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Make Your Next
 Training an EPIC
   Experience!
            by
  Sharon L. Bowman, MA



                                     Why? So that our learners will
                                     not only HEAR our information,
                                     but REMEMBER it and USE it
                                     when the learning experience is
                                     over.

                                     The word EPIC is also an
                                     acronym for four elements
                                     that help make a learning
                                     experience larger-than-life
                                     and totally unforgettable.
Think of an experience you
have had that stands out in your     When we remember to use these
mind - perhaps a personal one        four elements in our training, we
like a wedding, the birth of your    increase the “memorability of
child, a death, a miracle. Or        the moment,” helping our
maybe it’s a professional one -      listeners retain the information
getting your dream job, a            they hear.
sudden reversal of fortune, a
promotion. Or it could be a          EPIC learning experiences are
cultural or national event - 9/11,   those that are:
war, a discovery, a celebration.
                                     EMOTIONAL. Learners
Those experiences are epic           engage emotionally as well as
events in our lives - they are       intellectually.
larger-than-life and totally
unforgettable. And one of our        PARTICIPATORY. Learners
goals as trainers is to create       are involved in their own
learning experiences that are        learning.
larger than life and totally
unforgettable for our learners.
     www.Bowperson.com 775-749-5247 SBowperson@gmail.com
           © 2003 Sharon L. Bowman. All rights reserved.
8

Make Your Next Training an EPIC Experience!



IMAGE-RICH. Learners form                     Try the ideas below to add
mental pictures to help                       positive emotions to your
remember the learning.                        training.

CONNECTED. Learning is                        Best-Kept Secret: Anytime you
connected to learners’ personal               use the other EPIC elements -
lives and experiences.                        participatory, image-rich, and
                                              connected to learners lives - you
There are a multitude of ways to              automatically create a positive
make a learning experience                    emotional learning experience
larger-than-life and totally                  for your audiences. They begin
unforgettable. Listed below are               to associate learning with
some simple tips to begin using               pleasure, and they will want to
these elements in your                        learn more.
presentations. As you begin to
“tinker with the tips,” more                  Stories: Anecdotes, verbal
EPIC ideas will spark and you’ll              illustrations, metaphors, and
be able to create your own EPIC               analogies create emotional
list of ideas and activities.                 connections to the information.
                                              Stories can also be participatory
                                              (pause in the story and have
                                              your listeners guess what will
                                              happen next), image-rich (use as
                                              much detail as you can), and
                                              connected to learners lives (have
                                              them discuss how the story
                                              relates to their own lives).

                                              Humor: It’s not about telling
                                              jokes. It’s about opening a space
                                              and time for learners to
                                              comment or share their related
                                              experiences so that THEY can
        EMOTIONAL                             generate humor in learning. It’s
                                              also about using humorous
Emotion directs attention which               stories and sayings to accentuate
directs learning. The more                    the information in fun ways.
emotionally charged a learning                Remember, humor releases
experience is, the more it will be            endorphins - the pleasure
remembered by the ones                        chemicals of the brain - and we
experiencing it.                              all like to laugh while we learn.
      www.Bowperson.com 775-749-5247 SBowperson@gmail.com
            © 2003 Sharon L. Bowman. All rights reserved.
9

Make Your Next Training an EPIC Experience!



Pain: Many presenters want                    Neighbor-Nudge: Also called a
their listeners to feel the pain of           Pair-Share, or a Dyad-Dialogue,
a need or unresolved conflict                 this activity is the easiest,
before they move onto the                     quickest, and most low-risk to
pleasure of filling that need or              do. Simply direct your learners
solving the problem. A caveat to              to turn to the person sitting next
remember: With too much pain,                 to them (making sure no one is
learners will try to avoid                    left out), and tell that person the
reminders of the pain later. That             most important thing they’ve
means learners will avoid any                 learned from the presentation so
learning situation that reminds               far. Learners can also share a
them of the pain, including your              question or a response to the
presentations. And the worst                  information they’ve heard. Total
pain isn’t physical - humiliation,            activity time is about 30 seconds
ridicule, shame, embarrassment                to 2 minutes.
are all painful emotions that
many people have felt while                   Birds-of-a-Feather: Learners
learning something new. Be                    stand and find others who like
careful with pain, and move to                the same junk food (movies,
pleasure as quickly as you can.               colors, vacation spots, genre of
                                              books, sports, whatever). They
                                              form small standing groups,
                                              introduce themselves to their
                                              group members, and tell one
                                              thing they want to learn from
                                              the presentation, a question they
                                              have, an outcome they want, or
                                              a fact they already know about
                                              the topic. After about 2 - 3
                                              minutes, volunteers shout out a
                                              few of the comments made in
                                              their groups. You can also make
     PARTICIPATORY                            the sorting topic-related (i.e.
                                              find others who have the same
The suggestions listed below all              work experience, who think of
create participatory learning                 the same word or phrase related
experiences, connecting learners              to the topic, who are from the
to each other as well as to the               same department, etc.).Total
topic they are learning about.                activity time is about 5 minutes.



