This document proposes a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) jet engine called a "Magnetojet". It would replace the turbine stage of a conventional jet engine with an MHD duct to power an electrically-controlled compressor. This avoids material limitations of turbine blades and reduces costs. The Magnetojet would consist of a compressor, laser combustor to heat gases to 3000K to create a plasma, and MHD duct to convert kinetic energy to electricity without rotating parts. This allows higher temperatures and improved propulsive efficiency over conventional jet engines. Equations are provided to analyze the thermodynamic cycles and performance of an idealized Magnetojet system.
This document provides an overview of propulsion systems. It discusses different types of propulsion including liquid, solid, electric propulsion and others. It also covers key concepts in propulsion performance including specific impulse, thrust, nozzle design and equations. The document uses examples and diagrams to illustrate concepts in propulsion systems and their applications in launch vehicles and spacecraft.
Impact of solar radiation and temperature levels on the variation of the seri...eSAT Journals
Abstract It is well-known that the efficiency of silicon-based photovoltaic modules decreases with temperature. This paper discusses the
variation of series and shunt resistances of PV modules with temperature which affect their efficiencies. A tool, “MY PV TOOL”,
has been developed to help in simulating the variations of series and shunt resistances for different levels of solar radiation and
temperature using experimental measurements as well as theoretical equations of the PV module.
Keywords: Solar Radiation, Solar Temperature, Shunt Resistors, Photovoltaic Modules
Artigo que descreve o trabalho feito com o Chandra nos aglomerados de galáxias de Perseus e Virgo sobre a descoberta de uma turbulência cósmica que impede a formação de novas estrelas.
The document analyzes the effect of vibration on the performance of a PEM fuel cell. It performs a modal analysis to determine natural frequencies below 1kHz. Harmonic analysis at 4g acceleration for 1 hour shows maximum deformations. Accounting for bolt loosening due to vibrations changes contact pressure profiles. Estimates include a hydrogen leakage rate of 0.16778 L/hr due to vibrations at resonance frequencies. The study provides a framework to evaluate fuel cell design for mobile applications operating in vibration environments.
A photomultiplier high voltage power supply irtcorporating a ceramic transfor...Love Kiss
This document describes a photomultiplier high-voltage power supply that uses a ceramic transformer driven by frequency modulation to generate high voltage. It provides high voltage from 1500 to 2500 V at a 20 MΩ load for a photomultiplier. The power supply incorporates a ceramic transformer that utilizes the piezoelectric effect to generate high voltage without magnetic materials, allowing it to operate in strong magnetic fields. Feedback is used to stabilize the output voltage by sensing deviations from a reference voltage and adjusting the oscillator frequency accordingly. The power supply efficiently produces a stable high voltage for photomultipliers even in strong magnetic fields.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document presents a dynamic model and control strategy for a grid-connected hybrid wind and photovoltaic (PV) power generation system. It describes models for the key system components, including a variable speed wind turbine with permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), PV array, and power conditioning system. The power conditioning system uses boost converters to regulate the DC link voltage from the wind and PV sources. A voltage source inverter and PQ controller are used to interface the hybrid system and deliver power to the grid while maintaining a stable common DC bus voltage. Simulation results show the feasibility of the proposed hybrid power system for distributed energy applications.
This document proposes a load optimization algorithm to complement nested-loop extremum seeking control (NLESC) for wind farm energy optimization. The algorithm formulates an objective function for the NLESC that incorporates structural load variations as penalties, allowing it to find the optimal power output while mitigating excessive loads. Simulation results show the new algorithm reduces peak loads by up to 25% under steady wind and reduces fatigue and mean loads by up to 20% and 15% respectively under turbulent wind, while preserving power output. The paper aims to study the stability and effectiveness of the controller under increasing turbulence.
11.the modeling and dynamic characteristics of a variable speed wind turbineAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the modeling and dynamic characteristics of a variable speed wind turbine. It begins by introducing the functional structure of a wind energy conversion system, comparing constant and variable speed wind turbines. It then explains in detail the modeling of a variable speed wind turbine with pitch control, simulating the turbine performance curves in MATLAB/Simulink. Key aspects covered include the inputs and outputs of a wind turbine, power extraction from wind, and the relationship between tip speed ratio and maximum power extraction.
This document provides an overview of propulsion systems. It discusses different types of propulsion including liquid, solid, electric propulsion and others. It also covers key concepts in propulsion performance including specific impulse, thrust, nozzle design and equations. The document uses examples and diagrams to illustrate concepts in propulsion systems and their applications in launch vehicles and spacecraft.
Impact of solar radiation and temperature levels on the variation of the seri...eSAT Journals
Abstract It is well-known that the efficiency of silicon-based photovoltaic modules decreases with temperature. This paper discusses the
variation of series and shunt resistances of PV modules with temperature which affect their efficiencies. A tool, “MY PV TOOL”,
has been developed to help in simulating the variations of series and shunt resistances for different levels of solar radiation and
temperature using experimental measurements as well as theoretical equations of the PV module.
Keywords: Solar Radiation, Solar Temperature, Shunt Resistors, Photovoltaic Modules
Artigo que descreve o trabalho feito com o Chandra nos aglomerados de galáxias de Perseus e Virgo sobre a descoberta de uma turbulência cósmica que impede a formação de novas estrelas.
The document analyzes the effect of vibration on the performance of a PEM fuel cell. It performs a modal analysis to determine natural frequencies below 1kHz. Harmonic analysis at 4g acceleration for 1 hour shows maximum deformations. Accounting for bolt loosening due to vibrations changes contact pressure profiles. Estimates include a hydrogen leakage rate of 0.16778 L/hr due to vibrations at resonance frequencies. The study provides a framework to evaluate fuel cell design for mobile applications operating in vibration environments.
