Making Informed Decisions.pptx
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This document discusses factors that shape moral decision-making and making informed decisions. It outlines four major ethical theories - utilitarianism, natural law, deontology, and virtue ethics. It discusses questions of what is the right thing to do and why. Moral questions are ones all humans face. Neither laws nor rules can fully answer these questions. Reason has a role to play in addressing moral questions. Ethics guides interactions with society and environment. Culture, society, and history shape individual identity. Major issues in ethical thought include debates around the relationship between ethics and culture and between ethics and religion.
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Moral issues greet us each morning in the newspaper, confront us in the memos on our desks, nag us from our children's soccer fields, and bid us good night on the evening news. We are bombarded daily with questions about the justice of our foreign policy, the morality of medical technologies that can prolong our lives, the rights of animals or perhaps the fairness of our children's teachers dealing with diverse students in their classrooms.
Dealing with these moral issues is often perplexing. How, exactly, should we think through an ethical issue? What questions should we ask? What factors should we consider?
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According to The National Institute of Health: “Ethics seeks to determine what a person should do, or the best course of action, and provides reasons why. It also helps people decide how to behave and treat one another, and what kinds of communities would be good to live in.”
“Bioethics is a subfield of ethics that explores ethical questions related to the life sciences. Bioethical analysis helps people make decisions about their behavior and about policy questions that governments, organizations, and communities must face when they consider how best to use new biomedical knowledge and innovation”.
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Ethics is not religion. Many people are not religious, but ethics applies to everyone. Most religions do advocate high ethical standards but sometimes do not address all the types of problems we face.
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- 1. SYNTHESIS: MAKING INFORMED DECISIONS R O D E L D . B R I O N E S
- 2. OBJECTIVES Identify the different factors that shape an individual in her moral decision-making. Internalize the necessary steps toward making informed moral decisions. Apply the ethical theories or frameworks on moral issues involving the self, society, and the non-human environment.
- 3. Review What are the four major ethical theories or frameworks? 1 Utilitarianism 2 Natural Law 3 Deontology 4 Virtue ethics 5
- 4. Let’s focus What ought I to do? What ought I to do so? Human condition of finitude will demand that we continue to grapple with these questions. The story of humanity appears to be the never-ending search for what it means in the face of moral choices.
- 5. Notions to be clarified These questions of what the right thing to do is why are questions that all human beings-regardless of race, age, socio-economic class, gender, culture, educational attainment, religious affiliation or political association- will have to ask at one point or another in their lives. Neither the laws nor rules of one’s immediate community or of wider culture or of religious affiliation can sufficiently answer these questions, especially when different duties, cultures, or religions intersect and conflict. Reason has a role to play in addressing these questions, if not in resolving them.
- 6. Reason
- 7. What is ethics? It teaches us that moral valuation can happen in the level of the personal, the societal (both local and global), and in relation to the physical environment. It is clearly concerned with the right way of acting in relation to other human beings and towards self.
- 8. What is society? It refers to one’s immediate community (neighborhood, barangay, or town) the larger sphere (province, region, or country), or the whole global village defined as the interconnection of the different nations of the world. One must be aware that there are many aspects to social life, all of which may come into play when one needs to decide in a moral situation.
- 9. What is culture? It includes the beliefs and practices a certain group of people considered valuable and can extend to such realms as art ( eg, music, literature, performance, etc.) laws (injunctions against taboo practices) fields of knowledge (scientific, technological and medical beliefs and practices) and customs of community. With these complexities ethics serves as guide through the potentially confusing thicket of an individual’s interaction with her wider world of social roles, which can come into conflicts with one another or even with her own values.
- 10. Know oneself…who is human individual? Who is this individual who must engage himself/herself in ethical thought and decision-making? Who one is, in the most fundamental sense, is another major topic in the act of philosophizing.
- 11. Famous Greek saying.. Epimeleia he auto- “Know thyself”
- 12. Let’s study “Man and Historical Action” by Ramon C. Reyes. He said “who one is” is a cross-point. He means that one’s identity, who one is or who am I, is a product of many forces and events that happened outside one’s choosing.
- 13. Four Cross-points of individual PHYSICAL INTERPERSONAL SOCIETAL HISTORICAL
- 14. Details on 4 cross-points of individuals Being a product of all these cross-points is just one side of “who one is”. According to Reyes, “who one is” is also a project for oneself. This happens because one has freedom. This freedom is not absolute: one does not become something because one chooses to be.
- 15. Major Issues on Ethical Thought 1. Culture and Ethics • One’s culture dictates what is right or wrong for an individual. • One culture is inescapable- one must investigate the standards of her society to resolve all her ethical questions with finality. • American Philosopher James Rachels (1941-2003) defines cultural relativism as the position that claims that there is no such thing as objective truth in the realm of morality.
- 16. Major Issues on Ethical Thought A. Culture and Ethics • Different cultures have different moral codes. • There cannot be objective truth in morality
- 17. Major Issues on Ethical Thought • Cultural differences between one society and another in terms of norms, practices, and beliefs are not trivial matters that one can disregard. • They are part of “who one is” and cannot be set aside.
- 18. Major Issues on Ethical Thought 2. Religion and ethics • Many people who consider themselves “religious” assume that it is the teachings of their own religion that define what is truly “right” or “wrong,” “good” or “bad.” • Relationship between ethics and religion demands philosophical exploration.
- 19. Major Issues on Ethical Thought 2. Religion and ethics • Religion in essence represents a group’s ultimate most fundamental concerns regarding their existence. • For followers of a particular religion, the ultimate meaning of their existence, as well as the existence of the whole reality, is found in the beliefs of that religion.