Makalah Review Jurnal Internasional

1. MAKALAH REVIEW
CRITICAL PHILOSOPHY OF SPORT
Dosen Pengampu :
Dr. Made Pramono, S.S. M.Hum.
Disusun Oleh :
Julia Prasanti Putri Utami
NIM. 20060484037
Kelas 2020B
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA
FAKULTAS ILMU OLAHRAGA
JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN KESEHATAN DAN REKREASI
2020/2021

2. KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah memberikan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya
sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan tugas makalah yang berjudul Critical philosophy
of sport ini tepat pada waktunya.
Adapun tujuan dari penulisan dari makalah ini adalah untuk memenuhi tugas pada
mata kuliah filsafat dan sejarah olahraga. Selain itu, makalah ini juga bertujuan
untuk menambah wawasan tentang Critical philosophy of sport bagi para pembaca
dan juga bagi penulis
Saya mengucapkan terimakasih kepada bapak Dr. Made Pramono, S.S. M.Hum.
selaku dosen mata kuliah filsafat dan sejarah olahraga yang telah memberikan tugas
ini sehingga dapat menambah pengetahuan dan wawasan
Saya juga mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah membagi
sebagian pengetahuannya sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini.
Saya menyadari, makalah yang saya tulis ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna. Oleh
karena itu, kritik dan saran yang membangun akan saya nantikan demi
kesempurnaan makalah ini.
Surabaya, 17 Maret 2021
Julia Prasanti Putri Utami

3. DAFTAR ISI
KATA PENGANTAR…………………………………………………...i
DAFTAR ISI…………………………………………………………….ii
BAB 1……………………………………………………………………4
JURNAL…………………………………………………………………4
BAB 2……………………………………………………………………11
REVIEW JURNAL……………………………………………………...11
BAB 3……………………………………………………………………13
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN…………………………………………13
LINK SLIDE SHARE…………………………………………………..13
DAFTAR PUSTAKA…………………………………………………...14

4. BAB I
JURNAL
Educational Philosophy and Theory
ISSN: 0013-1857 (Print) 1469-5812 (Online) Journal
homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rept20
Critical philosophy of sport
Michael A. Peters
To cite this article: Michael A. Peters (2020) Critical
philosophy of sport, Educational Philosophy and
Theory, 52:8, 805-810, DOI:
10.1080/00131857.2019.1662296
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2019.1662296
EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND THEORY
2020, VOL. 52, NO. 8, 805–810
https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2019.1662296
EDITORIAL
Critical philosophy of sport

5. http://www.greece-is.com/athletic-glory-shadow-zeus/
Ancient origins
While the origins of philosophy of sport go back to ancient Greece and the very
beginnings of Western philosophy, it is only recently experiencing a revival as an academic
field. Ancient Greek athletic ideals were clearly highlighted in the Olympics and went to the
heart of what of what constituted an education that involved a synthesis of body, mind and
spirit. An emphasis of the disciplined and healthy body was also fundamental and integral to
Greek drama, music, dance and poetry as performance which was seen as having a beneficial
effect on mind and body. Other bodily arts as diverse as making pottery, building
and the arts of the military required both an esthetics and an emphasis understanding the
body and its functioning. Athletic training was part of military training and was linked
to various demonstrations, competitions, and games, supporting the view that sport
is essentially a form of competition and play. In the Minoan and Mycenean Civilizations
dating from 2000 BCE acrobats in bull leaping, boxing, running, discus and javelin
throwing, archery, wrestling and chariot-racing were depicted in palace frescoes and on
© 2019 Philosophy of Education Society of Australasia