A photomultiplier high voltage power supply irtcorporating a ceramic transfor...Love Kiss
This document describes a photomultiplier high-voltage power supply that uses a ceramic transformer driven by frequency modulation to generate high voltage. It provides high voltage from 1500 to 2500 V at a 20 MΩ load for a photomultiplier. The power supply incorporates a ceramic transformer that utilizes the piezoelectric effect to generate high voltage without magnetic materials, allowing it to operate in strong magnetic fields. Feedback is used to stabilize the output voltage by sensing deviations from a reference voltage and adjusting the oscillator frequency accordingly. The power supply efficiently produces a stable high voltage for photomultipliers even in strong magnetic fields.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document presents a dynamic model and control strategy for a grid-connected hybrid wind and photovoltaic (PV) power generation system. It describes models for the key system components, including a variable speed wind turbine with permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), PV array, and power conditioning system. The power conditioning system uses boost converters to regulate the DC link voltage from the wind and PV sources. A voltage source inverter and PQ controller are used to interface the hybrid system and deliver power to the grid while maintaining a stable common DC bus voltage. Simulation results show the feasibility of the proposed hybrid power system for distributed energy applications.
This document proposes a load optimization algorithm to complement nested-loop extremum seeking control (NLESC) for wind farm energy optimization. The algorithm formulates an objective function for the NLESC that incorporates structural load variations as penalties, allowing it to find the optimal power output while mitigating excessive loads. Simulation results show the new algorithm reduces peak loads by up to 25% under steady wind and reduces fatigue and mean loads by up to 20% and 15% respectively under turbulent wind, while preserving power output. The paper aims to study the stability and effectiveness of the controller under increasing turbulence.
11.the modeling and dynamic characteristics of a variable speed wind turbineAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the modeling and dynamic characteristics of a variable speed wind turbine. It begins by introducing the functional structure of a wind energy conversion system, comparing constant and variable speed wind turbines. It then explains in detail the modeling of a variable speed wind turbine with pitch control, simulating the turbine performance curves in MATLAB/Simulink. Key aspects covered include the inputs and outputs of a wind turbine, power extraction from wind, and the relationship between tip speed ratio and maximum power extraction.
The modeling and dynamic characteristics of a variable speed wind turbineAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the modeling and dynamic characteristics of a variable speed wind turbine. It begins by introducing the functional structure of a wind energy conversion system, comparing constant and variable speed wind turbines. It then explains in detail the modeling of a variable speed wind turbine with pitch control, simulating the turbine performance curves in MATLAB/Simulink. Key aspects covered include the inputs and outputs of a wind turbine, power extraction from wind, and the relationship between tip speed ratio and maximum power extraction.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved such that the heat added to a system equals the change in the system's internal energy plus the work done by the system. The document provides examples of applying the first law to different thermodynamic processes involving heat, internal energy change, and work. It also discusses the relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature for ideal gases based on the ideal gas law and how these parameters determine the state of a thermodynamic system.
This document provides a mid-term review covering three topics: 1) energy analysis of closed systems, 2) mass and energy analysis of control volumes, and 3) the second law of thermodynamics. For the first topic, it provides examples of energy balance calculations for constant pressure processes in closed systems. For the second topic, it discusses the energy balance equation for control volumes and provides examples of its application to turbines, compressors, and throttling valves. For the third topic, it defines thermal efficiency and the coefficient of performance and discusses heat engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps.
This document proposes a compensation strategy using an Unified Power Quality Compensator (UPQC) device to mitigate power quality issues caused by the injection of wind power into electric grids. The UPQC is controlled using both proportional integral (PI) and fuzzy logic controllers to regulate the wind farm's terminal voltage and filter active and reactive power fluctuations. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink are presented to compare the performance of the UPQC using different control strategies, as well as total harmonic distortion calculations.
Generator converts mechanical energy into electricity for transmission and distribution. It produces electrical power for vehicles, machines, and transmission networks. Generators use rotating shafts powered by sources like turbines, engines, or motors to induce alternating current in windings. Nearly all large generators produce three-phase alternating current at standardized frequencies like 50 or 60 Hz to allow synchronization across transmission networks.
A Discrete PLL Based Load Frequency Control of FLC-Based PV-Wind Hybrid Power...IAES-IJPEDS
The sun and wind-based generation are considered to besource of green
power generation which can mitigate the power demand issues. As solar and
wind power advancements are entrenched and the infiltration of these
Renewable Energy Sources (RES) into to network is expanding dynamically.
So, as to outline a legitimate control and to harness power from RES the
learning of natural conditions for a specific area is fundamental. Fuzzy Logic
Controller (FLC) based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controlled
boost converter are utilized for viable operation and to keep DC voltage
steady at desired level. The control scheme of the inverter is intended to keep
the load voltage and frequency of the AC supply at aconstant level regardless
of progress in natural conditions and burden. A Simulink model of the
proposed Hybrid system with the MPPT controlled Boost converters
and Voltage regulated Inverter for stand-alone application is developed in
MATLAB R2015a, Version 8.5.0. The ongoing information of Wind Speed
and Solar Irradiation levels are recorded at BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
the performance of the voltage regulated inverter under constant and varying
linearAC load is analyzed. The investigation shows that the magnitude of
load voltage and frequency of the load voltage is maintained at desired level
by the proposed inverter control logic.
