5 cm/hr for multiparous women. Arrest disorders occur when dilation or descent stops progressing for over 2 hours. Precipitous labor is extremely rapid labor and delivery caused by abnormally low resistance in the birth canal
The document discusses the importance of monitoring labor using a partograph to track cervical dilation, fetal position, and fetal heart rate. It describes the normal progression of labor and signs of abnormal or dysfunctional labor like prolonged latent phase. The use of a partograph can help prevent unnecessary interventions and reduce maternal and fetal mortality by ensuring proper management of labor.
The document discusses the use of the partogram to monitor labor progress. It describes the phases of labor including the latent phase, active phase, second stage, and third stage. It provides details on normal durations and cervical dilation rates. The partogram is useful for charting cervical dilation, contractions, descent of the fetal head, and identifying prolonged or abnormal labor that may require interventions like augmentation or C-section. Prolonged phases can be caused by issues like CPD, fetal malposition, or insufficient contractions.
(1) Abnormal progress of labour can include prolonged labour, obstructed labour, or abnormal uterine contractions. Prolonged labour is defined as poor cervical dilation or delayed fetal descent. Obstructed labour occurs when there is a mechanical obstruction preventing delivery.
(2) Factors that can contribute to abnormal labour include uterine dysfunction, fetal issues like large size or malpositioning, and maternal factors like pelvic abnormalities. Complications of prolonged labour include maternal exhaustion and increased C-section rates, as well as risks to the fetus like distress and infection.
(3) Abnormal labour is monitored using a partogram to track cervical dilation, fetal position and heart rate. Management depends on the specific issue,
This document discusses induction of labor, including:
1. Induction of labor aims to stimulate uterine contractions to achieve a normal vaginal delivery before spontaneous labor begins, usually done after 36 weeks of gestation.
2. The incidence of induction has increased globally from 90 per 1,000 live births in 1989 to 184 per 1,000 live births in 1997.
3. Cervical ripening methods like prostaglandin gels are often used before labor induction to soften and dilate the cervix, making induction more successful and reducing the length of the induction process.
This document discusses adherent placenta, beginning with an introduction defining it as an abnormal invasion of the placenta directly into the uterus due to a defect in the decidua basalis. It then covers the types of adherent placenta, risk factors, incidence, significance, diagnosis, and methods for diagnosing adherent placenta antenatally through clinical suspicion and ultrasound techniques like color Doppler to improve outcomes. The goal is to emphasize the importance of early antenatal diagnosis to avoid catastrophic emergencies.
This document summarizes potential neonatal complications that can occur during breech delivery, including intrapartum death, asphyxia, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, intracranial hemorrhage, trauma to internal organs, fractures, brachial plexus injuries, and head entrapment. Specific risks include umbilical cord prolapse cutting off oxygen supply, rapid birth of the head causing brain damage, and traumatic injuries to the skull, spine, or long bones from obstetric maneuvers. Close monitoring during delivery and potentially expedited c-section are recommended to prevent complications from breech birth.
This document discusses abnormal labor presentations including malpositioning of the fetal head, breech presentation, and shoulder presentation. It notes increased risks to both mother and fetus compared to normal labor, especially with inexperienced personnel. Maternal risks include prolonged labor, infection, obstructed labor, trauma, and hemorrhage. Fetal risks include cord prolapse, hypoxia, infection, and trauma. Specific types of abnormal head position like occiput-posterior are described in detail including causes, diagnosis, mechanisms of labor, and treatment options. Face and brow presentations are also summarized briefly.
This document defines induction of labor as artificially initiating uterine contractions before spontaneous labor begins. It lists several medical indications for induction, such as post-term pregnancy, preeclampsia, IUGR, and others. It also discusses contraindications and complications of induction. Several methods of induction are described, including pharmacological methods using prostaglandins and oxytocin, as well as non-pharmacological methods like membrane stripping, amniotomy, and balloon catheters. Factors that increase the success of induction like bishop score and gestational age are also summarized.
