The article discusses changes in mushroom classification systems as researchers have developed a better understanding of phylogenetic relationships between fungi. It summarizes a 2007 survey of mushrooms in western Minnesota that added hundreds of new county records and some potential state records. It also explains how modern phylogenetic analysis has led scientists to reclassify mushrooms across multiple orders rather than the previous system of just three groups, changing some genus names to better reflect evolutionary relationships.

1. Minnesota Plant Press
The Minnesota Native Plant Society Newsletter
www.mnnps.org
Volume 30 Number 3 Summer 2011
Monthly meetings
Thompson Park Center/Dakota
Lodge
Plants and Politics
by Scott Milburn, MNNPS president
Thompson County Park The recent state government shutdown serves as a sad chapter in the
360 Butler Ave. E., state’s history, and it will likely have continued impacts once the budget
West St. Paul, MN 55118
is finalized. These include lost revenue from money typically spent during
Programs this period on natural resources, including such items as fishing licenses and
The Minnesota Native Plant camping permits at the state parks. Not only did these impacts affect state
Society meets the first Thursday coffers, but they also hurt the businesses that rely on summer travelers.
in October, November, December,
February, March, April, May, and I am greatly disappointed with those politicians who seem to serve only
June. Check at www.mnnps.org out of self-interest rather than serving to represent the best interests of the
for more program information. general population. With that, I encourage our members to make a special
6 p.m. — Social period effort this year to take a trip somewhere new in the state and to visit a state
7 – 9 p.m. — Program, Society park or one of our great Scientific and Natural Areas. In doing so, each one
business of us can support the various local economies and, ultimately, Minnesota
Oct. 6: “Delays in Nitrogen itself.
Cycling and Population Another positive benefit of these trips is that each one of us can learn
Oscillations in Wild Rice
during the process, from finding an unfamiliar plant to seeing a unique
Ecosystems,” by Dr. John Pastor,
professor, Department of Biology, U landform. This also provides an opportunity for our members to contribute
of M, Duluth. Plant-of-the-Month: what they are seeing on our blog or in the newsletter.
Wild Rice (Zizania palustris), also Travelling around the state also makes one appreciate Minnesota and
by Dr. Pastor. the fact that we still have intact natural areas, especially compared with
other states in the cornbelt. Think
Katy Chayka creates Plant XID-CD Updates about all of the diversity and great
Minnesota wildflower by Ron Huber landscapes from the North Shore to
Bruce Barnes has updated the
field guide on internet Minnesota and the Great Plains
the Prairie Coteau, from the Aspen
Katy Chayka, who supervises
plant identification XID-CDs. Parklands to the Driftless Area, and
the MNNPS blog, has created
Improvements include more than the great adventures to be had.
Minnesota Wildflowers, an online
In this issue
1,900 new or higher resolution
field guide with details about more
images and nomenclatural changes
than 500 Minnesota wildflowers.
conforming to those in Welby New members ..........................2
Peter Dziuk, a former Society board
Smith’s Trees and Shrubs of Society news ..........................2
member, donated about 50,000
Minnesota. Prices remain the same Wetland Plants book review....3
photos to the project.
—$70 Minnesota, $150 Great Hastings field trip.....................3
Katy’s website (www. Plains. If you purchased an earlier Minnesota mushrooms ...........4
minnesotawildflowers.info) version, e-mail Bruce at flora.id@ New board members ..............6
organizes plants by color, time wtechlink.us and he will send the Landscape tour ........................6
of bloom, and scientific name. newly updated CD for a $6 shipping DNR photo opportunity .........7
Information includes a detailed charge. (We have provided him with Plant Lore: Goldthread ............7
description, habitat, and a map. the names of all previous buyers.)

2. MNNPS welcomes Maddy
Minn.;
Papermaster, Marine,
MNNPS Board
new members Wendy Paulsen, Chisago City,
of Directors
The Society gives a warm Minn.;
welcome to 23 new members who Ron Spinosa, St. Paul; President: Scott Milburn, scott.
joined during the second quarter of Lisa Steidl, Coon Rapids, Minn.; milburn@mnnps.org
2011. Listed alphabetically, they Tavis Westbrook, Duluth, Minn. Vice President: Shirley Mah
are: Kooyman, shirley.mah.kooyman@
Barbara Asmus, St. Louis Park, Patience, please mnnps.org
Minn.;
Joseph M. Beattie, Hastings,
if you use PayPal Secretary, program coordinator:
by Ron Huber Andrés Morantes, andres.
