1) The document discusses Simon Buckingham Shum's work developing tools to make conversations and collective sensemaking more visible, including Compendium software for capturing and linking ideas. 2) It describes how issue mapping and design rationale tools have evolved over time from early prototypes like gIBIS to more sophisticated modern platforms. 3) Finally, it outlines Buckingham Shum's research applying tools like Compendium to help analyze and summarize complex topics, scaffold creative skills, and plan for emergency response and personnel recovery situations through conversational modeling.

1. Imperial College London, 2 Sept. 2010
Making
Conversations
Visible:
The Rocky Road from Dream to Reality…
Simon Buckingham Shum
Knowledge Media Institute
Open University UK
http://people.kmi.open.ac.uk/sbs
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk 1

2. My Space…
Wicked Problems
Collective Intelligence
http://media.photobucket.com/image/yinyang/penelopecassandre/Tao_YinYangEarth2.jpg
Sensemaking
Learning Computer-Supported…
participatory inquiry
dialogue
deliberation
argumentation
2

3. the journey
3

4. Human-Centred Computing for Sensemaking
(including Design Rationale, and arguably, many RE tools?)
Domain
Discourse

5. Human-Centred Computing for Sensemaking
(including Design Rationale, and arguably, many RE tools?)
Services Interaction
Interoperability Design
Domain
Discourse

6. Human-Centred Computing for Sensemaking
(including Design Rationale, and arguably, many RE tools?)
Services Interaction
Interoperability Design
Learning
Domain Curve
Discourse Mastery

7. Compendium has played a number of roles
in the design of socio-technical systems
Decision/Design
Rationale
Knowledge
Management Storyboarding
Meeting
Replay Domain
Modelling
Presentations
Requirements
Data Construction
Analysis
Specification
Documentation
Design
Reviews
7

8. Human-Centred Computing for Sensemaking
Services Interaction
Interoperability Design
Learning
Domain Curve
Discourse Mastery

9. Horst Rittel’s IBIS (1972):
Issue-Based Information System
9

10. MacLean et al’s (1987) Design Space Analysis
using QOC: Questions/Options/Criteria
10

11. Libraries of IBIS
templates with
critical questions
to probe different
kinds of
arguments
11

12. Libraries of IBIS
templates with
critical questions
to probe different
kinds of
arguments
12

13. Human-Centred Computing for Sensemaking
Services Interaction
Interoperability Design
Learning
Domain Curve
Discourse Mastery

14. Compendium
“it’s like Excel, but for knowledge”
http://compendium.open.ac.uk/institute
Originally motivated by the requirement at NYNEX
Science & Technology, for a tool capable of integrating
formal organisational/system modelling with qualitative,
narrative accounts from workplace ethnographers
14

15. Compendium software tool
15

16. Compendium Java application (from ~1998):
visual hypermedia for managing the connections between ideas flexibly
Buckingham Shum, S., Selvin, A., Sierhuis, M., Conklin, J., Haley, C. and Nuseibeh, B. (2006). Hypermedia Support for Argumentation-Based Rationale: 15 Years on16 from
gIBIS and QOC. In: Rationale Management in Software Engineering (Eds.) A.H. Dutoit, R. McCall, I. Mistrik, and B. Paech. Springer-Verlag: Berlin. http://oro.open.ac.uk/3032

17. gIBIS: graphical IBIS
(MCC research prototype, 1989, running in GERM)
17

18. CM/1, renamed QuestMap
(Corporate Memory Systems 1992, spinoff from MCC’s gIBIS)
18

19. Issue/Argument Mapping comes of age…
(Rob Bracewell, U. Cambridge:
DRed: Decision Rationale editor )

20. Issue/Argument Mapping comes of age…
Online Deliberation: Emerging Tools Workshop
Online Deliberation 2010, Leeds UK (30 June – 2 July)
www.olnet.org/odet2010
20

21. Issue/Argument Mapping comes of age…
(David Price, Debategraph.org)
21

22. Issue/Argument Mapping comes of age…
(David Price, Debategraph.org)
22

23. Issue/Argument Mapping comes of age…
(Tim van Gelder, AusThinkConsulting.com)
23

24. Issue/Argument Mapping comes of age…
(Tim van Gelder, AusThinkConsulting.com)
bCsive Online

25. Issue/Argument Mapping comes of age…
(Tim van Gelder, AusThinkConsulting.com)
ShowCase
 Word document
with macros
 Turns Word into
an argument
mapping
application