6. pottery vases.1
The Pentathlon, a contest of five events, and the Pankration, a combination
of wrestling and boxing, were both part of the ancient Olympics and have been revived in
the modern context.
The first Olympic Games held in 776 BC (estimated) based on the idea of peaceful meetings
between rival powers emphasized sport as a form of competition and entertainment but also
the confirmation of an educational ideal. The Games were held at Olympia but also at Delphi,
Isthmus and Nemea. Sport was an integral aspect of Greek life and indicated an educational
ideal of excellence (arete) of the mind and body.
The word ‘sport’ did not appear until the mid-Eighteenth century. Dr Johnson records
Shakespearean usage of the word (Richard III) to mean ‘divert, frolic, game trifle’ in his A
Dictionary of the English Language2
alongside a myriad of other uses. The word in English was
used as a verb in late Middle English to mean ‘past-time’ or ‘entertainment’ – a shortening of
‘disport’, anOldFrenchword(desporter, deporterc. 1400)tomean‘divert, amuse, please, play; to
seek amusement,’ literally‘carry away’ (themindfrom serious matters). Intheearly fifteenthcen-
tury the word consolidated around theconcept of‘relaxation’ and ‘game’ and became preserved
in phrases such as ‘in sport’ meaning ‘in jest’. The notion of ‘game involving physical exercise
was first recorded in the 1520s. ‘Sport’ meaning ‘good fellow’ is recorded in 1881.3
This early modernusageinEnglishandFrenchreallydiffers considerablefromtheAncientGreek
usage that revolved around athletics that philosophically involved the pursuit of excellence(arete),
thevirtuous lifeas moderation(sophrosyne),thesignificanceofpower(dynamis)toacceptphysical
or bodily limitations and improve one’s body through athletic discipline (askesis), the notion of play
(paidia), and the all prevailing concept of kalokagathia meaning the ‘beautiful and the good’
(Dombrowski,2009).This wasaphilosophythatincludedgirlsoryoungunmarriedwomeninSparta.
There has been a rekindling of interest in contemporary philosophy of sport following the
publication of Paul Weiss’(1969) book Sport: A Philosophical Inquiry that investigated primarily
athletics in terms of the universal culture of games as a ‘traditionalized set of rules to be exem-
plified by men who try to be excellent in and through their bodies’ (p. 143). Bemoaning the lack
of philosophical resources and the fact that none of the great philosophers gave sport anything
more than a passing reference Weiss (1969) embarks on his study with the following remark:
The present study makes but a beginning in a new enterprise, the examination of sport in terms of
principles w hich are to be at once revelatory of the nature of sport and pertinent to other fields—indeed,
to the w hole of things and know ledge. The result is a w ork on philosophy, and not in sport. It is a w ork in
philosophy just as philosophy of history or a philosophy of art is a w orkin philosophy and not in history or
in art (p. viii).
He goes on to investigatethe concern forexcellence, the attractionof athletics,the challenge
of the body, dedicated men, the equipped body, health, the athlete in action with an emphasis
on speedendurance, strength, accuracy, andcoordination, play, sport andgame, winning, ama-
teurs and professionals, women athletes and the standardization of sport. He writes:
Sport does not interest only the young; it interests almost everyone. The fact compels a pause. Why are so
many deeply involved, so caught up emotionally in athletic events? Are they in the grip of some basic
drive? Do they only express some accidentally acquired culturalhabit of admiration for successful violence?
Are they really interested in perfection? Does it give them a special kind of pleasure? (p. 4)
These are the questions that motivate Weiss to attempt a philosophical analysis of
athletics (rather than sport) and he castigates philosophy for not having been interested in such
a ‘low-grade’ and popular past time but more oriented to the lofty, genteel and respectable.
This is a good point and indicates a philosophical blind-spot and bias in the western tradition
1
http://pijet.com/2007/04/04/olympic-games/
2
https://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/search-johnsons-dictionary/?SearchValue=sport
3
https://www.etymonline.com/word/sport