      www.Bowperson.com 775-749-5247 SBowperson@gmail.com
            © 2003 Sharon L. Bowman. All rights reserved.
10

Make Your Next Training an EPIC Experience!



Take-A-Stand: One wall of the                 learner chooses an object and
room stands for a certain issue               then makes a group with three
related to the topic. Another                 or four other people who chose
wall stands for the opposite                  the same object. Objects can
issue. Learners take a stand at               relate to the topic in some way.
either wall or in between                     After learners form small
depending upon their responses                groups, they discuss something
to the issues. Walls can also                 related to the topic or to the
stand for strongly agree/strongly             information just presented.
disagree, yes/no, love it/hate it,
or other topic-related facts.                 From: How To Give It So They Get It!
Learners introduce themselves                 and Shake, Rattle and Roll!
                                              Author: Sharon Bowman
to persons standing closest to
them and discuss their “stand.”
You process the activity with
the whole group by asking
questions like, “What did you
notice about the group? What
did you learn from the activity?
What patterns emerged? What
questions did the activity raise?”
Total activity time is about 5 -
10 minutes.

Four Corners: A variation of
Take-A-Stand, with the four                           IMAGE-RICH
corners of the room representing
topic-related material. Learners
                                              Think TV commercials, movies,
move to a corner (or in-between
                                              billboards, magazine ads, street
corners), introduce themselves
                                              signs, Microsoft Windows, and
to those in the same corner, and
                                              the multitude of ways we are
discuss why they chose to stand
                                              bathed in images throughout the
in that particular place. Process
                                              day. We are an image-rich
the activity as in Take-A-Stand.
                                              culture, and we rely on images
                                              in order to learn and remember
People Sorters: Use small
                                              information. Here are a few
objects such as miniature toys,
                                              ways to make your training
erasers, card decks, plastic tools,
                                              image-rich.
colored dots, or stickers to sort
learners into random groups
(one object per person). Each
      www.Bowperson.com 775-749-5247 SBowperson@gmail.com
            © 2003 Sharon L. Bowman. All rights reserved.
11

Make Your Next Training an EPIC Experience!



Metaphor: A metaphor is a                     Learning Aids: Simply put, a
way of giving the learner the                 learning aid is anything that
essence of any idea by                        helps the listener learn better
representing it with something                and remember more. Examples
else. Metaphors paint mental                  of learning aids that are image-
pictures inside the learner’s                 rich include: toys, props, tools,
head, which is one of the most                household gadgets, nature items,
powerful ways of moving                       musical instruments, blank
information into long-term                    paper, worksheets, skits,
memory. A few reminders:                      simulations, improvisation,
Keep the metaphor simple, use                 stories, songs, jokes, one-liners,
metaphors that everyone                       games, cartoons, metaphor,
understands, let learners create              movement, music.
their own metaphors, and create
visual as well as verbal
metaphors. Need some ideas?
Direct learners to choose or
name an object and then create
ten ways the topic is like that
object, or ways the object
represents information related to
the topic. Or have learners draw
or sculpt a representation of the
topic and its various
components.

Stories: See comments under                          CONNECTED
“Emotional” in the first section
of EPIC tips.                                 We remember best what is
                                              linked to what we already know
Illustrations: Whenever                       as well as what is connected to
possible, use a cartoon, photo,               our own life experiences. When
doodle, logo, shape, picture, or              we link new learning to old, we
symbol to illustrate an important             remember the new information
point. Or have your listeners                 longer and we can assimilate it
create their own “doodles” as                 into our lives more easily. The
they take notes. The images will              following ideas help learners
be remembered long after the                  connect the new with the old.
words are forgotten.


      www.Bowperson.com 775-749-5247 SBowperson@gmail.com
            © 2003 Sharon L. Bowman. All rights reserved.
12

Make Your Next Training an EPIC Experience!



