Makalah Review Jurnal Internasional

1. MAKALAH REVIEW
SPORT, ETHICS, AND PHILOSOPHY : CONTEXT, HISTORY,
PROSPECTS
Dosen Pengampu :
Dr. Made Pramono, S.S. M.Hum.
Disusun Oleh :
Julia Prasanti Putri Utami
NIM. 20060484037
Kelas 2020B
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA
FAKULTAS ILMU OLAHRAGA
JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN DAN REKREASI
2020/2021

2. KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rahmat dan hidayah-
Nya sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan tugas makalah yang berjudul Sport,
ethics and philosophy; context, history, prospects ini tepat pada waktunya
Adapun tujuan dari penulisan dari makalah ini adalah untuk memenuhi tugas
pada mata kuliah filsafat dan sejarah olahraga. Selain itu, makalah ini juga
bertujuan untuk menambah wawasan tentang Sport, ethics and philosophy;
context, history,prospects bagi para pembaca dan juga bagi penulis
Saya mengucapkan terimakasih kepada bapak Dr. Made Pramono, S.S. M.Hum.
selaku dosen mata kuliah filsafat dan sejarah olahraga yang telah memberikan
tugas ini sehingga dapat menambah pengetahuan dan wawasan
Saya juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membagi
sebagian pengetahuannya sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini.
Saya menyadari, makalah yang saya tulis ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna.
Oleh karena itu, kritik dan saran yang membangun akan saya nantikan demi
kesempurnaan makalah ini.
Surabaya, 17 Maret 2021
Julia Prasanti Putri Utami

3. DAFTAR ISI
KATA PENGANTAR…………………………………………...i
DAFTAR ISI…………………………………………………….ii
BAB 1……………………………………………………………4
JURNAL………………………………………………………...4
BAB 2…………………………………………………………...11
REVIEW JURNAL…………………………………………….11
BAB 3…………………………………………………………..14
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN………………………………..14
LINK SLIDE SHARE…………………………………………14
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ………………………………………….15

4. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy
ISSN: 1751-1321 (Print) 1751-133X (Online)
Journal homepage:
https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rsep20
Sport, ethics and
philosophy; context,
history, prospects
Mike McNamee
To cite this article: Mike McNamee
(2007) Sport, ethics and philosophy;
context, history, prospects, Sport, Ethics
and Philosophy, 1:1, 1-6, DOI:
10.1080/17511320601173329
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/17511320601173329
Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, Vol. 1, No. 1, April 2007
Editorial
SPORT, ETHICS AND PHILOSOPHY;
CONTEXT, HISTORY, PROSPECTS
Mike McNamee
Societies andjournals ofappliedphilosophy aboundthesedays.Any newcomerto
the field of philosophy of sport might experiencea certain, though misplaced, surprise.
How canit be that social practices suchas sports,stereotypical havens for unreflective
physical action, could generate genuine philosophical interest? To what extent is this
scepticism well founded? Is it mere prejudice?
Whenoneconsiderstheculturalpracticesthattoagreaterorlesserdegreeform the

5. contours ofmodernliving, it is undeniably truethat sport is evident. Somemight even go
as far to say that its reach is ubiquitous. The idea that sports might not be of particular
interest totheintellectually curious shouldinpart beassuagedby thefollowingstatistics:
the Winter Olympics of 2002 in Salt Lake City, USA, were broadcast by a total of 160
countries, andthesummergamesinAthens 2004accumulated34.4billiontotal viewing
hours by spectators,1
while5.9billionviewers watchedthe2006Football WorldCupfinal
inGermany in2006.2
Moreover, theworlds ofphilosophy andsport havecollidedat least
since Plato’s early foray into wrestling at the Isthmian Games (Miller, 2004) and his
recommendations forgymnasticsintheearly educationofthephilosopherkings in The
Republic.
As a sub-disciplineofphilosophy moreformally, the philosophy of sport might be
saidtohavecomeintoexistenceatameetingoftheAmericanPhilosophicalAssociationin
Boston, USA,on28December1972,wherethePhilosophicSocietyfortheStudyofSport
(PSSS)was founded, thanksprincipallytotheefforts ofProfessorWarrenFraleighofthe
State University of Brockport, New York. Professor Paul Weiss of the Catholic University of
America became its first president in that year. This had followed the publication of his
own book-length treatment of the subject, Sport: A Philosophic Inquiry, in 1969. The PSSS
stagedannual meetings acrosstheworldfrom 1973. Inthenascent studiesofsport, and
themany academic subjectareas thatgrewout ofit, philosophy ofsport canrightlyclaim
to be among the earliest formed. In 1999 PSSS renamed itself the International Association
for thePhilosophy ofSport inordertoindicate, amongotherthings, thegrowingregional
diversity of its membership. It has published The Journal for the Philosophy of Sport
annually since1974andbi-annually since2001. Manyofitsbest earlyarticleshavebeen
collected in two editions by former editors Bill Morgan and Klaus Meier (1988; 1995).
While the subject enjoyed a strong basis in the United States of America and
Canada,3
its development in the global context was somewhat uneven. Until recently
there no formally organised national associations for philosophy of sport with the
exception of the Japanese Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education
formed in1978 and thephilosophy ofsport sectionwithintheGermanSociety ofSports
ISSN 1751-1321 print/1751-133X online/07/010001–06
ª 2007 Taylor & Francis
DOI: 10.1080/17511320601173329