The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics. It defines a heat engine as a system that develops net work from a heat supply, requiring both a hot and cold reservoir. The second law states that the gross heat supplied must be greater than the net work done, meaning the efficiency of a heat engine is always less than 100%. Entropy is introduced as a property that enables the representation of heat flow on temperature-entropy diagrams. Such diagrams are shown and described for steam.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes and analyzes a multilevel line-commutated inverter topology for solar PV-based grid-connected inverters. The proposed topology uses a multi-winding transformer to provide multiple voltage levels and reduce harmonic distortion in the line current compared to a conventional square-wave inverter. A three-level implementation is modeled in Simulink and experimentally tested. Simulation and experimental results show the proposed topology reduces total harmonic distortion and improves power transfer characteristics compared to a conventional line-commutated inverter.
This document analyzes the performance of a 6KW 45V PEM fuel cell stack through simulations varying the pressure of reactants (hydrogen and oxygen) and operating temperature.
The simulations show that increasing the pressure of hydrogen from 1 bar to 2 bar, while keeping oxygen pressure and temperature constant, reduces hydrogen consumption from 78 liters per minute to 38 liters per minute. Increasing oxygen pressure from 1 bar to 2 bar, while keeping hydrogen pressure and temperature constant, reduces oxygen consumption from 180 liters per minute to 85 liters per minute. Increasing the operating temperature from 320K to 350K, while keeping reactant pressures constant, greatly reduces both hydrogen and oxygen consumption.
This document provides an overview of electrical conversion systems for wind turbines. It describes the three main systems: constant speed, variable speed with doubly-fed induction generator, and variable speed with direct-drive generator. It also discusses trends toward variable speed systems and increasing the voltage level of generators up to 5kV. The document reviews the basics of wind energy conversion, requirements for electrical systems, classical conversion systems and their strengths/weaknesses, electric converters used, and alternative generator systems and trends.
Condensed intro to tesla transformers by eric dollardPublicLeaker
The document provides an overview of Tesla transformers and their operation. It discusses three key aspects:
1) Using a capacitor bank to generate a high-voltage impulse that is coupled to a transmission line.
2) The transmission line, consisting of a secondary coil and Tesla coil, which utilizes impedance transformation to greatly increase the voltage.
3) The Tesla coil's terminal sphere, which resonates the energy with the Earth and allows energy extraction.
This document provides instruction on establishing three-phase circuits and measuring power in single-phase and three-phase circuits. It discusses the theory of three-phase circuits including line and phase voltages and currents. Formulas are given for calculating active, reactive, and apparent power in balanced wye- and delta-connected three-phase circuits using line voltages and currents. The document describes using a power meter to measure power in single-phase circuits and measuring total power in four-wire, three-phase circuits.
This document discusses control strategies used to compensate for beam-induced heat loads in the Large Hadron Collider's (LHC) cryogenic systems in real-time. The LHC beam deposits significant heat in beam screens through synchrotron radiation, image currents, and electron clouds. Several control strategies were developed, including feed-forward compensation that forecasts beam-induced heat loads to preemptively adjust cryogenic systems. These strategies were modeled and simulated before successful deployment in 2015, allowing the LHC to operate at full energy while maintaining stable beam screen temperatures despite dynamic heat loads.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides instructions for connecting the windings of a three-phase transformer in delta-delta and wye-wye configurations. It describes verifying the phase relationships by measuring voltages before closing the secondary windings. For a delta connection, the voltage within the closed delta must be zero to avoid high currents. The procedure involves connecting the transformer, measuring voltages to check phase relationships, closing the secondary delta if voltages are correct, and measuring secondary line voltages.
Analysis Effect of Sedimentation at MHP Type Turbine Open Flume on Irrigation...IJERA Editor
The MHP utilization in irrigation canals wear Plopeler Open Flume turbine type. PLTMH of this type, in the rainy season affects the quality of the electrical power produced, such as the generator voltage V (Volt), turbine / gen n (rpm), and frequency (Hz). This research method is done with 5-step procedure of four variables measured data from three case scenarios ie when there is no rain, the rain and after rain. The result analysis was conducted on all statistical calculations visible negative correlation means that if kosenrtasi sedimentation C increases, the voltage generator, turbine-generator rotation n (rpm), and the frequency f (Hz) of The MHP is going down. From test the hypothesis stated that there is a significant relationship with the t-test of 16.92, then t count> t table at α = 5%. namely 2101. By the time the rain to kosenrtasi sedimentation C (g / lt) C = 1.00 to 2.50 g / l (medium), 2.50 to 5.00 g / l ugly with voltage deviation Vd = 17.6%, deviation Fd frequency deviation = 6.8% and 6.8% round Nd = The MHP abnormal conditions. Given this research can be a reference for the exploitation of MHP by communities around the irigas channel as a reference basis for the development of the National Irrigation Project.
Dynamic Simulation of a Hybrid Solar and Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion SystemIJRES Journal
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is à system in which electricity is produced using small temperature difference of warm surface water and deep cold water in oceans. This paper analyzes the dynamic stability and performance simulation results of a solar and ocean thermal energy conversion (SOTEC) system connected to a power grid through undersea cables. In SOTEC, the temperature of warm sea water was boosted by using a typical low-cost solar thermal collector. The complete system model is established from the dynamics of each subsystem and their interconnections. Specifically, we examine stability and performance of the power system against such disturbance conditions as slow variations of solar radiation and severe three-phase short-circuit fault at the power grid. Simulation results indicate that the design of a power system stabilizer can improve the damping of power system under various disturbance conditions.