Learner-Created                               them what they will get out of
Connections: Audiences need                   the time they spend with you -
time, even if it’s a simple                   and how they will be able to use
Neighbor Nudge minute, to                     what they learn.
connect what they have heard to
their own lives. You don’t                    Action Plans: As part of the
necessarily need to make these                closing of your training, learners
connections for them. All you                 write and discuss their action
need to do is to create the space             plans with you and each other.
and time for them to discuss the              An action plan can be simply
connections. Afterwards, allow                completing the sentence: “I plan
a few more minutes to process                 to ...” and saying/writing what
their connections verbally so                 they plan to do with what
that others in the group who                  they’ve learned. Or it can have
may have had trouble making                   timelines and procedural steps.
the personal connections can                  The action plan becomes the
hear how to do it.                            learner’s commitment to
                                              himself/herself to use what has
It’s About Them: Always bring                 been learned.
your stories and activities back
to your learners’ lives. Know                 Koosh Throw: Learners form a
enough about them to be able to               standing circle, or stand by their
make your presentation relate                 chairs, and toss a koosh ball (or
personally in some way                        other similar soft throwable
(remember, apart from their                   object) randomly to each other.
jobs, your listeners are human                The catchers share the most
beings, and information that                  important thing they learned and
connects them to things we all                what they plan to do with the
experience as humans is                       new information. If time allows,
powerful).                                    they can tell the group what they
                                              appreciated about working
WIIFM: “What’s In It For                      together, or compliment
Me?” In pairs or small groups,                individuals in the group. The
learners discuss what they want               koosh is tossed until everyone
to learn, what outcomes they                  has had a chance to respond. If
want to walk away with, or how                the group is really large, they
they can use the information                  can divide themselves into
they’ve heard. They explore                   smaller standing groups, each
their own WIIFMs before,                      with its own koosh ball.
during, or after your
presentation. Or you can tell
      www.Bowperson.com 775-749-5247 SBowperson@gmail.com
            © 2003 Sharon L. Bowman. All rights reserved.
13

Make Your Next Training an EPIC Experience!



Let’s Trade: Each learner                     memory. They help learners not
writes his name and work phone                only HEAR information, but
or email address on the front of              REMEMBER and USE it. And,
an index card. On the back he                 best of all, these teaching tools
writes “I plan to ...” and finishes           make the learning experience
the sentence, writing how he                  larger-than-life and totally
plans to use the information                  unforgettable.
learned. Then learners stand,
pair up, and read their action                You don’t need to make every
plans to their partners. They                 presentation or training EPIC in
trade cards, find new partners,               size - only the ones you really
and read the action plan they                 want your audiences to
have in their hands. They trade               remember.
again until they have read and
traded at least three cards. Then             If you find it hard to include all
they take the card they end up                four EPIC elements, then simply
with and, in two or three weeks,              choose one to concentrate on
call the person whose card they               during a single presentation.
have to see how they are doing                When you’re comfortable with
with their action plan.                       one EPIC element, then include
                                              another, then another, until you
                                              finally have a presentation that
                                              is emotional, participatory,
                                              image-rich, and connected to
                                              learners’ lives.

                                              Down the road, when you’ve
                                              become accustomed to creating
                                              presentations that are larger than
                                              life and totally unforgettable,
                                              you may be standing in a
                                              grocery store check-out line,
                                              perhaps a little weary and
   Final Thoughts on                          preoccupied as you wait.
 Creating EPIC Learning                       Suddenly a voice behind you
       Experiences                            calls your name. You turn and
                                              the person exclaims, “I heard
All four EPIC elements help                   you speak five years ago. You
move learning from short-term                 were wonderful! I remember
memory into long-term                         everything you said. And I’ve
                                              used so much of what you
      www.Bowperson.com 775-749-5247 SBowperson@gmail.com
            © 2003 Sharon L. Bowman. All rights reserved.
14

Make Your Next Training an EPIC Experience!



taught me!” It’s a larger-than-
life moment you’ll never forget!