6. Science (Deutsche Vereinigung fur Sportwissenschaft) since the 1970s. More recently, at a
conference held at the University of Gloucestershire at a meeting in 2002 a new
organisation, the British Philosophy of Sport Association (BPSA) was formed, for which this
journal is the official organ. In the following year it held its first annual meeting and has
met annually thereafter. It hasdrawnpresentersfrom aroundtheworldandhascreateda
working group tasked to initiate a European Philosophy of Sport Association that will
coexist with the BPSA and develop formal links with it in terms of this journal and
associated conferences. One important hurdle to jump, before the European Association is
founded, is the title. While this problem is not unique to the founding of scholarly
associations, it reflects a heterogeneity of academic cultures and philosophical histories. A
little more needs to be said about this in the light of the proposed development of the
journal.
In Japan, as in Britain, acertainamount of philosophical scholarship inrelationto
sports hadbeengeneratedin thephilosophy ofeducation, wherephilosophical thinking
inphysicaleducationhadfoundanacademichome.Additionally,inBritaintherehadbeen
very strongscholarship withinthefledglingfieldsofhumanmovement studiesandleisure
studies, and later sports and exercise sciences, where philosophers had played a
prominent role in the very shaping of the fields themselves. In Continental Europe, a
significant body of disparateliterature has emerged in native languages, notably in the
CzechRepublic, Germany, Hungary,PolandandmorerecentlyinSlovenia. Oneterm in
fairly commoncurrencyinEasternEuropehasbeenthatof‘philosophyofphysicalculture’
whileanotherhas been‘philosophyofmovement culture’.Thesetermsindicatemorethan
linguistic differences. In the first instance, what is commonly called ‘sport’ in the West
draws upon a rich history of Greek and Roman athletics, on through to the modern
incarnation of educational sports in Victorian Britain and finally to the rebirth of the
Olympic Games by Baron Pierre de Coubertin and others. While across Europe the
paradigmatic sports werecogniseasOlympicones werepractisedandpromoted, sotoo
were alternative movement cultures including fitness- and health-related activities groups,
andsport-for-all organisations,whichboreonlyafamilyresemblancetotherule-governed
and competitive activities we typically think of and classify as ‘sports’ in the West.
There is a deeper and more philosophically interesting difference, though. In the
West (andthereforeintheJournal forthePhilosophyof Sport)therehasbeenatendency
for onephilosophical traditiontodominate:analyticalphilosophy. This isnot todenythat
Continental philosophy has not developed a sport philosophical literature. Indeed the
labels themselves, as Bernard Williams once noted,4
are somewhat misleading – and both,
beingtraditions ofWesternphilosophy,takenosignificantaccountofEasternphilosophy,
whichinJapannotably hasspawnedasignificant volumeofsport philosophical literature.
Given that philosophical research is always and everywhere internally related to the
expression ofideas,theidiomofthatexpressionsomewhatshapestheboundariesofwhat
can be said. In contrast to the biomedical sciences of sport which represent a near
universal language housedin technical rationality(‘the’ scientific method)philosophers
working in the Continental tradition have largely developed research within the fields
of existentialism, hermeneutics, ontology and phenomenology. Although the label
‘Continental’ is itself driven by geographical considerations (the work emanated
from communities of scholars in France, Germany and Continental Europe), one finds
philosophers of sport right across the globe drawing upon those traditions. Similarly,
analytical philosophy, though the dominant tradition in the Anglo-American tradition of