Power Circuits and Transformers-Unit 2 Labvolt Student Manualphase3-120A
This document discusses alternating current (AC) and sine waves. It explains that AC voltage continually changes polarity and amplitude, and can be considered a DC voltage that is changing. The frequency of an AC voltage is the number of times per second its polarity changes. Sine waves are well-suited for electrical systems as they allow for efficient power transfer. Key parameters of sine waves include amplitude, frequency, phase, and phase shift. Circuit laws like Ohm's Law apply to AC circuits as well.
Presentazione Luce Sul Blackout Inglese5a.blackout
The production of Italian power stations is not enough to meet the country's energy needs, so Italy imports additional energy from foreign countries. On September 28, 2003, a tree falling on a transmission line caused a disconnection between the Italian and European electric grids. This led to an imbalance between supply and demand within Italy's isolated grid. A mathematical model was created to simulate key electrical quantities like frequency within the Italian grid following the separation from Europe. The model divided the system into subsystems representing generation, load, and inertia to analyze how frequency changed over time as generation and loads were removed from the system. The simulated frequency closely matched the actual recorded frequency, showing the model effectively captured the dynamics that led to the blackout.
Overzicht van de visie en diensten van 4Future Marketing. Als zich afvraagt wat 4Future Marketing voor u kan betekenen, bel dan 079-203 30 80 of mail naar info@4future.com.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create engaging slideshow presentations.
Subhash Chandra Pathak is a seasoned IT professional with over 18 years of experience in delivery, program/project management, presales, and transition management. He has expertise in infrastructure services, middleware applications, and SAP support. Currently he works as an Associate Consultant for Tata Consultancy Services, managing global delivery and driving productivity initiatives. Previously he has worked for companies such as Accenture, Avaya India, Genpact India, and CMS Computers in various roles including solution delivery, presales, program/project management, and infrastructure operations and support. He has a Master's degree in Business Administration and is proficient in various technologies, tools, and methodologies.
The modeling and dynamic characteristics of a variable speed wind turbineAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the modeling and dynamic characteristics of a variable speed wind turbine. It begins by introducing the functional structure of a wind energy conversion system, comparing constant and variable speed wind turbines. It then explains in detail the modeling of a variable speed wind turbine with pitch control, simulating the turbine performance curves in MATLAB/Simulink. Key aspects covered include the inputs and outputs of a wind turbine, power extraction from wind, and the relationship between tip speed ratio and maximum power extraction.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved such that the heat added to a system equals the change in the system's internal energy plus the work done by the system. The document provides examples of applying the first law to different thermodynamic processes involving heat, internal energy change, and work. It also discusses the relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature for ideal gases based on the ideal gas law and how these parameters determine the state of a thermodynamic system.
This document provides a mid-term review covering three topics: 1) energy analysis of closed systems, 2) mass and energy analysis of control volumes, and 3) the second law of thermodynamics. For the first topic, it provides examples of energy balance calculations for constant pressure processes in closed systems. For the second topic, it discusses the energy balance equation for control volumes and provides examples of its application to turbines, compressors, and throttling valves. For the third topic, it defines thermal efficiency and the coefficient of performance and discusses heat engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps.
This document proposes a compensation strategy using an Unified Power Quality Compensator (UPQC) device to mitigate power quality issues caused by the injection of wind power into electric grids. The UPQC is controlled using both proportional integral (PI) and fuzzy logic controllers to regulate the wind farm's terminal voltage and filter active and reactive power fluctuations. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink are presented to compare the performance of the UPQC using different control strategies, as well as total harmonic distortion calculations.
Generator converts mechanical energy into electricity for transmission and distribution. It produces electrical power for vehicles, machines, and transmission networks. Generators use rotating shafts powered by sources like turbines, engines, or motors to induce alternating current in windings. Nearly all large generators produce three-phase alternating current at standardized frequencies like 50 or 60 Hz to allow synchronization across transmission networks.
A Discrete PLL Based Load Frequency Control of FLC-Based PV-Wind Hybrid Power...IAES-IJPEDS
The sun and wind-based generation are considered to besource of green
power generation which can mitigate the power demand issues. As solar and
wind power advancements are entrenched and the infiltration of these
Renewable Energy Sources (RES) into to network is expanding dynamically.
So, as to outline a legitimate control and to harness power from RES the
learning of natural conditions for a specific area is fundamental. Fuzzy Logic
Controller (FLC) based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controlled
boost converter are utilized for viable operation and to keep DC voltage
steady at desired level. The control scheme of the inverter is intended to keep
the load voltage and frequency of the AC supply at aconstant level regardless
of progress in natural conditions and burden. A Simulink model of the
proposed Hybrid system with the MPPT controlled Boost converters
and Voltage regulated Inverter for stand-alone application is developed in
MATLAB R2015a, Version 8.5.0. The ongoing information of Wind Speed
and Solar Irradiation levels are recorded at BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
the performance of the voltage regulated inverter under constant and varying
linearAC load is analyzed. The investigation shows that the magnitude of
load voltage and frequency of the load voltage is maintained at desired level
by the proposed inverter control logic.
The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics. It defines a heat engine as a system that develops net work from a heat supply, requiring both a hot and cold reservoir. The second law states that the gross heat supplied must be greater than the net work done, meaning the efficiency of a heat engine is always less than 100%. Entropy is introduced as a property that enables the representation of heat flow on temperature-entropy diagrams. Such diagrams are shown and described for steam.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes and analyzes a multilevel line-commutated inverter topology for solar PV-based grid-connected inverters. The proposed topology uses a multi-winding transformer to provide multiple voltage levels and reduce harmonic distortion in the line current compared to a conventional square-wave inverter. A three-level implementation is modeled in Simulink and experimentally tested. Simulation and experimental results show the proposed topology reduces total harmonic distortion and improves power transfer characteristics compared to a conventional line-commutated inverter.