Minn.; morantes@mnnps.org
If you prefer to pay your dues
Kristen Blann, Cushing, Minn.;
using PayPal, please remember to Treasurers, membership data base:
Marshal Braman, no data (PayPal);
patiently wait for the pop-up of the Ron and Cathy Huber, ron.huber@
Christina Crowther, Chanhassen,
membership data form. Otherwise, mnnps.org
Minn.;
we have no info about you except Ken Arndt, board member, field
Christine Dolph, Minneapolis;
for the e-mail shown. That may not trip chair, ken.arndt@mnnps.org
Ann Fallon, Afton, Minn.;
Jason Garms, St. Paul; be the one that you want to use when
Michael Bourdaghs, board member,
Anna Gerenday, Afton, Minn.; receiving newsletters, postcards, michael.bourdaghs@mnnps.org
Leslie Gillette, Hopkins, Minn.; etc. Thank you for your patience.
Elizabeth Heck, board member,
Brian Goodspeed, Falcon Heights, webmaster, elizabeth.heck@mnnps.
Minn.; Treasurers’ report org
Happy Dancing Turtle, Pine River, Treasurers Ron and Cathy Huber
Daniel Jones, board member,
Minn.; reported that in the second quarter
Steve Heiskary, Lino Lakes, Minn.; of 2011, income exceeded expenses daniel.jones@mnnps.org
Debra Henninger, Arden Hills, by $4,964.72. Income included: Dylan Lueth, board member, dylan.
Minn.; Symposium, $6,228; plant sale, lueth@mnnps.org
Marcel Jouseau, St. Paul; $434; membership dues, $2,831. Elizabeth Nixon, board member,
Kelly Kallock, Minneapolis; Expenses included: Symposium, conservation committee chair, beth.
Tom Meersman, Minneapolis; $4,216.51; printing, $878.91; nixon@mnnps.org
Minnesota Life College, Richfield, postage, $296.92. Assets totaled
Erika Rowe, board member, erika.
Minn.; $22,035.61. rowe@mnnps.org
Field Trips: fieldtrips.mnnps@
mnnps.org
Minnesota Native Plant Society’s purpose
Memberships: memberships.
(Abbreviated from the bylaws)
mnnps@mnnps.org
This organization is exclusively organized and operated for
educational and scientific purposes, including the following. Historian-Archives: Roy Robison,
historian-archives.mnnps@mnnps.
1. Conservation of all native plants.
org
2. Continuing education of all members in the plant sciences.
Technical or membership
3. Education of the public regarding environmental protection of plant
inquiries: contact.mnnps@mnnps.
life. org
4. Encouragement of research and publications on plants native to
Minnesota. Minnesota Plant Press Editor:
Gerry Drewry, 651-463-8006;
5. Study of legislation on Minnesota flora, vegetation, ecosytems.
plantpress.mnnps@mnnps.org
6. Preservation of native plants, plant communities, and scientific and
natural areas. MNNPS questions?
7. Cooperation in programs concerned with the ecology of natural Go to www.mnnps.org for
resources and scenic features. answers. The Society blog is there,
8. Fellowship with all persons interested in native plants through news about field trips, meetings,
meetings, lectures, workshops, and field trips. and committees, and all issues of
this newsletter since 1982.
2

3. Book review Snow trillium is highlight of
Wetland Plants of Minnesota:
a Complete Guide to the Aquatic field trip to Hastings SNA
and Wetland Plants of the North Twenty Society members spent
Star State, by Steve W. Chadde, the afternoon of April 23 hiking and
published by CreateSpace, 2011, studying early spring wildflowers
paperback, 614 pages, $39. May be during a field trip to the Hastings
downloaded at www.amazon.com Scientific and Natural Area.
Review by Michael Bourdaghs Seeing the rare snow trillium
In 1998, Steve Chadde authored (Trillium nivale) in bloom (photo
A Great Lakes Wetland Flora, at right) was the highlight of the
which quickly became indispensible afternoon. The trip was led by Scott
for wetland botanists working in Milburn, MNNPS president, and
the Upper Midwest. It provided Ken Arndt, board member.
nearly comprehensive coverage Future field trips are being
of the wetland and aquatic species planned. Watch the website (www.
in a single compact volume. That mnnps.org) for details. These
was an improvement over both photos are by Ken Arndt.
simpler guides that tend to lack
coverage as well as full blown
taxonomic treatments that are often
cumbersome in the field.