__________________________

The acronym EPIC is adapted and
used with permission from a keynote
speech given by Dr. Leonard Sweet at
the South Carolina Baptist Convention,
spring 2002.

Dr. Sweet is a traveling teacher and
preacher. For more information, log
onto www.leonardsweet.com.

The acronym EPIC was modified by
teachers in the Texas Pasadena
Independent School District at a staff
development training facilitated by
Sharon Bowman in the fall of 2002.
__________________________


Author and traveling teacher Sharon
Bowman helps educators and business
people “teach it quick and make it
stick,” - fine-tuning their information-
delivery skills and turning their passive
listeners into active learners.

Sharon is a professional member of the
National Speakers Association (NSA)
and the American Society of Training
and Development (ASD). Over 70,000
copies of her seven popular training
books are now in print.


__________________________




       www.Bowperson.com 775-749-5247 SBowperson@gmail.com
             © 2003 Sharon L. Bowman. All rights reserved.

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Make Your Next Training an EPIC Experience!

  • 1. Make Your Next Training an EPIC Experience! by Sharon L. Bowman, MA Why? So that our learners will not only HEAR our information, but REMEMBER it and USE it when the learning experience is over. The word EPIC is also an acronym for four elements that help make a learning experience larger-than-life and totally unforgettable. Think of an experience you have had that stands out in your When we remember to use these mind - perhaps a personal one four elements in our training, we like a wedding, the birth of your increase the “memorability of child, a death, a miracle. Or the moment,” helping our maybe it’s a professional one - listeners retain the information getting your dream job, a they hear. sudden reversal of fortune, a promotion. Or it could be a EPIC learning experiences are cultural or national event - 9/11, those that are: war, a discovery, a celebration. EMOTIONAL. Learners Those experiences are epic engage emotionally as well as events in our lives - they are intellectually. larger-than-life and totally unforgettable. And one of our PARTICIPATORY. Learners goals as trainers is to create are involved in their own learning experiences that are learning. larger than life and totally unforgettable for our learners. www.Bowperson.com 775-749-5247 SBowperson@gmail.com © 2003 Sharon L. Bowman. All rights reserved.
  • 2. 8 Make Your Next Training an EPIC Experience! IMAGE-RICH. Learners form Try the ideas below to add mental pictures to help positive emotions to your remember the learning. training. CONNECTED. Learning is Best-Kept Secret: Anytime you connected to learners’ personal use the other EPIC elements - lives and experiences. participatory, image-rich, and connected to learners lives - you There are a multitude of ways to automatically create a positive make a learning experience emotional learning experience larger-than-life and totally for your audiences. They begin unforgettable. Listed below are to associate learning with some simple tips to begin using pleasure, and they will want to these elements in your learn more. presentations. As you begin to “tinker with the tips,” more Stories: Anecdotes, verbal EPIC ideas will spark and you’ll illustrations, metaphors, and be able to create your own EPIC analogies create emotional list of ideas and activities. connections to the information. Stories can also be participatory (pause in the story and have your listeners guess what will happen next), image-rich (use as much detail as you can), and connected to learners lives (have them discuss how the story relates to their own lives). Humor: It’s not about telling jokes. It’s about opening a space and time for learners to comment or share their related experiences so that THEY can EMOTIONAL generate humor in learning. It’s also about using humorous Emotion directs attention which stories and sayings to accentuate directs learning. The more the information in fun ways. emotionally charged a learning Remember, humor releases experience is, the more it will be endorphins - the pleasure remembered by the ones chemicals of the brain - and we experiencing it. all like to laugh while we learn. www.Bowperson.com 775-749-5247 SBowperson@gmail.com © 2003 Sharon L. Bowman. All rights reserved.
  • 3. 9 Make Your Next Training an EPIC Experience! Pain: Many presenters want Neighbor-Nudge: Also called a their listeners to feel the pain of Pair-Share, or a Dyad-Dialogue, a need or unresolved conflict this activity is the easiest, before they move onto the quickest, and most low-risk to pleasure of filling that need or do. Simply direct your learners solving the problem. A caveat to to turn to the person sitting next remember: With too much pain, to them (making sure no one is learners will try to avoid left out), and tell that person the reminders of the pain later. That most important thing they’ve means learners will avoid any learned from the presentation so learning situation that reminds far. Learners can also share a them of the pain, including your question or a response to the presentations. And the worst information they’ve heard. Total pain isn’t