This document analyzes the performance of a 6KW 45V PEM fuel cell stack through simulations varying the pressure of reactants (hydrogen and oxygen) and operating temperature.
The simulations show that increasing the pressure of hydrogen from 1 bar to 2 bar, while keeping oxygen pressure and temperature constant, reduces hydrogen consumption from 78 liters per minute to 38 liters per minute. Increasing oxygen pressure from 1 bar to 2 bar, while keeping hydrogen pressure and temperature constant, reduces oxygen consumption from 180 liters per minute to 85 liters per minute. Increasing the operating temperature from 320K to 350K, while keeping reactant pressures constant, greatly reduces both hydrogen and oxygen consumption.
This document provides an overview of electrical conversion systems for wind turbines. It describes the three main systems: constant speed, variable speed with doubly-fed induction generator, and variable speed with direct-drive generator. It also discusses trends toward variable speed systems and increasing the voltage level of generators up to 5kV. The document reviews the basics of wind energy conversion, requirements for electrical systems, classical conversion systems and their strengths/weaknesses, electric converters used, and alternative generator systems and trends.
Condensed intro to tesla transformers by eric dollardPublicLeaker
The document provides an overview of Tesla transformers and their operation. It discusses three key aspects:
1) Using a capacitor bank to generate a high-voltage impulse that is coupled to a transmission line.
2) The transmission line, consisting of a secondary coil and Tesla coil, which utilizes impedance transformation to greatly increase the voltage.
3) The Tesla coil's terminal sphere, which resonates the energy with the Earth and allows energy extraction.
This document provides instruction on establishing three-phase circuits and measuring power in single-phase and three-phase circuits. It discusses the theory of three-phase circuits including line and phase voltages and currents. Formulas are given for calculating active, reactive, and apparent power in balanced wye- and delta-connected three-phase circuits using line voltages and currents. The document describes using a power meter to measure power in single-phase circuits and measuring total power in four-wire, three-phase circuits.
This document discusses control strategies used to compensate for beam-induced heat loads in the Large Hadron Collider's (LHC) cryogenic systems in real-time. The LHC beam deposits significant heat in beam screens through synchrotron radiation, image currents, and electron clouds. Several control strategies were developed, including feed-forward compensation that forecasts beam-induced heat loads to preemptively adjust cryogenic systems. These strategies were modeled and simulated before successful deployment in 2015, allowing the LHC to operate at full energy while maintaining stable beam screen temperatures despite dynamic heat loads.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides instructions for connecting the windings of a three-phase transformer in delta-delta and wye-wye configurations. It describes verifying the phase relationships by measuring voltages before closing the secondary windings. For a delta connection, the voltage within the closed delta must be zero to avoid high currents. The procedure involves connecting the transformer, measuring voltages to check phase relationships, closing the secondary delta if voltages are correct, and measuring secondary line voltages.
Analysis Effect of Sedimentation at MHP Type Turbine Open Flume on Irrigation...IJERA Editor
The MHP utilization in irrigation canals wear Plopeler Open Flume turbine type. PLTMH of this type, in the rainy season affects the quality of the electrical power produced, such as the generator voltage V (Volt), turbine / gen n (rpm), and frequency (Hz). This research method is done with 5-step procedure of four variables measured data from three case scenarios ie when there is no rain, the rain and after rain. The result analysis was conducted on all statistical calculations visible negative correlation means that if kosenrtasi sedimentation C increases, the voltage generator, turbine-generator rotation n (rpm), and the frequency f (Hz) of The MHP is going down. From test the hypothesis stated that there is a significant relationship with the t-test of 16.92, then t count> t table at α = 5%. namely 2101. By the time the rain to kosenrtasi sedimentation C (g / lt) C = 1.00 to 2.50 g / l (medium), 2.50 to 5.00 g / l ugly with voltage deviation Vd = 17.6%, deviation Fd frequency deviation = 6.8% and 6.8% round Nd = The MHP abnormal conditions. Given this research can be a reference for the exploitation of MHP by communities around the irigas channel as a reference basis for the development of the National Irrigation Project.
Dynamic Simulation of a Hybrid Solar and Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion SystemIJRES Journal
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is à system in which electricity is produced using small temperature difference of warm surface water and deep cold water in oceans. This paper analyzes the dynamic stability and performance simulation results of a solar and ocean thermal energy conversion (SOTEC) system connected to a power grid through undersea cables. In SOTEC, the temperature of warm sea water was boosted by using a typical low-cost solar thermal collector. The complete system model is established from the dynamics of each subsystem and their interconnections. Specifically, we examine stability and performance of the power system against such disturbance conditions as slow variations of solar radiation and severe three-phase short-circuit fault at the power grid. Simulation results indicate that the design of a power system stabilizer can improve the damping of power system under various disturbance conditions.
Power Circuits and Transformers-Unit 2 Labvolt Student Manualphase3-120A
This document discusses alternating current (AC) and sine waves. It explains that AC voltage continually changes polarity and amplitude, and can be considered a DC voltage that is changing. The frequency of an AC voltage is the number of times per second its polarity changes. Sine waves are well-suited for electrical systems as they allow for efficient power transfer. Key parameters of sine waves include amplitude, frequency, phase, and phase shift. Circuit laws like Ohm's Law apply to AC circuits as well.