7. Western philosophy, is misleading in the sense that some of its founding fathers were
indeedfrom Continental Europe. Thedrawingofdistinctionstorepresentourexperience
of the world, however, is commonto all schools ortraditions ofphilosophical and sport
philosophical endeavour.
Analyticalphilosophyhademergedasanessentiallyconceptualenquirywhoseaim
was foundational. It is oftencapturedinLocke’sfamous remarkabout philosophical work
being akintoan underlabourer workingin thegarden of knowledge. As a second-order
activity, its central aim was to provide secure foundations for other disciplines by
articulating theirconceptual geography.Itspre-eminencewascapturedbytheinsistence
that conceptual workprecedesallproperempiricalenquiry.Itsexponentswereequipped
withtheanalyticaltoolsofdissectingconceptsforconstituentcriteria,drawingconceptual
distinctions by their logical grammar and seeking fine-grained differences in their
employment. The discipline of philosophy reduced in some quarters to the detailing of
ordinary linguistic usages andnecessary andsufficient conditions inordertodetect the
proper meaningof concepts others hadtooperatewithandbetween. Despitethis ‘new’
direction, there remained a strong sense of continuity here with the ancient past.
Philosophers suchas PlatoandAristotletoowereconcernedwithmarkingdistinctions,
bringing clarity where before there was puzzlement or, worse, commonsensical
acquiescence.
This approachcertainly dominatedthefirst20yearsofscholarshipintheJournal of
the Philosophy of Sport. Much of it revolved around a triad of concepts central to the
study ofsports(howeverconceived)andparticipationtherein.Onenotableexceptionwas
Scott Kretchmar’s work on the nature of the test-contest relationship, which sought to
outline some conceptual and ethical parameters of games and sports and the playing
thereof (Kretchmar 1975). The concepts of game, play and sport were themselves
internally complex and worthy of critical analytical scrutiny. Work on play had taken its
leadnot only from classic sourcessuchasPlatobut alsofrom moremodernscholarship,
notably Johan Huizinga’s classic Homo Ludens (Hyland 1977; 1984). The concept of game,
of course, hadbeennostrangertomainstream philosophical debates.InWittgenstein’s
Philosophical Investigations, the concept was used as a foil against an earlier pictorial
theory of language and its relationtotheworld. The examplecouldbetaken as a hinge
of an ancient debate: could all games have nothing in common other than the fact that
they werecalledgamesorwastheresomeessencesharedbythemall?Thelatter, realist,
position was attacked by Wittgenstein, as is well known. Less well known, outside the
philosophy of sport anyway, was ProfessorBernardSuits’s challengetoWittgenstein’s
thesis that all games had in common were family resemblances among the class of
activities called games. Suits’s earliest statement of his position, ‘What is a game?’,
publishedinPhilosophyofSciencein1967,waslaterdevelopedintoaclassicbook-length
essay TheGrasshopper:Games, LifeandUtopiain1978.Hispositioncourtedmanyand
varied critical responses and seemed to occupy a vast portion of the Journal of the
Philosophyof Sport inthe1980s and1990s.Inmanywaysitisfittingthatin2006asecond
editionof thebook has been published and is reviewed here twice, by one philosopher
from outsidethe field (Steven Edwards)and one from withinit, the current editor of the
Journal of the Philosophy of Sport (John Russell).
For the purposes of this journal, and as a kind of very loose editorial position
statement, both‘sport’ andthe‘philosophy ofsport’ will beunderstoodinagenerous and
catholic fashion. The journal will seek topublishessays concernedwiththeconceptual