7. that avoids what is seento be routine, trivial or leisure-basedfor ordinary people (thearistocratic
assumption).
Since the publication of Weiss’ (1969) book the field of philosophy of sport has experience a
renewal in the twenty-first century. Drew Hyland (1998) wrote the entry on philosophy of sport
for the RoutledgeEncyclopedia of Philosophysuggesting that as aseparateareaof philosophy it
really is a product of the late twentieth century focusing on ‘sport and ethics, questions concern-
ing sport and society, the issue of self-knowledge in sport, the mind–body problem as it relates
to sport, sport and art, and the controversy over the possibility of defining certain key terms
within sport, such as sport, game, play and athletics.’ He indicates that there are several major
debates within the theme of sport and society including whether sport teaches values and if so
are they desirable; the way in which society problems like racism are manifest in sport; and the
athlete as cultural hero. A major topic revolves around sport and the psychology, spiritual and
ethics of self-knowledge which also impinges on the mind-body problem.4
The International Association for the Philosophy of Sport (IAPS, https://iaps.net/) was estab-
lishedin 1972 changingits namein 1999 ‘tostimulate, encourage, andpromotestudy, research,
and writing in the philosophy of sporting (and related) activity; to demonstrate the relevance of
philosophic thought concerning sport to matters of professional concern’ among other things.
The Journal of the Philosophy of Sport (Taylor & Francis) dates from 1974 with two-three issues
per yearandrecent special issuesonEmotions inSport andGames,Teamwork andAestheticsin
Sport. Sports, Ethics and Philosophy the journal of the British Philosophy of Sport Association
focuses on ‘applied philosophy that engage with issues or practice, policy and scholarship con-
cerning the nature and values of sports’ (https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rsep20). It was estab-
lished in 2007 with three issues per year and recent special issues on Sport and Spirituality,
Sports, Ethics and Neurophilosophy, Skill, Knowledge and Expertise, Sport and Play in a Digital
World, TheAestheticsofFootball.5
TheJournal forthePhilosophyof Sport andPhysical Education
is a Japanese journal of two issues per year dating back to 1979.
StevenConnor’s (2011)A PhilosophyofSportraisesafreshphilosophicalquestionsconcerning
why humans play sport, invent games and whether playing sport is ethical, creative or a form of
violence. He considers the materiality of sport, its embeddedness in the objects we use to play;
and the generic placeof rules, chance, cheatingandwinning. David Papineau’s (2019) Knowing
the Score: What Sports Can Teach Us About Philosophy (And What Philosophy Can Teach Us About
Sports) are two recent books, among many, that demonstrates the field is flourishing.6
There is
less concern about how one should think the ‘philosophy of sport’ with greater attention to its
form and how best to write about it in reflective terms.
There was a practical interest in the nineteenth century in physical education and the link to
questions of health, competition, teamwork and leadership (Zeigler, 1979). Physical education
has always beena strong part of sport andsport pedagogy and philosophy. StevenStolz (2014)
writes: ‘The discipline area of physical education has historically struggled for legitimacy, some-
times being seen as a non-serious pursuit in educational terms compared to other subjects
within the school curriculum.’ He argues in a book, the first of its kind in thirty years, that ‘rather
than relegating the body to “un-thinking” learning, a person’s essential being is not confined to
their rationality but involves an embodied dimension.’ And he ‘traces the changing conceptions
of the body, in philosophy and theology, that have influenced our understanding of physical
education and sport, and investigates the important role that embodiment and movement play
4
See also https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/system/files/philosophy_ethics_sport.pdf which provides a brief introduction to the
philosophy and ethics of sport and an annotated bibliography.
5
See McNamee (2007) editorial on the history of the journal.
6
See also David Papineau (2019), interviewed by Nigel Warburton, https://fivebooks.com/best-books/david-papineau-
philosophy-sport/, on five most important books on the philosophy of sport.

8. in learningabout, through and in physical education.’Hedefends physical educationas aneces-
sary part of the education of the whole person.
The philosophy of sport has strong connections and overlaps also with sociology of sport.
The World Congress of Sociology held their 2019 meeting on the sociology of sport at Otago
University, New Zealand recently, recognizing that the field is
facing unprecedented challenges not only over funding and resources, but also in terms of its legitimacy
and relevance. Within the context of neoliberalism in general, and the corporatisation of university
education in particular, there has been a slow but steady marginalisation of sociology of sport as a field of
academic study.
https://w w w .otago.ac.nz/issa-2019/index.html.
There has been huge growth in interest in ‘sport’ the global economy and as a focus of schol-
arly enquiry. The programme notes: ‘Both state and private interests are increasingly aware of
sports’ strategic locationat theintersection ofkey sectors ofsociety including: education,health,
business and tourism/nation branding.’ And there is a recognition that there is wide interest in
sport from across the social sciences and humanities that together ‘are increasingly recognizing
the social significance of sport as a cultural form and practice’.7
Sport is such a complex subject that it requires multidisciplinary approaches which is in part
the remit for a critical philosophy of sport that can recognize sport as embedded within markets
where competition has a double aspect – winning (often at all costs) means economic viability
and global ascendency.
Critical philosophy of sport
A landmark collection offour volumes by R. Scott KretchmarandPeterHopsicker(2015)entitled
Philosophyof Sport: critical conceptsinsportsstudiesisacompilationofarticles that addressfirst,
the philosophy of games, play, and sport (Vol. 1); ethics in sport (Vol. 2), sport and its contribu-
tion to axiology and the good life (Vol. 3), and knowledge gained through sport and its potential
for education (Vol. 4). These are largely a selection of essays taken from back issues of the
Journal of the Philosophy of Sport and Sports, Ethics and Philosophy.
Yet there is something more required by contemporary philosophy of sport that in this essay
we term ‘critical’ which avoids the universal to emphasize by contrast history and political econ-
omy and is turned toward investigating questions of power, economy and philosophy in issues
such as:
● the rise of professionalism and the loss of amateur codes
● the growth and influence of new sports
● the influence of technology in sports measurement
● the rise of women’s professional sport
● women’s participation in sport
● national strategies and funding of sports organizations
● internationalization and ‘world cups’
● the privatization and commercialization of sport
● sports contractual law
● the rise of sports science and medicine
● the rise of sports psychology and management
● sports coaching and organization
● the history and philosophy of sport organization and training in schools
7
https://www.otago.ac.nz/issa-2019/scientific-programme/