Presentazione Luce Sul Blackout Inglese5a.blackout
The production of Italian power stations is not enough to meet the country's energy needs, so Italy imports additional energy from foreign countries. On September 28, 2003, a tree falling on a transmission line caused a disconnection between the Italian and European electric grids. This led to an imbalance between supply and demand within Italy's isolated grid. A mathematical model was created to simulate key electrical quantities like frequency within the Italian grid following the separation from Europe. The model divided the system into subsystems representing generation, load, and inertia to analyze how frequency changed over time as generation and loads were removed from the system. The simulated frequency closely matched the actual recorded frequency, showing the model effectively captured the dynamics that led to the blackout.
Overzicht van de visie en diensten van 4Future Marketing. Als zich afvraagt wat 4Future Marketing voor u kan betekenen, bel dan 079-203 30 80 of mail naar info@4future.com.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create engaging slideshow presentations.
Subhash Chandra Pathak is a seasoned IT professional with over 18 years of experience in delivery, program/project management, presales, and transition management. He has expertise in infrastructure services, middleware applications, and SAP support. Currently he works as an Associate Consultant for Tata Consultancy Services, managing global delivery and driving productivity initiatives. Previously he has worked for companies such as Accenture, Avaya India, Genpact India, and CMS Computers in various roles including solution delivery, presales, program/project management, and infrastructure operations and support. He has a Master's degree in Business Administration and is proficient in various technologies, tools, and methodologies.
This document is Pamela Dempster's bachelor's thesis submitted to Edinburgh Napier University investigating the detection and mitigation of brute force attacks using a security information and event management (SIEM) system. It includes an introduction, literature review on cyber adversaries, attack taxonomies and defense mechanisms like intrusion detection systems and SIEM. The design section outlines the methodology, threats analyzed including port scanning and brute force dictionary attacks. It also describes attack tools, detection methods and evaluation metrics. The implementation section details configuring the test environment, generating attack traffic, detecting attacks using Snort intrusion detection rules and Splunk SIEM. Finally, the evaluation analyzes experiments on detecting different brute force attacks varying in speed.
Epidemiological intelligence involves collecting disease data, analyzing it, and disseminating findings to relevant parties. Data collection involves methods like mortality registration, ongoing morbidity reporting from farms and hospitals, and diagnostic laboratory records. Data is collated and analyzed to identify disease determinants and support control strategies. Analysis results and ongoing reports on control efforts are expressed and interpreted, then promptly distributed to data providers, decision makers, and the public using formats like tables, graphs, maps, and verbal/written communications. The goal is providing early warning of health threats and supporting evidence-based decisions.
Iceberg concept of disease occurrence and method to measure prevalence in a p...DrRadhakrishna Sahu
This document discusses the iceberg concept of disease occurrence and methods to measure disease prevalence in a population. It explains that many diseases have more subclinical cases than clinical cases, like an iceberg with most of its mass below the surface. It also describes different ways to measure prevalence, including point prevalence (at a point in time) and period prevalence (over a specified time period). Screening surveys using rapid tests can help detect subclinical cases and estimate disease prevalence in a population, while questionnaire surveys provide a quick way to collect prevalence data but may not be as reliable.
Current status of milk industry in india with SWOT analysisDrRadhakrishna Sahu
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performance evaluation of mhd renewable energy source for electric power gene...EECJOURNAL
Electrical energy is very vital in recent times and modern living. In the day-to-day running of businesses and homes, we need energy at least to power our appliances. In south-eastern geopolitical zone of Nigeria, we have coal, oil and gas in abundance. MHD electrical power generation technology is one the technologies many developing countries apply to alleviate electrical power problems. This work therefore studied some MHD configurations that will perform optimally best with reference to the available coal and gas in southern Nigeria. These naturally available resources can be harnessed towards boosting electrical power generation. The study investigated the performance of different plant configurations based on open-cycle MHD generators fed with coal and gas. The power plants analysis has been performed by developing an integrated model required to characterize mass and energy balances of each system component and the electro-magnetic equations needed to solve the energy balance in the MHD generator. System efficiency was achieved by considering the IG-MHCC, B plant configuration where a high temperature heat recovery level has been introduced.
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1. Proposal
J. Rollan, Radical Tek; Las Vegas, NV, USA
Magnetohydrodynamic Jet Engine (Magnetojet) Page1 of 7
AIR-BREATHING MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC JET PROPULSION (MAGNETOJET)
Referenced Patent
4,852,529 Laser Energy Ignition System, Robert W. Vowles
Referenced Literature
Rosa, Richard J. Magnetohydrodynamic Energy Conversion (Washington: Hemisphere
Pub. Corp., 1987)
Cramer, Kenneth R. Magnetofluid Dynamics for Engineers and Applied Physicists
(Washington: Script Pub. Co. 1973)
Brogan, T.R., Electrical Properties of Seeded Combustion Gases, "Progress in
Astronautics and Aeronautics", vol. 12, pp. 319-345, (Academic Press Inc., New York,
1963)
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The proposed Magnetojet is an airbreathing laser combustion-based engine which uses
a MHD device instead of a turbine to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy
without thermally-stressed rotating parts. This allows higher jet engine temperatures
and results in improved propulsive efficiency. Where propulsive efficiency(ηp) is defined
as the portion of available energy usefully applied in propelling the vehicle relative to
total energy of the local jet stream,
ηp = [ 2Vo / (Vj + Vo)]
where
Vj = exhaust velocity
Vo = local velocity).