8. task of analysis and interrogation of key ideas and issues of games, play, sports and related
movement activity practicessuchascoaching,healthpromotionandeducation.It willalso
publish essays in cognate intellectual areas such as the philosophy of the body,
philosophy of education and physical education, philosophy of health and medicine,
philosophy of technology and soon in sofar as they challengeand critically inform our
understanding of sports – widely instantiated – as social practices.
This openness totheclassification of‘sports’isextendedtothedivergent branches
of philosophy itself. Just asmoreestablishedbranches ofphilosophy arenot inuredfrom
fashion, neither is the philosophy of sport. If analytical investigations into the triad of
concepts, play, gameandsport, dominatedtheliteratureat one time, sotooaesthetics
andsocial philosophyhavebeenwell-representedintheliterature.Inthe1990s,however,
ethics – and the ethics of sports – came to a position of dominance in research and
scholarship in the philosophy of sport.
It would be fair to say that within the ethics of sports, deontological scholarship
has flourished, takingitsleadfrom WarrenFraleigh’s RightActions inSport (1984)which
articulatedtheduties of athletic contestants andcoaches alike.Duringthe 1990s more
eclectic writings emerged. Inspired by MacIntyre’s writings in After Virtue, many
philosophers came to conceive of sport as social practices and moved away from the
ahistorical/asocial analytical accounts of the elements of games and sport. And they
often moved away from the deontological accounts of sports ethics – especially in
terms of the constructions of theories of fair play – into virtue-theoretical accounts of
sports and therefore of sports ethics. At this time there was certainly a global
expansionof applied ethics andthetimingof thepublication of Ethics and Sport (1998)
which I edited with Jim Parry was certainly opportune. In Britain, at least, the book
presented a wide variety of topics and philosophical approaches, which helped to
spawn new courses at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Critically, it also gave
risetoa host ofnew professional appointments at universities inBritainand elsewhere.
Its success alsosaw thelaunch of thebook series withRoutledge whichcomprises 12
volumes ranging from explorations of the hyper-commodification of sport to
investigations ofinjury, pain, and risk, sexual exploitation,geneticsethics andresearch
ethics inthefields of sport. Sport, Ethics andPhilosophyis thenatural extension ofthat
scholarship in the field of philosophy of sport generally, and the ethics of sports more
specifically.
It may have struck thereaderthat thevery titleof thejournal betrays aconceptual
tension. While the emergence of sports ethics as a field of scholarship has clearly
expanded significantly in the last decade, it is important that it not be divorced from its
philosophical moorings. Just as surely as ethical issuesdonot exist insomeconceptual
vacuum, so too sports ethics benefits from broader perspectives in ontology, the
philosophy of the body or philosophical discussions of the economics and politics of
sportingpractices andsoon. Butthevalueofthis connection is not merelyinstrumental.
Seeing and setting ethical issues within broader philosophical territory is a goal worth
pursuingfor its ownsake. Thepoint ofthetitleofthejournal is toindicatethatthespecific
field of sports ethics will bethedominant constituencyofscholarship but not exclusively
so: otherbranches ofthephilosophyofsportthathavedevelopedoverthelast 30yearsor
soarewarmly welcomedtoo. Therehas todatebeenvery littlephilosophising inrelation
tosports from ontological perspectives inAnglo-Americanphilosophy ofsport. Equally,
very little work in epistemology or the philosophy of action where one might envisage