9. ● media franchises and representations of sport
● the global commercialization of sport
In this configuration of themes there is room for the consideration of issues to do with sub-
jectivity and sport focused on ‘personal growth’, identity, gender and sexuality (transsexuality
and gender competition), paralympian sports, and themes to do with national identity and mass
spectator sports. The question of identity in terms of membership of club sports and sporting
allegiances in general is a critical question. My guess is that many citizens think of themselves,
for example, as a member of Manchester United than being British or English. In addition, the
issue of the rise of national and international sports administration and law, especially focused
on performance-enhanced sport through illegal substances are interesting questions, and the
analysis ofnationally sponsoredsportsteamsandsports trainingandeducationis auseful study.
In this context some attention might be paid to the global sports economy – its scope, its
investment patterns, and returns to the nation, club and community. This might also include an
analysis of sport grants and state aid by national sport organizations, the infrastructure of sports
clubs, and the role of sport in relation to recreation and entertainment. Sport has a huge role in
branding and sport broadcasting as well as sponsorship of all major sports products. The reve-
nues of football clubs and the world’s highest paid footballers stretch into the hundreds of bil-
lions of dollars with individual footballers attaining many millions of dollars (Kennedy, 2012).
Whenwe takeintoaccount professional sports likefootball, basketball, baseball,racecars, grid-
iron football, rugby, cycling, tennis, golf etc. and sport tourism and media the issue of political
economy of sport becomes central to the emerging economy of sport, to promotional culture,
to questions of national identity and patriotism, and to performance culture. Philosophy of sport
cannot ignore these issues or how they impinge of the broader conception of sport. In other
words, sports today cannot be separated from the capitalist market system for its contemporary
form is determined by it and there is little chance that it is going to change any day soon.
In a major sense in terms of political economy sport has contributed to globalization, (consti-
tutes a certain kind of globalization), and to the development of national, regional and local
identities in the postcolonial and global age. In a word, they contribute to a global sports culture
and economy driven by the global sports event (Nauright, 2004) even though there is little guid-
ance on the role of organized sport in society or its commercial exploitation (Szymanski, 2000).
The sports industry has been calculated to be the sixth biggest in the US and 22nd biggest in
the world (Allison 2006, p. 5). An A.T. Kearney report suggests that the global sports industry is
between $480-620 US billion.8
Lincoln Allison (2006) suggests there are two ‘exceptionalisms’
that characterize the political economy of sport: ‘The first is that the process of its establishment
modern sport [in Britain] was located in neither the commercial nor the state sector, but some-
where else: in “civil society” or the “voluntary sector”’. He continues:
The social and economic elites w ho established modern sport – w hose selection of athletic events still
dominates global track and field athletics, for example – made a strong assumption in favour of the
exclusion of the state sector and show ed a strong determination to exclude the commercial sector (p. 3).
He focuses on the peculiar relationshipbetween theglobal and the international in sport arguing:
It has often beenargued thatthereare fewer obstaclesto globalisation and borderlessnessin sport than in any
other field. Sport in generaland some sports in particular– most notably trackand field and soccer – have a
universalproject and appealThere arefewerobstaclesin the formof ideological and linguistic barriers in the
labour market and the image market to the progress of this project than in any other field (p. 4).
These questions of economy and political economy flow over into the sociology, anthropol-
ogy, media and philosophy of sport. Sport is a leading sector of the global economy where one
8
https://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/6f46b880-f8d1-4909-9960-cc605bb1ff34