26. Issue/Argument Mapping comes of age…
(Tim van Gelder, AusThinkConsulting.com)
ShowCase

27. Using Compendium to map
and automatically index
replayable video conferences
CoAKTinG Project: www.aktors.org/coakting
Memetic Project: www.memetic-vre.net
e-Dance project: kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/e-dance

28. Collaborative sensemaking in e-Science:
Meeting Replay tool for Earth scientists, synchronising
video of Mars crew’s discussion as they annotate their mission plans
Copyright, 2004, RIACS/
NASA Ames, Open
University, Southampton
University
Not to be used without
permission
28
NASA MR Clip: 00:50

29. Memetic Meeting Replay
The CoAKTinG project’s results are now mainstreamed in the Access
Grid by the JISC Memetic VRE project
29

30. Annotation of video inside Compendium
The JISC Memetic VRE project led to the e-Dance Project (EPSRC/AHRC/JISC)
http://projects.kmi.open.ac.uk/e-dance
http://podcast.open.ac.uk/oulearn/computing-and-ict/podcast-e-dance
30

31. Integrating Compendium with web services
(Emergency response coordination scenario)
Potter, S. et al. (2007) The Application of Advanced Knowledge Technologies for Emergency Response. Proceedings 4th International Information Systems 31
for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM 07) Conference, Delft, The Netherlands. http://eprints.aktors.org/602

32. Integrating Compendium with web services
(Emergency response coordination scenario)
Potter, S. et al. (2007) The Application of Advanced Knowledge Technologies for Emergency Response. Proceedings 4th International Information Systems 32
for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM 07) Conference, Delft, The Netherlands. http://eprints.aktors.org/602

33. web annotation for sensemaking
(A winner in the Mozilla/MacArthur Foundation
Jetpack for Learning Design Challenge)
http://cohere.open.ac.uk
33

34. — Web 2.0 IBIS++ structured deliberation
34

35. — annotating documents with Firefox plugin
De Liddo, A. and Buckingham Shum, S. (2010). Cohere: A prototype for contested collective intelligence. In: ACM Computer Supported Cooperative Work 35
(CSCW 2010) - Workshop: Collective Intelligence In Organizations, February 6-10, 2010, Savannah, Georgia, USA. http://oro.open.ac.uk/19554

36. 36

37. seeing the connections people make as
they annotate the web using Cohere
Visualizing all the connections that a set of
analysts have made between web resources
— but this may also be confusing
De Liddo, A. and Buckingham Shum, S. (2010). Cohere: A prototype for contested collective intelligence. In: ACM Computer Supported Cooperative Work
(CSCW 2010) - Workshop: Collective Intelligence In Organizations, February 6-10, 2010, Savannah, Georgia, USA. http://oro.open.ac.uk/19554

38. — semantic filter of argument map
Visualizing multiple
learners’ interpretations of
global warming sources
Connections have been
filtered by a set of
semantic relationships
grouped as Consistency
De Liddo, A. and Buckingham Shum, S. (2010). Cohere: A prototype for contested collective intelligence. In: ACM Computer Supported Cooperative Work
(CSCW 2010) - Workshop: Collective Intelligence In Organizations, February 6-10, 2010, Savannah, Georgia, USA. http://oro.open.ac.uk/19554

39. “Semantic Google Scholar”:
Query: What is the lineage of this idea?
Buckingham Shum, S.J., Uren, V., Li, G., Sereno, B. and Mancini, C.
(2007).Modelling Naturalistic Argumentation in Research Literatures:
Representation and Interaction Design Issues. International Journal of
Intelligent Systems, (Special Issue on Computational Models of Natural
Argument, Eds: C. Reed and F. Grasso, 22, (1), pp.17-47. http:// 39
oro.open.ac.uk/6463

40. — geospatial mashup of ideas
Nodes in the semantic
network containing
geolocation data can be
visualized in Google Maps

41. — timeline viz. mashup of ideas
Nodes in the semantic
network containing temporal
data can be visualized in MIT
Simile’s timeline