physical - humiliation, activity time is about 30 seconds ridicule, shame, embarrassment to 2 minutes. are all painful emotions that many people have felt while Birds-of-a-Feather: Learners learning something new. Be stand and find others who like careful with pain, and move to the same junk food (movies, pleasure as quickly as you can. colors, vacation spots, genre of books, sports, whatever). They form small standing groups, introduce themselves to their group members, and tell one thing they want to learn from the presentation, a question they have, an outcome they want, or a fact they already know about the topic. After about 2 - 3 minutes, volunteers shout out a few of the comments made in their groups. You can also make PARTICIPATORY the sorting topic-related (i.e. find others who have the same The suggestions listed below all work experience, who think of create participatory learning the same word or phrase related experiences, connecting learners to the topic, who are from the to each other as well as to the same department, etc.).Total topic they are learning about. activity time is about 5 minutes. www.Bowperson.com 775-749-5247 SBowperson@gmail.com © 2003 Sharon L. Bowman. All rights reserved.
  • 4. 10 Make Your Next Training an EPIC Experience! Take-A-Stand: One wall of the learner chooses an object and room stands for a certain issue then makes a group with three related to the topic. Another or four other people who chose wall stands for the opposite the same object. Objects can issue. Learners take a stand at relate to the topic in some way. either wall or in between After learners form small depending upon their responses groups, they discuss something to the issues. Walls can also related to the topic or to the stand for strongly agree/strongly information just presented. disagree, yes/no, love it/hate it, or other topic-related facts. From: How To Give It So They Get It! Learners introduce themselves and Shake, Rattle and Roll! Author: Sharon Bowman to persons standing closest to them and discuss their “stand.” You process the activity with the whole group by asking questions like, “What did you notice about the group? What did you learn from the activity? What patterns emerged? What questions did the activity raise?” Total activity time is about 5 - 10 minutes. Four Corners: A variation of Take-A-Stand, with the four IMAGE-RICH corners of the room representing topic-related material. Learners Think TV commercials, movies, move to a corner (or in-between billboards, magazine ads, street corners), introduce themselves signs, Microsoft Windows, and to those in the same corner, and the multitude of ways we are discuss why they chose to stand bathed in images throughout the in that particular place. Process day. We are an image-rich the activity as in Take-A-Stand. culture, and we rely on images in order to learn and remember People Sorters: Use small information. Here are a few objects such as miniature toys, ways to make your training erasers, card decks, plastic tools, image-rich. colored dots, or stickers to sort learners into random groups (one object per person). Each www.Bowperson.com 775-749-5247 SBowperson@gmail.com © 2003 Sharon L. Bowman. All rights reserved.
  • 5. 11 Make Your Next Training an EPIC Experience! Metaphor: A metaphor is a Learning Aids: Simply put, a way of giving the learner the learning aid is anything that essence of any idea by helps the listener learn better representing it with something and remember more. Examples else. Metaphors paint mental of learning aids that are image- pictures inside the learner’s rich include: toys, props, tools, head, which is one of the most household gadgets, nature items, powerful ways of moving musical instruments, blank information into long-term paper, worksheets, skits, memory. A few reminders: simulations, improvisation, Keep the metaphor simple, use stories, songs, jokes, one-liners, metaphors that everyone games, cartoons, metaphor, understands, let learners create movement, music. their own metaphors, and create visual as well as verbal metaphors. Need some ideas? Direct learners to choose or name an object and then create ten ways the topic is like that object, or ways the object represents information related to the topic. Or have learners draw or sculpt a representation of the topic and its various components. Stories: See comments under CONNECTED “Emotional” in the first section of EPIC tips. We remember best what is linked to what we already know Illustrations: Whenever as well as what is connected to possible, use a cartoon, photo, our own life experiences. When doodle, logo, shape, picture, or we link new learning to old, we symbol to illustrate an important remember the new information point. Or have your listeners longer and we can assimilate it create their own “doodles” as into our lives more easily. The they take notes. The images will following ideas help learners be remembered long after the connect the new with the old. words are forgotten. www.Bowperson.com 775-749-5247 SBowperson@gmail.com © 2003 Sharon L. Bowman. All rights reserved.