10. global sporting event can lead to the building of sport infrastructure and can contribute
to national and international ‘spread effects’. It constitutes the philosophical framework
within which sport in now defined and also how it contributes to the growing globality and
interconnectedness of the world.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest w as reported by the author.
References
Allison, L. (2006). The PoliticalEconomy of Sport:Conceptual Problems and RegulatoryDilemmas, Paper presented
to Workshop 16, “Sport, Politics and Public Policy”, at the European Consortium for Political Research Joint
Sessions of Workshops, Nicosia, Cyprus, 25–30April, 2006, https://ecpr.eu/Filestore/PaperProposal/d68d4f5b-
42c5-42c9-af34-23e6e286c6fd.pdf
Dombrow ski, D. (2009). Contemporaryathletics and Ancient Greekideals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hyland, D. A.(1998). Sport,philosophyof,Routledgeencyclopediaofphilosophy. TaylorandFrancis.Retrieved from
https://w w w .rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/sport-philosophy-of/v-1.
Kennedy, P. (2012). The football industry and the capitalist political economy: A square peg in a round hole?
Critique, 40(1), 73–94. doi:10.1080/00111619.2011.640066
Scott Kretchmar, R., & Hopsicker, P. M. (Eds.). (2015). Philosophy of sport: Critical concepts in sports studies
(4 volumes). London: Routledge.
McNamee, M. (2007). Sport, ethics and philosophy; context, history, prospects. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy,
1(1), 1–6. doi:10.1080/17511320601173329
Nauright, J. (2004). Global games: Culture, political economy and sport in the globalised w orld of the 21st century.
Third World Quarterly, 25(7), 1325–1336. doi:10.1080/014365904200281302
Stolz, S. (2014). The philosophyof physical education: A new perspective. London: Routledge.
Szymanski, S. (2000). The political economy of sport (Vol. 1(2), pp. 101–109). London, UK: World Economics.
Weiss, P. (1969). Sport: A philosophicinquiry. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
Zeigler, E. (1979). (Ed.) Historyof physical education and sport. Englew ood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Michael A. Peters
Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
mpeters@bnu.edu.cn

11. BAB II
REVIEW JURNAL
Judul : Critical philosophy of sport
Pengarang : Michael A. Peters
Nama Jurnal : Educational Philosophy and Theory
Volume, Issue, Tahun, Halaman : EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND
THEORY 2020, VOL. 52, NO. 8, 805–810
Tujuan Penelitian : Filsafat Olahraga
Asal mula filosofi olahraga berasal dari Yunani kuno dan sangat permulaan
filsafat Barat, baru-baru ini mengalami kebangkitan sebagai akademisi bidang.
Cita-cita atletik Yunani kuno dengan jelas disorot di Olimpiade dan pergi ke inti
dari apa yang merupakan pendidikan yang melibatkan sintesis tubuh, pikiran dan
Roh. Penekanan dari disiplin dan tubuh yang sehat juga fundamental dan integral
Drama Yunani, musik, tari dan puisi sebagai pertunjukan yang dipandang memiliki
manfaat berpengaruh pada pikiran dan tubuh.
Olahraga merupakan aspek integral dari kehidupan Yunani dan
menunjukkan pendidikan ideal of excellence (arete) dari pikiran dan tubuh.
Kata 'olahraga' tidak muncul sampai pertengahan abad ke-18. Pada awal abad
kelima belas kata tersebut dikonsolidasikan di sekitar konsep 'relaksasi' dan
'permainan' dan menjadi dipertahankan dalam frasa seperti 'dalam olahraga' yang
berarti 'bercanda'. Gagasan tentang 'permainan yang melibatkan latihan fisik
pertama kali direkam pada tahun 1520-an. 'Olahraga' yang berarti 'orang yang baik'
dicatat pada tahun 1881. Meratapi kekurangan sumber daya filosofis dan fakta
bahwa tidak ada filsuf besar yang memberi olahraga apa pun lebih dari referensi
yang lewat Weiss (1969) memulai studinya dengan pernyataan berikut:
Penelitian ini membuat awal dari sebuah perusahaan baru, pengujian olahraga
dalam istilah prinsip-prinsip yang sekaligus mengungkapkan sifat olahraga dan
berkaitan dengan bidang lain — memang, untuk semua hal dan pengetahuan.
Hasilnya adalah karya filosofi, dan bukan olahraga. Ini adalah pekerjaan Filsafat
seperti halnya filsafat sejarah atau filsafat seni adalah suatu karya dalam filsafat
dan bukan dalam sejarah atau dalam seni (hal. viii).
Dia melanjutkan dengan menyelidiki perhatian pada keunggulan, daya tarik
atletik, tantangan tubuh, pria yang berdedikasi, tubuh yang diperlengkapi,
kesehatan, atlet yang beraksi dengan penekanan tentang ketahanan kecepatan,
kekuatan, akurasi, dan koordinasi, permainan, olahraga dan permainan,
kemenangan, amatir dan profesional, atlet wanita dan standardisasi olahraga. Dia
menulis:
Olahraga tidak hanya menarik minat kaum muda; itu menarik minat hampir semua
orang. Faktanya memaksa untuk berhenti sejenak. Kenapa begitu
banyak yang terlibat secara mendalam, sehingga terjebak secara emosional dalam
acara atletik? Apakah mereka dalam cengkeraman beberapa dasar

