The document discusses magnetospheres, which are regions of space surrounding astronomical objects where charged particles are affected by the object's magnetic field. It provides details about how magnetospheres form, requiring a large molten core rich in metals and a high rotation rate. Specifically: - Earth has a liquid outer core that, combined with the planet's rotation via the Coriolis effect, causes spinning in core materials that produces Earth's magnetic field. - The melting of Earth's outer core is caused by heat from formation, radioactive decay, and gravitational contraction, keeping it molten while the inner core solidifies. - A magnetosphere plays an important role in protecting life on Earth by helping form and maintain the

1. magnetosphere 1
ALI HAIDER
2018-AG-873
Class: M.Sc. 2nd sem. Morning (b)
Course: Chem. 609 (environmental chem.)
…..
MAGNETOSPHERE

2. A magnetosphere is a region of space surrounding an astronomical object in
which charged particles are manipulated or affected by that object's magnetic field.
magnetosphere 2
MAGNETOSPHERE
FORMATION
A planet must have
Large molten core
Core rich with metals
High rotation rate
Object Core
phase
Metallic
core
Rotation Magnetic
field
Earth liquid present enough high
Moon solid present no no
Mars solid present no no

3. Core of the Earth
Inner core
• About 90% iron
• Nickel
• 5% silicon (new research)
• light metals
• In solidified form
magnetosphere 3
Melting of outer core
 Heat of formation
 Radio active decay
 Gravitational contraction
(33,00,000-36,00,00 Pa)
Outer core
• Iron-nickel alloy (about 46%)
• 3.7% oxygen
• 1.9% silicon
• Radioactive isotopes
• In Molten form
Iron + nickel (Alloy) FeNi or NiFe
Metals + High core temp. Cations + electrons

4. Rotation of the outer core
Thermal movements- convection currents
(dynamo effect)
 Outer core temp. 6000֯ C
 Inner core temp. 3700 ֯ C
 At least temp. difference of 2700 centigrade is
necessary for convection currents
Earth spin- Coriolis effect.
magnetosphere 4
The movement of outer core combined
with the earth spin cause a spin In the
outer core materials produce a
magnetic field.

5. SIGNIFICANT ROLE
Formation of life supporting Atmosphere
Animals navigate during migrations
Navigation
compass
Keeps earth safe
from
Geo storms Solar winds
Electrons
Protons
Alpha particles
Cosmic rays(high
energy)
Protons
Atomic nuclei
Black hole
emission
Hawking radiations Gamma rays
magnetosphere 5
Aurora

6. magnetosphere 6
Magnetosphere deflecting the solar wind

7. THANK YOU!
magnetosphere 7