Updates and improvements have
been made in subsequent editions,
with the second in 2002 and the
third released in February 2011. It is
from this newest edition that Steve
Chadde has compiled Wetland
Plants Of Minnesota.
As with the previous guides,
Wetland Plants of Minnesota
includes the approximately 900
species that commonly occur in
wetland and aquatic habitats in the
state, but it is more specifically
geared to Minnesota.
Following introductory
materials, the book is organized by range map, habitat information, line some cases, Minnesota specific
major taxonomic groups: Ferns and drawings, and in some cases black- habitat information has been
Fern Allies, Gymnosperms, and two and-white photography. Many provided. Brief explanations of
Angiosperm (Dicots and Monocots) improvements have been made in many of the genus names have
sections. The keys are technical the species descriptions, compared been provided. The white water lily
and dichotomous, where the with previous editions. The addition genus – Nymphaea: “Water goddess
observer must rely on knowledge of the photography also aids in Greek mythology” is a good
of taxonomic terminology and close identification. example.
observation. Species distribution maps have Wetland Plants of Minnesota is
The great advantage of the guide previously been available only from an outstanding botanical resource.
is that the keys are limited to the sources separate from taxonomic Its comprehensive coverage, keys,
Minnesota wetland species and are treatments. Having the physical and detailed species information
thereby simplified. Each species has characteristics, map, line drawings make it a must have for the wetland
a complete description that includes and photos for a species all in one professional and a great guide for
physical characteristics, a county place is a great convenience. In the botanical enthusiast.
3

4. Minnesota mushrooms:
then and now
by David J. McLaughlin, ecological relationships, just as a and self-digesting gills that produce
Department of Plant Biology, and genealogical tree explains facial the “ink.” Coprinus was placed in
Bell Museum of Natural History, and other physical similarities, as the family Coprinaceae with some
University of Minnesota, St. Paul well as our susceptibility to some other black-spored mushrooms,
ailments. The goal of the Tree of Life
With the support of the such as Psathyrella, which lacks
projects is to provide a classification
Minnesota DNR, some students, a the inky gills. The Fungal Tree of
that reflects the actual relationships Life studies revealed that Coprinus
volunteer and I carried out a survey
among species. was actually four groups (genera) of
of mushrooms in western Minnesota
between May and October 2007. The Mushrooms are produced by two mushrooms that had independently
survey was motivated by the limited great groups (phyla) of fungi, the developed the ability to form inky
documentation for larger fungi in Ascomycota or sac fungi and the caps. Three were related to each
the western part of the state. This is Basidiomycota or club fungi. The other and to Psathyrella, but the
a progress report on that survey. common names for these groups refer fourth was related to the button
to the structures on which their sexual mushroom Agaricus, including the
But first we will consider how type of Coprinus, i.e., the species to
spores are formed. We will focus
recent advances in classification which the genus name is attached.
here on the club fungi, specifically
of fungi, an outcome of a national Coprinus was then transferred to
the gilled (agarics), non-gilled
research program on the Tree the Agaricaceae. Thus, we ended up
(boletes, polypores, coral fungi,
of Life and related projects, are with the family Coprinaceae without
teeth fungi, and chanterelles) and
changing our view of how different Coprinus, and a new family name
the gasteroid (puffballs, earthstars,
mushroom forms are related and was chosen — Psathyrellaceae for
bird’s nest fungi, stinkhorns and
how these changes affect scientific the remaining three groups of inky
false truffles) mushrooms. They
names. Then we will review the caps, each with a new genus name,
were classified in the 19th century
survey results. The “Then” in the and Psathyrella as the type of the
in three large groups (orders or
title refers to the old classification new family. These name changes
class): the Aphyllophorales for non-
for mushrooms, the “Now” to the are disconcerting for the scientist
gilled mushrooms, the Agaricales
new classification. The “Then” and non-scientist alike, but they lead
for gilled mushrooms and the
also refers to our knowledge of to greater stability in names in the
Gasteromycetes for gasteroid forms,
mushroom distribution before the long run and a better understanding
whose fruiting bodies remained
survey; the “Now” refers to the of the organisms.