12. mendorong? Apakah mereka hanya mengungkapkan beberapa kebiasaan budaya
yang diperoleh secara tidak sengaja untuk mengagumi kekerasan yang berhasil?
Apakah mereka benar-benar tertarik pada kesempurnaan? Apakah itu memberi
mereka kesenangan khusus? (hal. 4)
Ini adalah pertanyaan yang memotivasi Weiss untuk mencoba melakukan analisis
filosofis atletik (bukan olahraga) dan dia menghina filosofi karena tidak tertarik
pada hal itu yang 'bermutu rendah' dan masa lalu yang populer tetapi lebih
berorientasi pada yang luhur, sopan dan terhormat.
Dalam konfigurasi tema ini ada ruang untuk pertimbangan masalah yang
berkaitan dengan subjektivitas dan olahraga yang berfokus pada 'pertumbuhan
pribadi', identitas, jenis kelamin, dan seksualitas (transeksualitas dan kompetisi
gender), olahraga paralimpia, dan tema yang berkaitan dengan identitas dan massa
nasional penonton olahraga. Soal identitas dalam hal keanggotaan klub olah raga
dan olah raga kesetiaan secara umum adalah pertanyaan kritis. Dugaan saya adalah
banyak warga yang memikirkan diri mereka sendiri, misalnya, sebagai anggota
Manchester United daripada menjadi orang Inggris atau Inggris. Selain itu, masalah
munculnya administrasi dan hukum olahraga nasional dan internasional, terutama
terfokus

13. BAB III
KESIMPULAN dan DASAR
3.1. KESIMPULAN
Dalam konteks ini beberapa perhatian mungkin diberikan pada ekonomi
olahraga global - cakupannya, nya pola investasi, dan pengembalian ke negara,
klub dan komunitas. Ini mungkin juga termasuk file analisis hibah olahraga dan
bantuan negara oleh organisasi olahraga nasional, infrastruktur olahraga klub, dan
peran olahraga dalam kaitannya dengan rekreasi dan hiburan. Olahraga memiliki
peran yang sangat besar pencitraan merek dan siaran olahraga serta mensponsori
semua produk olahraga utama. Pendapatan klub sepak bola dan pesepakbola
dengan bayaran tertinggi di dunia mencapai ratusan miliar dolar dengan pemain
individu mencapai jutaan dolar (Kennedy, 2012). Ketika kita memperhitungkan
olahraga profesional seperti sepak bola, bola basket, bisbol, mobil balap, lapangan
hijau sepak bola, rugby, bersepeda, tenis, golf dll dan sport tourism dan media isu
politik ekonomi olahraga menjadi pusat dari ekonomi olahraga yang sedang
berkembang, untuk budaya promosi, untuk pertanyaan tentang identitas nasional
dan patriotisme, dan budaya pertunjukan. Filsafat olahraga tidak dapat
mengabaikan masalah-masalah ini atau bagaimana mereka melanggar konsepsi
olahraga yang lebih luas. Di lain Dengan kata lain, olahraga saat ini tidak lepas dari
sistem pasar kapitalis untuk masa kini bentuk ditentukan olehnya dan kecil
kemungkinannya akan berubah dalam waktu dekat.
Pertanyaan-pertanyaan ekonomi dan ekonomi politik ini mengalir ke dalam
sosiologi, antropologi, media dan filosofi olahraga. Olahraga adalah sector
unggulan ekonomi global di mana satu acara olahraga global dapat mengarah pada
pembangunan infrastruktur olahraga dan dapat berkontribusi untuk 'efek
penyebaran' nasional dan internasional. Itu merupakan kerangka filosofis di mana
olahraga sekarang didefinisikan dan juga bagaimana kontribusinya terhadap
pertumbuhan global dan keterkaitan dunia
3.2. SARAN
Sebagai penulis saya menyadari bahwa masih banyak kekurangan di dalam
makalah ini. Untuk kedepannya penulis akan menjelaskan secara detail dari sumber
yang lebih banyak.
LINK SLIDE SHARE

14. DAFTAR PUSTAKA
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00131857.2019.1662296