This document discusses premature rupture of membranes (PROM), which is the spontaneous rupture of membranes before the onset of labor. It defines term and preterm PROM and discusses the diagnosis, causes, complications, and management of PROM. The key points are:
- PROM is diagnosed based on a history of leakage and physical exam findings like pooling of fluid. Tests like nitrazine and fern tests can also help diagnose.
- Causes of PROM can include infections, smoking, collagen deficiencies, mechanical stress from twins or polyhydramnios.
- Complications include infections, preterm labor and delivery, and respiratory distress in preterm infants.
- Management depends on gestational age,
The document discusses occipito-posterior position of the vertex during labor. It has the following key points:
1. Occipito-posterior position occurs when the occiput is placed posteriorly over the sacrum during vertex presentation, leading to an abnormal position but not presentation.
2. Diagnosis is made through abdominal and vaginal examinations to locate the occiput in the posterior position.
3. Labor mechanisms and outcomes vary depending on the degree of flexion and rotation of the fetal head - favorable rotation leads to normal delivery while non-rotation or malrotation can cause arrest requiring assistance.
This document discusses malposition, specifically occipito-posterior position, during labor and delivery. It defines malposition as any non-occipito-anterior fetal position. It describes the types of occipito-posterior positions, causes, diagnosis, mechanism of labor, course of labor, management, and complications for both mother and baby. Labor is often prolonged in occipito-posterior positions due to difficulties in rotation and engagement of the fetal head. Active management is recommended to reduce complications, which can include obstructed labor, infection, and increased need for interventions like forceps delivery.
The document discusses occipitoposterior position, which is a vertex presentation where the fetal occiput is positioned posteriorly. It has a 10% incidence rate at the start of labor. The causes include maternal and fetal factors. Diagnosis involves inspection, palpation, and vaginal examination. Labor mechanisms and management approaches are described for favorable versus unfavorable cases, including manual rotation and instruments if needed or C-section for non-rotation. Complications include prolonged labor and increased risk of issues like tears.
This document discusses malpositions during labor, specifically occipito-posterior position. It defines malposition as any position other than flexed occipito-anterior. Occipito-posterior position occurs when the occiput is placed posteriorly over the sacrum. It describes the types, incidence, causes, diagnosis, and management of occipito-posterior position. Management may involve expectant monitoring, assisted vaginal delivery techniques like manual rotation or vacuum extraction, or cesarean section if labor is not progressing.
This document discusses malpositions and malpresentations that can occur during labour and delivery. It defines malpresentation as any non-vertex presentation, such as shoulder, brow, or breech. Malposition refers to an abnormal position of the vertex, such as occiput posterior. Occiput posterior occurs in 10% of labors and can cause prolonged labour if not corrected. It also discusses management of occiput posterior through various positions and pain relief methods. Complications of malpositions and malpresentations include prolonged labour, uterine dysfunction, cord prolapse, postpartum hemorrhage, and fetal or maternal distress.
This document provides information about occipito-posterior (OP) position during labor and delivery. It defines OP as the vertex position where the occiput is placed posteriorly. It discusses causes of OP position, abdominal and vaginal examination findings, the mechanism of labor including internal rotation and arrest issues. It also outlines diagnosis, management including care of the mother, complications, and references several textbooks on obstetrics.
The document discusses occipito-posterior position, which refers to the vertex position where the occiput is placed posteriorly over the sacroiliac joint. Occipito-posterior occurs in approximately 10% of labors and can result from fetal or maternal factors that cause failure of internal rotation prior to birth. Successful vaginal delivery is possible if the occiput internally rotates anteriorly, but failure to rotate can cause complications requiring assisted delivery.
Occipito-posterior position occurs when the fetal back is directed posteriorly during labor. It can lead to an abnormal labor mechanism in about 10% of cases if the occiput does not rotate anteriorly. Management involves allowing time for rotation to occur spontaneously during the second stage of labor and using techniques like vacuum extraction, manual rotation, or forceps if needed to assist delivery. Cesarean section may be required if these methods fail or other indications are present.