closed until maturity. This was a
hundreds of new county records and
convenient classification system for
some new state records. Mushroom survey
mushrooms because it required only Documentation for Minnesota
Mushroom classification the external form of the mushroom to mushrooms has accumulated
The Fungal Tree of Life classify them. But, it also disguised erratically. From 1885 to 1910,
project was designed to develop a who was related to whom. mushrooms were studied as part
comprehensive phylogenetic tree for The Fungal Tree of Life project of the Natural History Survey of
fungi, using molecular and structural has upended the earlier classification Minnesota. Between 1910 and
characters. A phylogenetic tree with mushrooms now spread across 1960, major fungal studies were
reveals relationships among species, 14 orders and with many different concerned with plant diseases. In
just as a genealogical tree reveals the mushroom forms in each order. the 1960s, a renewed interest in
relationships between members of Naturally, this has an impact on the study of mushrooms began, but
our family and connections to other the scientific names of mushrooms. the documentation for mushrooms
people’s families. A phylogenetic A good example is the inky caps. within the state is far from complete.
tree has predictive value, helping Formerly all inky caps were classified Computerization of the fungal
to explain changes among species in a single genus, Coprinus, which collections within the Bell Museum
in their form, internal structure and was distinguished by its black spores began in the 1990s and now makes it
4

5. possible to determine the records by as part of the BOLD: Barcode are no recent reports on its presence
county or management area, such as of Life Database project www. in Minnesota.
a state park or forest. These records boldsystems.org. The ITS, or Another benefit of the survey is
can be accessed at http://ssrs.cfans. internal transcribed spacer region that we are beginning to understand
umn.edu:8080/FungiWebSearch/ of nuclear ribosomal DNA, is being the distribution of some of the
A check of mushroom records proposed as the first fungal barcode, species and how they relate to
by county in western Minnesota i.e., a piece of DNA that can be the four biomes that make plant
showed that almost all counties used to identify a species. The ITS distributions in the state of special
were unsurveyed except for those sequences have aided in some of the interest, but also make it vulnerable
in the vicinity of Itasca State Park, recent identifications. It should be to rapid climate warming. For
where the University of Minnesota noted that keys to many mushroom example, we now have a second state
Biological Station is located. genera are inadequate, and primary record for Russula pulverulenta. It
Eight trips to Western Minnesota literature must be used. This is is now known from Rice and Lyons
were made to survey mushroom especially true for Cortinarius, counties, a southern distribution
diversity between May and October Entoloma, Pluteus, Russula, and in the state that suggests it may be
2007. We chose sites with a variety Tricholoma. A monograph for North restricted to the deciduous forest
of habitats, including some that American species of Psathyrella by biome and river valley forests in
would remain moist in dry weather Smith, 1972, is comprehensive but the grassland biome. The bolete
so that mushrooms might be found difficult to use. Maj Padamsee, who Paragyrodon sphaerosporus is
during drier periods. Two graduate recently completed a Ph.D. project a very distinctive species with a
students, Bryn Dentinger and Maj on the genus, is responsible for these heavy rubbery veil which protects
Padamsee, a post-baccalaureate identifications. the spore-forming layer. It is a mid-
student, Tom Jenkinson, and a All collections are new county continental endemic. In Minnesota
volunteer, Esther McLaughlin, records based on the data in it is well known from the deciduous
assisted with the survey. Four sites the University Herbarium. The forest biome and is recorded for the
became the primary focus of the following appear to be new state first time from the grassland biome,
survey: Kilen Woods State Park, records: Conocybe cf. siennophylla, again in river valley forests. At Kilen
Jackson Co.; Camden State Park, Coprinellus tigrinellus, Coprinopsis Woods State Park it seems well
Lyon Co.; Smoky Hills State Forest, coniophora, Cortinarius cf. adapted to the wood edge adjacent
Becker Co. (MCBS site E4); Paul alnetorum, Cortinarius gutatus, to the upland prairies.
Bunyon State Forest, Hubbard Co. Galerina decipiens, Laccaria Both saprotrophic and
(MCBS site T6). trichodermophila, Lactarius mycorrhizal species were well
Approximately 300 collections nancyae, Psathyrella lepidotoides, represented at Kilen Woods and
were obtained. Collecting was Psathyrella obtusata, Ramaria Camden State Parks, with the latter
limited until heavy rains in August. myceliosa, and Russula fontqueri. mainly appearing in late August
Fifty-five percent of the collections Some of these collections will through October. Some species
were obtained in late August to need further study to confirm fruited abundantly in both state
early Oct. Most are documented the identification. The number parks. In Smoky Hills State Forest
with photographs, and many include of new state records makes it MCBS site E4 is especially rich
descriptions and spore prints. clear that the state is very poorly in saprotrophic species and seems
Collections are being processed for known mycologically, especially well adapted to their fruiting, as
inclusion in the Fungal Collection, considering that collection new species were found regularly
University Herbarium, Bell identification is continuing. throughout the survey. Mycorrhizal
Museum. Specimens are essential if The following collections are species were never common,
we are to successfully document the mentioned in publications but are despite the presence of a diversity
fungi of Minnesota, a goal needed undocumented in the University of appropriate host tree species.