9. ready application. It is hoped that the journal may play its part in stimulating areas of
philosophical interest that havehithertobeenunderrepresented. The present volume in
additiontofour essays onethicsfrom someoftheleadingphilosophers inthefield(Paul
Davis, Nic Dixon, Sigmund Loland and Bill Morgan), also contains essays by equally
esteemedphilosopherswhoseinterestsgobeyondthoseborders,from socialphilosophy
(Leslie Howe and Andrew Edgar) and the philosophy of science (Graham McFee).
I hope that philosophers of all persuasions, then, will find Sport, Ethics and
Philosophyaworthwhilehomefor theirphilosophical work onsports. Thejournal will be
published on a tri-annual basis. The first and third issues of each volume will publish
papers underconditions ofdoubleblindreview. Thesecondissueofeachyearwillpublish
a special issue. The special issues already planned are ‘sports medicine and medical ethics’
(editors: Tamburrini and Tannsjo, 2007), ‘ethics, dis/ability and sports’ (editors: Jespersen
and McNamee, 2008) and ‘bodily democracy: towards a philosophy for sports for all’
(Eichberg, 2009). Proposals for special issues thereafter are invited.
NOTES
1. See http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_344.pdf, 4,accessed 11 Dec.2006.
2. See http://www.worldcupblog.org/world-cup-2006/definitive-world-cup-viewing-figures.
html, accessed 11 Dec. 2006.
3. Indeed all the editors ofthe Journal ofthe Philosophy ofSporthave beenbasedin North
America hitherto.
4. In praise of Nietzschean moral psychologyhe wrote: ‘In insisting on the importance of
Nietzsche for philosophy, I mean something that cannot be evaded by a definition of
‘‘philosophy’’. In particular it cannot be evaded by invoking some contrast between
‘‘analytical’’ and ‘‘continental’’ philosophy. This classification always involved a quite
bizarre conflation ofthe methodological and the topographical, as thoughone classified
cars into front wheel drive and Japanese, butbesides thatand other absurdities of the
distinction, there is the more immediate pointthatno such classification can evade the
insistent continuities betweenNietzsche’s work and the business ofwhatanyone calls
philosophy.’Evidenceforthatavoidanceinthefieldofphilosophyofsportmightbefound
atleastin the factthatthere is onlyone text(Gibson, 1993) in the English language thatI
have ever come across to take Nietzschean ideas seriously.
REFERENCES
FRALEIGH,W.P.1984.Rightactionsinsport:ethicsforcontestants.Champaign,IL:HumanKinetics.
GIBSON, J. 1993. Performance versus results. Brockport, NY: SUNY Press.
HUIZINGA,J. 1949. Homo ludens.London:Routledge & Kegan Paul.
HYLAND, D. 1977.‘And that is the bestpart of us’:Human being and play.Journal of the
Philosophy ofSport IV: 36 – 49.
———. 1984. The question of play. Lanham,MD: University Press ofAmerica.
KRETC HM A R, R.S. 1975. From test to contest. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport II: 23 –30.
MACINTYRE, A.C. 1981. After virtue. London: Duckworth.
MCNA M E E, M.J. and S.J. PARRY , eds. 1998. Ethics and sport. London: Routledge.
MILLE R, S.G. 2004. Arete: Greek sports from ancient sources. Berkeley, CA: University of California
Press.

10. MORGAN, W.J. and K.V. MEIER, eds.1988/1995. Philosophic inquiry in sport,1stand 2nd edns.
Champaign;IL: Human Kinetics.
SUITS, B. 2005. The Grasshopper, 2nd edn. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
WEISS, P. 1967.Sport: A philosophic inquiry.London:Southern Illinois UniversityPress.
WILLIAMS, B.A.O. 1995. Making sense of humanity.Cambridge:Cambridge UniversityPress.

11. BAB II
REVIEW JURNAL
Judul : Sport, ethics and philosophy; context, history,prospects
Pengarang : Mike McNamee
Nama Jurnal : Sport, Ethics and Philosophy
Volume, Issue, Tahun, Halaman : Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, Vol. 1, No. 1,
April 2007
Tujuan Penelitian :
Di Jepang, seperti di Inggris, sejumlah beasiswa filosofis dalam kaitannya
dengan olahraga telah dihasilkan dalam filsafat pendidikan, di mana pemikiran
filosofis dalam pendidikan jasmani telah menemukan tempat akademis. Selain
itu, di Inggris telah ada beasiswa yang sangat kuat dalam bidang studi gerakan
manusia dan studi waktu luang yang baru berkembang, dan kemudian ilmu
olahraga dan latihan, di mana para filsuf telah memainkan peran penting dalam
membentuk bidang itu sendiri. Di Benua Eropa, sejumlah besar literatur yang
berbeda telah muncul dalam bahasa asli, terutama di Republik Ceko, Jerman,
Hongaria, Polandia, dan baru-baru ini di Slovenia. Satu istilah dalam mata uang
yang cukup umum di Eropa Timur adalah istilah 'filsafat budaya fisik',
sedangkan istilah lainnya adalah 'filsafat budaya pergerakan'. Istilah-istilah ini
menunjukkan lebih dari sekedar perbedaan bahasa. Pertama-tama, apa yang
biasa disebut 'olahraga' di Barat mengacu pada sejarah atletik Yunani dan
Romawi yang kaya, terus berlanjut hingga inkarnasi modern olahraga
pendidikan di Inggris zaman Victoria dan terakhir hingga kelahiran kembali
Olimpiade oleh Baron Pierre de Coubertin dan lainnya. Sementara di seluruh
Eropa olahraga paradigmatik yang kami kenali sebagai olahraga Olimpiade
dipraktikkan dan dipromosikan, demikian pula budaya gerakan alternatif
termasuk kelompok aktivitas yang berhubungan dengan kebugaran dan
kesehatan, dan organisasi olahraga untuk semua, yang hanya memiliki
kemiripan keluarga dengan aturan- aktivitas yang diatur dan kompetitif yang
biasanya kita anggap dan klasifikasikan sebagai 'olahraga' di Barat. apa yang
biasa disebut 'olahraga' di Barat mengacu pada sejarah atletik Yunani dan
Romawi yang kaya, terus berlanjut hingga inkarnasi modern olahraga
pendidikan di Inggris Victoria dan terakhir hingga kelahiran kembali Olimpiade
oleh Baron Pierre de Coubertin dan lainnya. Sementara di seluruh Eropa
olahraga paradigmatik yang kami kenali sebagai olahraga Olimpiade
dipraktikkan dan dipromosikan, demikian pula budaya gerakan alternatif
termasuk kelompok aktivitas yang berhubungan dengan kebugaran dan
kesehatan, dan organisasi olahraga untuk semua, yang hanya memiliki
kemiripan keluarga dengan aturan- aktivitas yang diatur dan kompetitif yang
biasanya kita anggap dan klasifikasikan sebagai 'olahraga' di Barat. apa yang
biasa disebut 'olahraga' di Barat mengacu pada sejarah atletik Yunani dan
Romawi yang kaya, terus berlanjut hingga inkarnasi modern olahraga
pendidikan di Inggris Victoria dan terakhir hingga kelahiran kembali Olimpiade