  • 6. 12 Make Your Next Training an EPIC Experience! Learner-Created them what they will get out of Connections: Audiences need the time they spend with you - time, even if it’s a simple and how they will be able to use Neighbor Nudge minute, to what they learn. connect what they have heard to their own lives. You don’t Action Plans: As part of the necessarily need to make these closing of your training, learners connections for them. All you write and discuss their action need to do is to create the space plans with you and each other. and time for them to discuss the An action plan can be simply connections. Afterwards, allow completing the sentence: “I plan a few more minutes to process to ...” and saying/writing what their connections verbally so they plan to do with what that others in the group who they’ve learned. Or it can have may have had trouble making timelines and procedural steps. the personal connections can The action plan becomes the hear how to do it. learner’s commitment to himself/herself to use what has It’s About Them: Always bring been learned. your stories and activities back to your learners’ lives. Know Koosh Throw: Learners form a enough about them to be able to standing circle, or stand by their make your presentation relate chairs, and toss a koosh ball (or personally in some way other similar soft throwable (remember, apart from their object) randomly to each other. jobs, your listeners are human The catchers share the most beings, and information that important thing they learned and connects them to things we all what they plan to do with the experience as humans is new information. If time allows, powerful). they can tell the group what they appreciated about working WIIFM: “What’s In It For together, or compliment Me?” In pairs or small groups, individuals in the group. The learners discuss what they want koosh is tossed until everyone to learn, what outcomes they has had a chance to respond. If want to walk away with, or how the group is really large, they they can use the information can divide themselves into they’ve heard. They explore smaller standing groups, each their own WIIFMs before, with its own koosh ball. during, or after your presentation. Or you can tell www.Bowperson.com 775-749-5247 SBowperson@gmail.com © 2003 Sharon L. Bowman. All rights reserved.
  • 7. 13 Make Your Next Training an EPIC Experience! Let’s Trade: Each learner memory. They help learners not writes his name and work phone only HEAR information, but or email address on the front of REMEMBER and USE it. And, an index card. On the back he best of all, these teaching tools writes “I plan to ...” and finishes make the learning experience the sentence, writing how he larger-than-life and totally plans to use the information unforgettable. learned. Then learners stand, pair up, and read their action You don’t need to make every plans to their partners. They presentation or training EPIC in trade cards, find new partners, size - only the ones you really and read the action plan they want your audiences to have in their hands. They trade remember. again until they have read and traded at least three cards. Then If you find it hard to include all they take the card they end up four EPIC elements, then simply with and, in two or three weeks, choose one to concentrate on call the person whose card they during a single presentation. have to see how they are doing When you’re comfortable with with their action plan. one EPIC element, then include another, then another, until you finally have a presentation that is emotional, participatory, image-rich, and connected to learners’ lives. Down the road, when you’ve become accustomed to creating presentations that are larger than life and totally unforgettable, you may be standing in a grocery store check-out line, perhaps a little weary and Final Thoughts on preoccupied as you wait. Creating EPIC Learning Suddenly a voice behind you Experiences calls your name. You turn and the person exclaims, “I heard All four EPIC elements help you speak five years ago. You move learning from short-term were wonderful! I remember memory into long-term everything you said. And I’ve used so much of what you www.Bowperson.com 775-749-5247 SBowperson@gmail.com © 2003 Sharon L. Bowman. All rights reserved.
  • 8. 14 Make Your Next Training an EPIC Experience! taught me!” It’s a larger-than- life moment you’ll never forget! __________________________ The acronym EPIC is adapted and used with permission from a keynote speech given by Dr. Leonard Sweet at the South Carolina Baptist Convention, spring 2002. Dr. Sweet is a traveling teacher and preacher. For more information, log onto www.leonardsweet.com. The acronym EPIC was modified by teachers in the Texas Pasadena Independent School District at a staff development training facilitated by Sharon Bowman in the fall of 2002. __________________________ Author and traveling teacher Sharon Bowman helps educators and business people “teach it quick and make it stick,” - fine-tuning their information- delivery skills and turning their passive listeners into active learners. Sharon is a professional member of the National Speakers Association (NSA) and the American Society of Training and Development (ASD). Over 70,000 copies of her seven popular training books are now in print. __________________________ www.Bowperson.com 775-749-5247 SBowperson@gmail.com © 2003 Sharon L. Bowman. All rights reserved.