42. Human-Centred Computing for Sensemaking
Services Interaction
Interoperability Design
Learning
Domain Curve
Discourse Mastery

43. Knowledge Art (Al Selvin) How can we add immediate value to team
meeting with Design Rationale representations?
Extract from a generic framework:
Selvin, A., Buckingham Shum, S.J. & Aakhus, M. (2010). The Practice Level in Participatory Design Rationale: Studying Practitioner Moves and Choices.
Human Technology: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Humans in ICT Environments (Special Issue on Creativity and Rationale, Ed. Jack Carroll), May 2010. 43
http://oro.open.ac.uk/20948

44. Knowledge Art (Al Selvin) How can we add immediate value to team
meeting with Design Rationale representations?
Extract from a generic framework:
Selvin, A., Buckingham Shum, S.J. & Aakhus, M. (2010). The Practice Level in Participatory Design Rationale: Studying Practitioner Moves and Choices.
Human Technology: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Humans in ICT Environments (Special Issue on Creativity and Rationale, Ed. Jack Carroll), May 2010. 44
http://oro.open.ac.uk/20948

45. Knowledge Art (Al Selvin) How can we add immediate value to team
meeting with Design Rationale representations?
Extract from a generic framework:
Selvin, A., Buckingham Shum, S.J. & Aakhus, M. (2010). The Practice Level in Participatory Design Rationale: Studying Practitioner Moves and Choices.
Human Technology: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Humans in ICT Environments (Special Issue on Creativity and Rationale, Ed. Jack Carroll), May 2010. 45
http://oro.open.ac.uk/20948

46. Human-Centred Computing for Sensemaking
(including Design Rationale, and arguably, many RE tools?)
Services Interaction
Interoperability Design
Learning
Domain Curve
Discourse Mastery

47. Dialogue Mapping
(Jeff Conklin)
Facilitating real time discussion
by mapping contributions
47

48. Capturing stakeholder viewpoints in real
time to build a visual database
48

49. Capturing stakeholder viewpoints in real
time to build a visual database
49

50. Ways to cope with overwhelming complexity…
The Power of Pull
How Small Moves, Smartly Made,
Can Set Big Things in Motion
John Hagel III
John Seely Brown
Lang Davison
Summary article in Harvard Business Review blog:
http://blogs.hbr.org/bigshift/2010/04/a-brief-history-of-the-power-o.html

51. Compendium
Argument Map
summarising Hagel
et al’s (2010) “The
Power of Pull”
51

52. Ways to cope with overwhelming complexity…
The Leader’s Edge
Six Creative Competencies for
Navigating Complex Challenges
Charles J. Palus
David M. Horth
Summary article in Ivey Business Journal:
http://www.iveybusinessjournal.com/article.asp?intArticle_ID=582

53. Creative competencies for complex challenges
(Palus & Horth 2002: Center for Creative Leadership)
Based on analysing and mentoring many senior leaders, Palus & Horth recognise a new
pattern of competencies in leaders who cope well with overwhelming complexity.
CCL has developed practical tools to scaffold these competencies
Shared Understanding
Complexity Paying & Sensible Action
& Chaos Attention Crafting
Co-Inquiry Personalizing
Serious Play Imaging
…how do we nurture these in ourselves (and the next generation)?
53

54. Compendium to scaffold CCL’s C2 Competencies
2 images from
Visual Explorer
http://cclve.blogspot.com
Selvin, A., Buckingham, S., Horth, D., Palus, C. & Sierhuis, M. (2002). Knowledge Art: Visual Sensemaking Using Combined Compendium and Visual
Explorer Methodologies. Presented at: The Art of Management and Organisation Conference, King's College London, 3-6 September 2002. 54
http://compendium.open.ac.uk/institute/compendium/papers/aomo2002Compendium.doc

55. Compendium to scaffold CCL’s C2 Competencies
Cluster images and
discussion in Compendium
Selvin, A., Buckingham, S., Horth, D., Palus, C. & Sierhuis, M. (2002). Knowledge Art: Visual Sensemaking Using Combined Compendium and Visual
Explorer Methodologies. Presented at: The Art of Management and Organisation Conference, King's College London, 3-6 September 2002. 55
http://compendium.open.ac.uk/institute/compendium/papers/aomo2002Compendium.doc