12. oleh Baron Pierre de Coubertin
Namun, ada perbedaan yang lebih dalam dan lebih menarik secara filosofis.
Di Barat (dan karenanya di Jurnal Filsafat Olahraga) Ada kecenderungan untuk
mendominasi satu tradisi filosofis: filsafat analitis. Hal ini tidak memungkiri
bahwa filosofi Kontinental belum mengembangkan literatur filosofis olahraga.
Memang label itu sendiri, seperti yang pernah dicatat Bernard Williams, 4 agak
menyesatkan - dan keduanya, sebagai tradisi filsafat Barat, tidak
memperhitungkan filsafat Timur, yang di Jepang secara khusus telah
melahirkan sejumlah besarliteratur filsafat olahraga. Mengingat penelitian
filosofis selalu dan di mana-mana secara internal terkait dengan ekspresi ide,
idiom ekspresi itu agak membentuk batas-batas dari apa yang dapat dikatakan.
Berbeda dengan ilmu biomedis olahraga yang mewakili bahasa yang hampir
universal bertempat di rasionalitas teknis ('metode' ilmiah) filsuf yang bekerja
dalam tradisi Kontinental sebagian besar telah mengembangkan penelitian
dalam bidang eksistensialisme, hermeneutika, ontologi dan fenomenologi.
Meskipun label 'Kontinental' sendiri didorong oleh pertimbangan geografis
(karya yang berasal dari komunitas sarjana di Prancis, Jerman dan Eropa
Kontinental), orang menemukan filsuf olahraga di seluruh dunia yang
memanfaatkan tradisi tersebut. Begitu pula dengan filsafat analitis, meskipun
tradisi dominan dalam tradisi Anglo-Amerika
Filsafat Barat, menyesatkan dalam arti bahwa beberapa pendiri memang
berasal dari Eropa Kontinental. Gambar perbedaan untuk mewakili pengalaman
kita di dunia, bagaimanapun, adalah umum untuk semua sekolah atau tradisi
usaha filosofis dan olahraga filosofis. Filsafat analitis telah muncul sebagai
penyelidikan konseptual yang pada dasarnya tujuannya adalah dasar. Hal
ini sering terekam dalam pernyataan Locke yang terkenal tentang karya
filosofis yang mirip dengan seorang bawahan yang bekerja di taman
pengetahuan. Sebagai aktivitas tingkat kedua, tujuan utamanya adalah untuk
memberikan dasar yang aman bagi disiplin ilmu lain dengan mengartikulasikan
geografi konseptual mereka. Keunggulannya ditangkap oleh desakan bahwa
pekerjaan konseptual mendahului semua penyelidikan empiris yang tepat. Para
eksponennya diperlengkapi dengan alat analisis untuk membedah konsep untuk
kriteria konstituen, menggambar perbedaan konseptual dengan tata bahasa logis
mereka dan mencari perbedaan mendetail dalam pekerjaan mereka. Disiplin
filsafat direduksi di beberapa bagian menjadi perincian penggunaan linguistik
biasa dan kondisi yang diperlukan dan mencukupi untuk mendeteksi makna
yang tepat dari konsep-konsep yang harus dioperasikan orang lain dengan dan
di antaranya. Terlepas dari arah 'baru' ini, tetap ada rasa kesinambungan yang
kuat di sini dengan masa lalu kuno. Filsufi seperti Plato dan Aristoteles juga
prihatin dengan menandai perbedaan, membawa kejelasan di mana sebelumnya
ada kebingungan atau, lebih buruk, persetujuan yang masuk akal.
Akan adil untuk mengatakan bahwa dalam etika olahraga, keilmuan
deontologis telah berkembang, mengambil pimpinan dari penelitian Warren
Fraleigh. Perbuatan Benar dalam Olahraga ( 1984) yang mengartikulasikan
tugas kontestan atletik dan pelatih. Selama tahun 1990-an, tulisan-tulisan yang
lebih eklektik muncul. Terinspirasi oleh tulisan MacIntyre di Setelah