This document discusses occiput posterior presentation during childbirth. Occiput posterior means the fetus's occiput (back of the head) enters the pelvis facing posteriorly (toward the mother's back) instead of anteriorly. This position can lead to a prolonged first and second stage of labor as the head must internally rotate before descent and delivery can occur. Management may involve allowing spontaneous delivery if rotation occurs, operative vaginal delivery such as vacuum extraction, or caesarean section.
This document discusses fetal positioning and presentations during labor. It begins by defining presentations other than vertex, such as breech, face, brow, and transverse. It then lists potential risk factors for abnormal presentations. The main part of the document describes the different positions a fetus can take during labor, including occiput posterior. It provides details on identifying and managing different positions and presentations, including mechanisms of labor, signs and symptoms on examination, and potential interventions if needed.
This document defines and describes occipito-posterior position, which occurs when the occiput of the fetal head is positioned posteriorly in the birth canal. It has an incidence of about 10% and can cause dystocia if the occiput does not anteriorly rotate. Diagnosis is made through abdominal palpation, auscultation, and vaginal examination to locate the fetal position. Ultrasound may also be used. Spontaneous rotation usually occurs, but if not the baby's head will flex, extend, and rotate through the birth canal to deliver face first before fully rotating to an occiput anterior position.
Fetal malpositioning & malpresentation can pose a serious threat to maternal & fetal well being. The document discusses the risks, complication, and management of some of the common malpresentation & malpositioning.
The ability of the fetus to successfully negotiate the pelvis during labor involves changes in the position of its head during its passage in labor. The mechanisms of labor, also known as the cardinal movements, are described in relation to a vertex presentation, as is the case in 95% of all pregnancies.
The document discusses malpositions and malpresentations during childbirth. It notes that occipito-posterior is a common malposition where the fetal back is directed posteriorly during delivery. Factors that can cause malpositions include defects in the powers of labor, the birth canal, or the fetus itself. Complications of malpositions include prolonged labor, increased need for interventions, and higher rates of maternal and neonatal morbidity. Management depends on the specific presentation and may involve inducing rotation, instrumental delivery, or cesarean section in difficult cases.
This document discusses abnormal fetal positions during childbirth including breech, face, brow, and transverse presentations. It notes that factors like multiparity, multiple fetuses, abnormal amniotic fluid levels, uterine abnormalities, placenta previa, or prematurity can contribute to abnormal positions. Occiput posterior is the most common non-vertex position and can cause prolonged labor due to the longer rotation required. The document provides details on assessing and managing different abnormal positions, including allowing progress, augmentation, operative vaginal delivery, or c-section depending on the position and other factors.
This document discusses fetal positioning and presentations during labor and delivery. It begins by defining non-vertex presentations including breech, face, brow, transverse, and compound. It then discusses the causes of non-vertex presentations and describes the different positions including occiput posterior. The document provides details on assessing various positions through abdominal and vaginal exams. It concludes by outlining the management of different non-vertex positions, including allowing natural rotation, augmentation of labor, operative vaginal delivery, or caesarean section if needed.
1) The mechanism of labour refers to the series of changes in fetal position and attitude as it passes through the birth canal. This includes engagement of the fetal head, descent through the pelvis, flexion of the head, internal rotation, and external rotation to aid delivery.
2) The cardinal positions of labour include engagement of the fetal head in the pelvis, descent and flexion of the head to accommodate the pelvis, internal rotation bringing the occiput anterior, and external rotation aiding shoulder delivery.
3) Flexion of the fetal head is key to adapting the larger occipitofrontal diameter of the skull to the smaller suboccipitobregmatic diameter for passage through the pelvis
Malposition refers to any fetal head position other than occipito-anterior. Occipito-posterior (OP) positions include the occiput positioned over the sacroiliac joints or sacrum. Right OP is more common than left. Diagnosis involves abdominal and vaginal exams to locate fetal parts. Management includes allowing rotation and descent or interventions like manual rotation, forceps, or cesarean for non-rotation or arrest. Manual rotation techniques use whole or half hand to grip and rotate the fetal head to an anterior position.
Similar to Malposition -Reproductive Health Lecture Notes (20)
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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