to establish baseline information Herbarium: Neolecta irregularis
and Psathyrella typhae. Neolecta Paul Bunyon State Forest
on these species that interact in MCBS site T6 is very sandy and
many ways with plants, especially irregularis is an especially
interesting find, as it fruits late in the dominated by red and jack pines. It
the mycorrhizal species that grow produced few mushrooms until late
with tree roots and aid the plant in fall and produces brilliant yellow,
club-shaped fruiting bodies. It was in the season, when a considerable
mineral uptake and defense. diversity of mycorrhizal species
collected near Itasca State Park, one
Genetic sequences have been of the better surveyed areas in the were present. These included five
obtained for some of the collections state. Thus, it is surprising that there Continued on page 6
5

6. Mushrooms
Continued from page 5 Introducing three new
board members
of Cortinarius and the very striking
striking Gomphus floccosus and
Neolecta irregularis, but boletes,
Nevada. A significant portion of
which would be expected with
pines, were scarce.
Dr. Peter Jordan my efforts was on the plant species
To be honest, I must admit my being eaten by deer over their wide
This report should not be viewed greatest attachment to the land elevational range.
as a complete account of the and oceans and their biota lies in
California, with Isle Royale the next After my prolonged Ph.D, I
mushroom species present at these moved east to join studies of wolves
sites. Our focus was on fleshy and closest one. After that, Minnesota
certainly holds the greatest interest and moose at Isle Royale National
readily decayed species, not the Park, as part of a team from Purdue
for me.
better known bracket and shelf fungi. University. After three years of wolf
When collecting was good, small I grew up in central, coastal studies in winter and the browsing
California, and from an early age patterns of moose year round, I took
species or single specimens had to
was fascinated with the flora of a faculty position at Yale, while still
be ignored, as the documentation the Santa Cruz mountains and the
required for a collection exceeded continuing studies at Isle Royale.
birds of San Francisco Bay. My
our capacity to handle them. Some high-school summers were spent Our team there pioneered
specimens had deteriorated between working for the concessionaire research on the physiology and
visits, which were approximately in Yosemite Valley, from which I ecology of sodium in moose,
began exploring the surrounding having discovered that the level
monthly to each site until the end of of this essential mineral in all the
August, when more frequent trips wilderness, and eventually became
a devout admirer of John Muir. terrestrial plants they eat was well
were made. Some Lepiota species below their minimum requirements.
were in good condition for only a I was drafted in the Army in the We found that moose compensate
day or so after rains. Also, different early 1950s and ended my tour with by consuming submerged aquatic
species are known to appear in a year at Ft. Lewis Washington – plants in shallow warm waters
within sight of Mt Rainier. It was during summer. These plants,
successive years at a site, so a
my great fortune to have a colleague such as species of Potamogeton,
complete survey requires several who was an experienced climber,
years. concentrate sodium from waters
leading to many weekends on the containing extremely low levels of
Nevertheless, this report rocks and glaciers. That experience this mineral.
provides a first approximation of in turn shifted my professional goals
towards natural-resource science In 1974 I joined the wildlife
mushroom diversity at these sites faculty at the University of
and a considerable increase in our and management.
Minnesota and have continued
knowledge of Minnesota mushroom I returned to college and pursued here, even after retiring in 2003,
diversity. a degree in wildlife conservation with my studies of moose impact
at the University of California on forest vegetation at Isle Royale.
Berkeley. My academic advisor was Additional work with students in
Free Landscape Tour Starker Leopold, oldest son of Aldo
The Ramsey-Washington Metro Minnesota has included the effects
– whom up to that point, I’d never of intense forest management on
Watershed District will conduct a heard of. Also, without appreciating
free tour of four landscapes from forage for moose, deer, and hares in
its academic/scientific significance, the Superior National Forest, and the
5 to 9 p.m. Wednesday, Aug. 3. I had ended up studying among
Each area was designed to protect effects of deer on herbaceous plants
the top researchers on vertebrate in southeastern Minnesota, the latter
and improve water quality and animals within the western U.S.
natural resources and has received being done jointly with Lee Frelich.