13. Kebajikan, banyak filsuf yang memahami olahraga sebagai praktik sosial dan
menjauh dari akun analitis ahistoris / asosial tentang unsur-unsur permainan dan
olahraga. Dan mereka sering berpindah dari catatan deontologis etika olahraga -
terutama dalam hal konstruksi teori fair play - ke dalam catatan teori kebajikan
tentang olahraga dan oleh karena itu dari etika olahraga. Pada saat ini
pasti ada ekspansi global dari etika terapan dan waktu penerbitan Etika dan
Olahraga ( 1998) yang saya edit dengan Jim Parry memang tepat. Di Inggris,
setidaknya, buku tersebut menyajikan berbagai macam topik dan
pendekatan filosofis, yang membantu menelurkan kursus baru di tingkat sarjana
dan pascasarjana. Secara kritis, ini juga menimbulkan sejumlah janji
profesional baru di universitas di Inggris dan di tempat lain. Keberhasilannya
juga melihat peluncuran seri buku dengan Routledge yang terdiri dari 12
volume mulai dari eksplorasi hiper-komodifikasi olahraga hingga investigasi
cedera, rasa sakit, dan risiko, eksploitasi seksual, etika genetika,
dan etika penelitian di bidang olahraga. Olahraga, Etika dan Filsafat adalah
perpanjangan alami dari keilmuan itu di bidang filsafat olahraga secara umum,
dan etika olahraga secara lebih spesifik.

14. BAB III
KESIMPULAN dan SARAN
3.1. KESIMPULAN
Mungkin pembaca tersadar bahwa judul jurnal itu sendiri
mengungkapkan ketegangan konseptual. Sementara kemunculan etika olahraga
sebagai bidang keilmuan telah berkembang secara signifikan dalam decade
terakhir, penting untuk tidak dipisahkan dari tambatan filosofisnya. Seperti
halnya masalah etika tidak ada dalam kekosongan konseptual, begitu pula etika
olahraga mendapat manfaat dari perspektif yang lebih luas dalam ontologi,
filosofi tubuh atau diskusi filosofis tentang ekonomi dan politik praktik
olahraga dan sebagainya. Tetapi nilai dari hubungan ini tidak hanya bersifat
instrumental. Melihat dan menetapkan masalah etika dalam wilayah filosofis
yang lebih luas adalah tujuan yang layak dikejar demi kepentingannya sendiri.
Inti dari judul jurnal ini adalah untuk menunjukkan bahwa bidang tertentu dari
etika olahraga akan menjadi konstituen yang dominan dalam beasiswa tetapi
tidak secara eksklusif: cabang lain dari filosofi olahraga yang telah berkembang
selama 30 tahun terakhir ini disambut dengan hangat. terlalu. Sampai saat ini
sangat sedikit filosofi dalam kaitannya dengan olahraga dari perspektif
ontologis dalam filosofi olahraga Anglo-Amerika. Demikian pula, sangat
sedikit pekerjaan dalam epistemologi atau filosofi tindakan yang dapat
dibayangkan
3.2. SARAN
Sebagai penulis saya menyadari bahwa masih banyak kekurangan di dalam
makalah ini. Untuk kedepannya penulis akan menjelaskan secara detail dari
sumber yang lebih banyak.
LINK SLIDE SHARE

15. DAFTAR PUSTAKA
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17511320601173329