56. Compendium to scaffold CCL’s C2 Competencies
Organise emerging issues
for next phase of analysis
Selvin, A., Buckingham, S., Horth, D., Palus, C. & Sierhuis, M. (2002). Knowledge Art: Visual Sensemaking Using Combined Compendium and Visual
Explorer Methodologies. Presented at: The Art of Management and Organisation Conference, King's College London, 3-6 September 2002. 56
http://compendium.open.ac.uk/institute/compendium/papers/aomo2002Compendium.doc

57. Conversational Modelling
(Al Selvin & Maarten Sierhuis)
Facilitating real time discussion by
modelling with IBIS templates + other
visual languages
57

58. Modelling organisational processes in Compendium
using a Template
Selvin, A.M. and Buckingham Shum, S.J. (2002) Rapid Knowledge Construction: A Case Study in Corporate Contingency Planning 58
Using Collaborative Hypermedia. Journal of Knowledge and Process Management 9(2):pp. 119-128. http://eprints.aktors.org/48

59. Completing a Compendium template
Selvin, A.M. and Buckingham Shum, S.J. (2002) Rapid Knowledge Construction: A Case Study in Corporate Contingency Planning 59
Using Collaborative Hypermedia. Journal of Knowledge and Process Management 9(2):pp. 119-128. http://eprints.aktors.org/48

60. Generating
custom
documents and diagrams
from Compendium
templates
Field
Integrated/ Deviations/ Specific Installation Assignable
Approvals Revised Changes Assignments Details/ Inventory
Requirements (Engr Sched) /Assignment Specs/NDO Notice (E1)
List
Build
Assignable
Inventory
Assignable
Inventory
Selvin, A.M. and Buckingham Shum, S.J. (2002) Rapid Knowledge Construction: A Case Study in Corporate Contingency Planning 60
Using Collaborative Hypermedia. Journal of Knowledge and Process Management 9(2):pp. 119-128. http://eprints.aktors.org/48

61. NASA Compendium session
61

62. End-user defined modelling stencil
62

63. Using Compendium for personnel recovery
planning
Example of Conversational Modelling:
real time dialogue mapping combined with model driven
templates (AI+IA)
Co-OPR Project (with Austin Tate): http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/project/co-opr

64. Personnel Recovery: Planning Cell
64

65. Doctrine for Situation Analysis extracted as
an Issue Template
Link to the source
doctrine document
Issues that require
attention (as
specified in the
doctrine document)
Relevant extract from
doctrine publication
inside the node for
reference

66. Mission Briefing: Intent template
Options may be constrained
by predefined ‘doctrine’
66

67. Capturing political deliberation/rationale
Visual background structures the
display for planning
The collective intelligence
available in the room and online:
Dialogue Map capturing the
team’s deliberations
67

68. Option Comparison matrix
Summary of how options trade off against each
other, derived from each option analysis
Constraints
Restraints

69. I-X Planning Engine input to Compendium
Issues on which the
I-X planning engine
provided candidate
Options
69

70. Large scale NASA e-science field trials:
Interoperability with other databases, software
agents and collaboration tools
www.kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/coakting/nasa
Clancey, W.J., Sierhuis, M., Alena, R., Berrios, D., Dowding, J., Graham, J.S., Tyree, K.S., Hirsh, R.L.,
Garry, W.B., Semple, A., Buckingham Shum, S.J., Shadbolt, N. and Rupert, S. (2005). “Automating
CapCom Using Mobile Agents and Robotic Assistants.” 1st Space Exploration Conference, American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 31 Jan-1 Feb, 2005, Orlando, FL. Available from: AIAA
Meeting Papers on Disc [CD-ROM]: Reston, VA, and as Advanced Knowledge Technologies ePrint 375:
http://eprints.aktors.org/375

71. NASA e-science field trials (2004 and 2005)
Distributed Mars-Earth planning and data analysis tools
for Mars Habitat field trial in Utah desert, supported from US+UK
www.kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/coakting/nasa
71

72. Collaboration Configuration
Compendium used as a collaboration medium at all intersections:
humans+agents, reading+writing maps
Scientist Software Agent
(Earth) Architecture
(Mars)
Scientist Scientist Scientist Scientist
(Earth) (Earth) (Mars) (Mars)
RST-telecon-2005-04-11.i.avi
00:49:08
72