Simplified Description of the Magnetohydrodynamic Conversion of Energy
Fig 1. MHD conduction generator—Diagram and direction of vectors of principal quantities
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Magnetohydrodynamics (also known as magneto-hydro-mechanics, magneto-gas-
dynamics, magneto-plasma-dynamics, or hydromagnetics) is the study of the interaction
of electrically conducting fluids (such as ionized gases) in the presence of electric and
magnetic fields. The mechanism of energy transfer from the flowing plasma into the
external load is the result of a complex interaction between charged particles and the
2. Proposal
J. Rollan, Radical Tek; Las Vegas, NV, USA
Magnetohydrodynamic Jet Engine (Magnetojet) Page2 of 7
external electromagnetic field. Neutral particles transfer energy to charged gas particles
by collisions.
Electromotive force v x β, induced in a plasma that flows perpendicularly to the direction
of a magnetic field, E, causes an electric current, J, to flow through an external closed
circuit. Figure 1 reveals the elementary configuration of a conduction generator and the
direction vectors of the principal quantities. For the sake of simplicity, assume in this
study that the magnetic field strength β, the velocity v of the plasma and the electric field
strength E in the gap between the electrode array lie along the axes of an orthogonal
coordinate system.
Electrical energy in ordinary generators is obtained through the motion of metal
conductors in a magnetic field. Similarly, in a magnetogasdynamic generator, the
electrical power is generated as a result of the passing of a gaseous conductor--
plasma--through a magnetic field. The simplest linear generator consists of a channel
through which the plasma is flowing, of an electromagnet which creates a transverse
magnetic field, and of electrodes situated on the two opposite sides of the channel.
When plasma moves through the magnetic field, an electromotive force is produced.
This force generates current flow through the plasma, the electrodes, and the external
load. Magnetogasdynamic generators are divided into generators with open and closed
cycles. An open cycle uses products of combustion which are continuously supplied
directly to the generator. In closed cycle generators, the same working gas is
constantly recirculated.
The losses inherent in this scheme are the result of heat transferred from the plasma to
the walls of the generator channel; corrosion of the electrodes; and magnetic viscosity.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
At supersonic mach numbers, thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC) for turbojets and
ramjets are somewhat comparable. Moreover, the TSFC curve for turbojets is
terminated at mach number 3 because a turbojet or turbofan must increase its
combustion temperature to a level where materials limitations restrict sustained
operation. Although ramjets produce high thrust, their subsonic efficiency is very low--
typically, TSFC of approximately 3 to 4lb of fuel/(lb of thrust) (hr) for ramjets at subsonic
speeds; decreasing to 2 or less at supersonic speeds.
0 1 2 3 4
3. Proposal
J. Rollan, Radical Tek; Las Vegas, NV, USA
Magnetohydrodynamic Jet Engine (Magnetojet) Page3 of 7
By replacing the turbine stage with a MHD duct to power a electrically-controlled
compressor, the material limitations of turbo engines can be avoided. More importantly,
as turbine blades must typically withstand temperatures over 2000°R, these blades
often consist of exotic metal or crystal substances, often fabricated using sophisticated
manufacturing processes. As a result, the turbine stage is by far, the most expensive
component of a conventional jet engine.
In addition, since compressor rotation in the proposed magnetojet is electrically
controlled, engine stall is not possible with a magnetojet (as long as electrical power is
available). Finally, a magnetojet consisting of a compressor driven by an electric motor,
laser combustor, and a MHD duct would require a of minimum lubricants—increasing
reliability while greatly reducing operating costs and maintenance.
DESCRIPTION OF AN “IDEAL” MAGNETOJET CYCLE
The thermodynamic cycle for an "ideal" magnetojet is similar to that of an ideal turbojet
engine. The ideal magnetojet engine cycle ignores the effects of friction and heat
losses. Here, the airflow pressure is isentropically compressed from Pi to Po in the inlet,
and the pressure is then isentropically increased to P1 by the electric compressor. The
process follows the isentrope pvs
=c1, where s is the ratio of specific heats, and c1 is a
constant. In the laser-initiated combustor (as in US Patent 5, 404,712), fuel is injected
into the airstream and ignited to a plasma at essentially constant pressure. Since the
temperature is increased by combustion and the pressure is constant, the equation of
state, pv=RT, dictates that v must increased from v1 to v2 in the laser combustor.
Energy conversion throughout the MHD generator duct isentropically drops the pressure
to P3, and further isentropic expansion through the nozzle decreases the pressure to P4.
The MHD generator and nozzle expansions follows through the isentrope pvs=c2, where
c2 is a constant different from c1. The ideal engine process further assumes that the
nozzle expands the gas to ambient pressure, so that Pe=P4=Pi=Po.
In a real magnetojet process, there would obviously be frictional, conductivity and heat
losses; the diffuser, electric compressor, MHD generator, and nozzle processes will not
be exactly isentropic, the laser combustion process is not precisely at constant
pressure, and the nozzle exit pressure pe will be slightly different from po. However, the
ideal magnetojet cycle is a reasonable preliminary estimation of a real system. The
accounting of nonisentropic processes in the magnetojet is left for a working prototype.
The fundamental equations that describe a magnetojet propulsion system are the
following:
(1) Equation of conservation of mass, which is analogous to ordinary fluid
mechanics.
Mair = doVoAi
4. Proposal
J. Rollan, Radical Tek; Las Vegas, NV, USA
Magnetohydrodynamic Jet Engine (Magnetojet) Page4 of 7
The thrust of a magnetojet is calculated as in a turbojet. Here the jet engine takes in a
mass flow of cool air, Mair at velocity essentially equal to Vo and exhausts a mass flow of
hot air and combustion products, (Mair + Mfuel), at velocity Ve.
Thrust = (Mair + Mfuel)Ve - MairVo+peAe-poAi+[po(Ai-Ae)]
As in turbojet, the mass of fuel added is usually small in relation to the mass of air;
Mfuel/Mair (approx 0.05). Thus, the thrust equation can be simplified by neglecting Mfuel.