Even before graduating, I had a job Also over the years, I’ve been
an ecology award. The tour begins with a research group working on
at the watershed district’s office, fortunate to work abroad on wildlife
range improvement for deer. with students in India, Nepal, Israel,
2665 Noel Drive, Little Canada.
Participants will then board a bus This soon led me into graduate Costa Rica, and Quebec plus my
to visit three other sites. To register, work, which eventually led to a own minor studies in Sweden and
contact Shelly Meiser at shelly@ Ph.D on ecology and management Alaska, and recently, even some
rwnwd.org or call 651-792-7965. of migratory deer in the Sierra follow-up work on my Sierra
6

7. Nevada study area. Besides research
in Minnesota, I was involved with
an unsuccessful attempt to re- Plant Lore
by Thor Kommedahl
establish woodland caribou to the
far-northeastern corner of our state. What is goldthread?
I am also working with students to Goldthread, also called canker
restore more native vegetation to a root, is Coptis trifolia and a member
patch of natural habitat, the Sarita of the buttercup family.
Wetland, on the University’s St. How did it get its names?
Paul campus, and I’m currently on Goldthread describes the golden-
the DNR Commissioner’s advisory yellow, threadlike rhizomes. Coptis
committee on scientific and natural comes from a Greek word kopto,
areas. meaning “to cut” – referring to the
dissected leaves. Trifolia refers to
I must admit, however, that de-
the three-parted leaves. Rhizomes
spite my many years in Minnesota,
were chewed to relieve canker sores,
my knowledge of our native flora
hence the name canker root.
remains quite limited. I try, how-
ever, to compensate by maintaining What does it look like?
ties with young botanical experts Goldthread is a mat-forming
such as Andrés Morantes and Otto perennial with bright yellow,
Gockman. threadlike rhizomes and three-lobed,
shiny, evergreen leaves resembling
Otto Gockman strawberry leaves. Five white
I have been a member of the “petals” (really sepals) appear from
Minnesota Native Plant Society May through July. Petals are club-
on and off since high school. I like and not conspicuous. It appears
live in St. Paul and currently work to have no stem.
as a botanist at Midwest Natural Where does it grow?
Resources, an environmental It is native to northeastern
consulting company based out of Minnesota in coniferous forests,
St. Paul. I have been interested in swamps, bogs, and road banks –
native plants, conservation, lichens, in thickets, mossy places, cedar
etc. for as long as I can remember. I swamps, and in damp woods. It forms
believe that my work as well as my endomycorrhizal associations.
personal experiences with our native Photos of Goldthread (Coptis
ecosystems will contribute greatly Is it edible, poisonous or
trifolia) are by Peter Dziuk. medicinal?
towards the goals of MNNPS. It is neither edible nor poisonous.
Mike Lynch DNR wants photos of The rhizome is highly astringent
I am a graduate of the University Itasca State Park and contains berberine, noted for its
of Minnesota (2010) in Applied Volunteers are invited to take anti-inflammatory and antibacterial
Plant Science. I became interested high quality digital pictures of properties. Thus it was widely used
in native plants after helping my Itasca State Park, including its flora, in 19th century America for mouth
in-laws begin to restore their fauna and scenic outlooks. Specific sores. For a while it was listed in
degraded oak savanna. I made it photos of people interacting within the U.S. Pharmacopaeia.
my mission to learn the scientific the park are also needed. Volunteers Are there other uses?
names of all species native to this will work with little direction and Peter Kalm in 1749 reported
area. I have recently spent free must have experience with digital that leaves and stalks were used by
time volunteering for Great River photography and appropriate digital Indians to give a fine yellow color to
Greening and exploring the various camera equipment. They will name animal skins, and the French learned
parks and natural areas in the Twin and catalogue all of the digital photos this from them to dye wool and other
Cities. One of my favorite things they take. The time commitment is materials. It is considered indicative
to do is to introduce the public to variable throughout the summer and of minerotrophic water (water that
the beauty of the natural landscape. fall. For more information, contact carries mineral nutrients into the
My favorite plant is Anise-scented Connie Cox at 218-699-7259 or peat) in peatlands. Ruffed grouse eat
hyssop (Agastache foeniculum). e-mail constance.cox@state.mn.us foliage in limited amounts.
7

8. Minnesota Native Plant Society
P.O. Box 20401
Bloomington, MN 55420
Summer 2011
Directions:
Take MN Hwy. 52 to the Butler Ave. E. exit in West St. Paul.
Go west on Butler 0.2 mile to Stassen Lane.
Go south on Stassen Lane to Thompson County Park.