73. NASA testbed:
Compendium activity plans for surface exploration, constructed by
scientists on ‘Earth’, interpreted by software agents on ‘Mars’
Copyright, 2004, RIACS/
NASA Ames, Open
University, Southampton
University
Not to be used without
permission
The Compendium nodes and relationships in this plan were interpreted by Brahms software agents for monitoring
and coordinating astronaut and robot activity during surface explorations.
73
RST-telecon-2005-04-11.i.avi
1:11:57

74. NASA testbed:
Compendium science data map, generated by software agents, for
interpretation by Mars+Earth scientists
Copyright, 2004, RIACS/
NASA Ames, Open
University, Southampton
University
Not to be used without
permission
The Compendium maps were autonomously created and populated with science data by Brahms software agents that use models of the 74
mission plan, work process, data flow and science data relationships to create the maps.

75. NASA testbed:
Compendium-based photo analysis by geologists on ‘Mars’
Copyright, 2004,
RIACS/NASA Ames,
Open University,
Southampton
University
Not to be used
75
without permission

76. NASA testbed:
Compendium scientific feedback map from Earth scientists to Mars
colleagues
Copyright, 2004,
RIACS/NASA Ames,
Open University,
Southampton
University
Not to be used
76
without permission

77. Reqts Eng
= sensemaking in
complex adaptive
systems?
77

78. Cynefin sense-making framework (Kurtz & Snowden, 2003)
78

79. Sensemaking phenomena (work in progress)
Sensemaking Phenomenon in Sensemaking Infrastructure
Complex Domains Opportunity
Dangers of entrained thinking from experts who
fail to recognise a novel phenomenon
Complex systems only seem to make sense
retrospectively: narrative is an appropriately
complex form of knowledge sharing and
reflection for such domains
Patterns are emergent
Much of the relevant knowledge is tacit, shared
through discourse, not formal codifications
Many small signals can build over time into a
significant force/change
79

80. Sensemaking phenomena and tool requirements
Sensemaking Phenomenon in Sensemaking Infrastructure
Complex Domains Opportunity
Dangers of entrained thinking from experts who • Pay particular attention to exceptions
fail to recognise a novel phenomenon • Open up to diverse perspectives
Complex systems only seem to make sense • Stories and coherent pathways are
retrospectively: narrative is an appropriately important
complex form of knowledge sharing and • Reflection and overlaying of interpretation(s)
reflection for such domains is critical
Patterns are emergent • In addition to top-down, anticipated patterns,
generate views bottom-up from the data to
expose unexpected phenomena
Much of the relevant knowledge is tacit, shared • Scaffold the formation of significant inter-
through discourse, not formal codifications personal, learning relationships
Many small signals can build over time into a • Enable individuals to highlight important
significant force/change events and connections which are then
aggregated
• Suggest connections based on different
kinds of significant relationship 80

81. Articles, books, news, movies, software,
community…
http://projects.kmi.open.ac.uk/hyperdiscourse
Compendium
Institute
81

82. Milestone publications in
human-centred
design rationale research
82

83. Special Issue on Design Rationale
Human-Computer Interaction Journal, 1991
Eds. Carroll and Moran
83

84. Design Rationale
(1996) Eds. Carroll and Moran, LEA
84

85. Visualizing Argumentation
(2003)
www.VisualizingArgumentation.info
Argument mapping for collective
sensemaking and organisational
memory in design, scholarly
publishing, scientific and public
policy debates, education
Including 3 chapters about
descendants of gIBIS, two of
them practice-oriented
85

86. Dialogue Mapping
Jeff Conklin (2006)
The craft skill of IBIS mapping to
add immediate value in
meetings (design rationale’s
value proposition cannot be that
some unknown person in the
future may benefit from your
DR)
CogNexus Institute
Training in Dialogue and Issue
Mapping www.CogNexus.org
86

87. Rationale Management in Software Engineering
(2006). Eds. Dutoit, McCall, Mistrik, and Paech. Springer-Verlag
87

88. Creativity and Rationale
Special Issue of Human Technology: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Humans in ICT Environments.
Ed. John Carroll. www.humantechnology.jyu.fi
88