Thrust =Mair (Ve-Vo)+(pe-po)Ae
(2) Equation of conservation of momentum, which is altered by the forces of
fluid mechanics. The ponderomotive force (Lorentz Force) per unit
volume is given by J x β where J is the vector current density and β the
magnetic induction.
(3) Equation of energy conservation; identical to ordinary fluid mechanics with
the addition of Joulean dissipation.
(4) Equations describing the thermodynamic state.
Physically, in the magneto-fluid-mechanic system, a velocity field, q perpendicular to the
magnetic lines of flux β gives rise to an induced current whose magnitude is given by
J=c(qxβ).
Simplified Description of MHD Energy Conversion Duct
Electromotive force v x β, induced in a plasma that flows perpendicularly to the direction
of a magnetic field, causes an electric current to flow through an external closed circuit.
For simplicity, this proposal assumes that the electric field strength β, the velocity is v of
the plasma, and the electric field is E. The electrical conductivity, c, of the plasma, is
considered a scalar quantity. Magnetic permittivity µ is equal to unity and magnetic
induction β and magnetic field strength H are indistinguishable. It is also assumed that
the permittivity and permeability of the plasma to be constant and their numerical values
to agree with those of a vacuum. The plasma consists of electrons and singly charged
ions (simple plasma) and that electron and ion temperatures are the same (isothermal
plasma).
Neglect all dissipative effects, such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, or electrical
resistivity.
The electric power supplied by the generator is drawn from the energy of the plasma,
either its kinetic energy or potential energy. In the first alternative, the gas is
decelerated as in an impulse turbine, while in the second case the gas temperature is
reduced as in a reaction turbine. This deceleration force in the unit volume of plasma is
known as the Lorentz force, and is converted to power v x (P2-P1)=v x (Jxβ)= j(vxβ).
The resulting pressure gradient is converted to a current density, J, in the plasma
flowing pass the electrodes; where P1 and P2 represent the pressure in the inlet and
outlet sections of the MHD generator. (P2-P1)=Jxβ
5. Proposal
J. Rollan, Radical Tek; Las Vegas, NV, USA
Magnetohydrodynamic Jet Engine (Magnetojet) Page5 of 7
Electric Axial-Flow Compressor Stage
Ambient air with a velocity Vo, enters from the engine inlet at atmospheric pressure (Po),
density (do), and temperature (To) is compressed isentropically to a selected
compression point (P1).
Where the ratio of specific heats, s, equals 1.4 for air, the compressor exit temperature
(T1), and density d1 can be calculated from
P1 T1
s/(s-1)
Po To
and
P1 d1
Po do
The power input required (W) to compress a mass flow (M) with a electric compressor
drive motor equals the following (this ignores the negligible work required to power the
laser combustor, electromagnets, and engine accessories);
P1 - Po
W M
do
Laser Initiated Combustor
At constant pressure (P2=P1), a laser combustor raises the mass flow temperature
exiting the combustor (T2) to a minimum of 3000°K( for plasma creation). With specific
heat at constant pressure (Cp) for air equal to 1008 J/(kg)(k), the energy equation for
frictionless, adiabatic flow can be used to calculate the mass flow velocity (V2) exiting
the combustion stage;
V2 = 2Cp(T2-T1)
From the equation of state, mass flow post-combustion density d2 can be calculated;
P2
d2
RT2
6. Proposal
J. Rollan, Radical Tek; Las Vegas, NV, USA
Magnetohydrodynamic Jet Engine (Magnetojet) Page6 of 7
MHD Generator Duct
Where T2 and T3 are the entrance and exit static temperatures, the static temperature
change is calculated from the work output required for the compression stage (Wg) per
mole of working plasma
Wg = Cp (T2-T3)
The power generated by the entire channel is simply the mass flow rate multiplied by
the static enthalpy change through the MHD duct
Pg = M Cp (T2-T3)
At a temperature of 3000°K, conductivity (c) of JP-4 and O2 combustion products
entering the MHD duct approaches 80 mhos/m.
The current per unit area induced by the plasma mass flow through a magnetic field of
strength β is J= c (V2 β - E); where V2 is velocity, and E is the internal electric field due
to the load.
KMHD is the ratio of the external load resistance to the total resistance of the MHD
generator
Rext
KMH
D
Rext+Rint
The pressure drop occurring through the MHD channel is
P3 T3
S/ [K(S-1)]
P2 T2
The area increase through the MHD duct is
P3 A3
1-S/ [K(S-1)]
P2 A2
Since the expression (1-KMHD)KMHD attains its maximum value at KMHD=0.5, the highest
specific output power obtainable from the generator is
Pmax =1/4 [cV2
β A L] ; where A is the cross-sectional area of the generator chamber in a
plane which is perpendicular to the gas velocity, and L is the length of the chamber.
7. Proposal
J. Rollan, Radical Tek; Las Vegas, NV, USA
Magnetohydrodynamic Jet Engine (Magnetojet) Page7 of 7
Therefore, the length and output of the entire MHD generator depends on the pressure
gradient
(P3-P2)
L
c V β2
(1-KMHD)
Nozzle
As the nozzle isentropically expands flow to atmospheric pressure (P4=Po), exit
temperature (T4) is calculated from
T4 P4
(s-1)/s
T3 P3
Assuming air to be an ideal gas, exit velocity (V4) can be calculated from
V4 - V3
Cp (T3-T4)
2
Finally, with an exit area Ae, thrust can be calculated from
Thrust = M (V4 - Vo) + (P4 - Po) Ae