Lysosomal proteins are often degradative enzymes. How does the cell .pdf
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Lysosomal proteins are often degradative enzymes. How does the cell keep these enzymes from degrading non-lysosomal cellular components on their way to the lysosome? Solution Answer: Lysosome contains more than 40 types of hydrolytic enzymes which includes proteases, nucleases, glycosidases, lipases, phospholipases, phosphatases etc. All are acid hydrolases.These enzymes show optimal activity in acidic environment and the lysosome provides this environment by maintaining a pH of about 5.0 inside it. In this way, the contents of the cytosol are highly protected against attack by the cell\'s own digestive system. The membrane of the lysosome normally keeps the digestive enzymes seperated from cytosol, but in case they leak out, they can only do very little damage at the cytosolic pH of about 7.2. lysosomes are synthesised in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and transported through the Golgi apparatus to the trans Golgi network. The transport vesicles that deliver these proteins to late endosomes (which later form lysosomes) bud from the trans Golgi network. Enzymes that are destined for a lysosome , specifically tagged with the molecule Mannose 6-phosphate, so that they are properly sorted into acidified vesicles. The vesicles subsequently deliver their contents to a late endosome. By this mechanism cells keep these enzymes from degrading non-lysosomal cellular components on their way to the lysosome..
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Lysosome - Basics
Basics only
Ultrastructure, Chemical composition and Functions
• Lysosome was discovered by a Belgian biologist, Christian de Duve, and was awarded a Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in the year 1974.
• The word “lysosome” is made up of two words “lysis” meaning breakdown and “soma” meaning body.
• Lysosomes are membrane-bound specialized vesicles, dense granular structures containing hydrolytic enzymes responsible mainly for intracellular and extracellular digestion.
• Lysosomes are formed by budding off of the Golgi apparatus, and the hydrolytic enzymes within them are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum. Lysosomes have an acidic interior pH level of about 5 and carry a high content of digestive enzymes.
• All of the digestive enzymes found in the lysosome require an acidic environment to function properly and are called acid hydrolases.
• Lysosomes cannot digest themselves - Most of the proteins present in its membrane contain high amounts of carbohydrate-sugar groups. Because of the present of these groups, digestive enzymes are unable to digest the proteins present on the membrane.
• Lysosomal Storage Diseases: Some inherited metabolic disorders can cause defects in the proper functioning of lysosomes. These disorders are called lysosomal storage diseases, or LSDs. There are around 40 different LSDs.
lysosomes.pptx
Lysosomes are single membrane bound organelles present in animal cells.Lysomes have acidic internal pH[about 5] and are filled with hydrolytic enzymes.They contain about 40 different types of hydrolytic enzymes[including proteases ,nucleases, glycosidases, lipases, phospholipases, phosphatases and sulfatases] which are responsible for digestion of macromolecules. All are acid hydrolases because require an acidic environment for optimal activity and the lysosomes provides thid by maintaining a pH of about 5.
Sps.final
This document discusses lysosomes, which are spherical organelles found in animal cells that contain digestive enzymes. Lysosomes break down food particles, bacteria, and worn out organelles. They were discovered in 1960 and maintain an acidic pH of 4.5-5.0. Lysosomes contain around 40 types of hydrolytic enzymes and vary in size from 0.2-0.8 nm. Their membrane allows enzymes to be released into vacuoles to digest their contents. Plant and fungal vacuoles are similar to lysosomes. Lysosomes function to digest materials through membrane fusion and release of enzymes, acting as the cell's waste disposal and recycling system.
Structure and function of lysosome
This Power Point Presentation (PPT) entitled “ Structure and Function of Lysosome”includes 43 slides with following sub- heads.
DEFINITION
INTRODUCTION/ STRUCTURE OF LYSOSOME
DISCOVERY OF LYSOSOME
DISTRIBUTION/LOCATION OF LYSOSOME
ORIGIN/ SYNTHESIS OF LYSOSOME
SHAPE AND SIZE OF LYSOSOME
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LYSOSOME
LYSOSOMES ARE KNOWN AS SUICIDE BAGS
HOW THE CELL IS PROTECTED FROM LYSOSOME RUPTURE
COMMON FUNCTION OF LYSOSOME
TYPES OF LYSOSOME
DISORDERS IN HUMAN RELATED WITH LYSOSOME
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
BOOKS CONSULTED
REFERENCES
LYSOSOMES structure and functions.123456789pptx
Lysosomes are cell organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes. They were discovered in 1949 and function to digest materials inside and outside cells. Lysosomes contain around 50 acid hydrolases that can break down biomolecules. The enzymes are enclosed in a membrane to protect the cell. Lysosomes exist in various forms depending on their contents, including primary lysosomes, heterophagosomes, residual bodies, and autophagic vacuoles. Their functions include intracellular digestion, autophagy, development, and releasing enzymes extracellularly.
1585118470_Z(H)-II-LYSOSOMES.pdf
Lysosomes are cell organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes. They were discovered in 1949 and function to digest materials inside and outside cells through phagocytosis, autophagy, and enzyme release. Lysosomes contain over 50 acid hydrolase enzymes that function best at acidic pH. They break down biomolecules, cellular components, extracellular debris, and play a role in development, hormone release, and fertilization. The polymorphic lysosomes exist in primary and secondary forms to aid in intracellular digestion.
Lysosomes
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in nearly all animal cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes to break down biomolecules. They vary in size from 0.1 to 1.2 μm and have an acidic interior pH of 4.5 to 5.0. Lysosomes contain over 50 enzymes and mutations in these enzymes' genes cause lysosomal storage diseases. Lysosomes are involved in processes like secretion, plasma membrane repair, signaling, and metabolism beyond polymer degradation. They aid in phagocytosis and autophagy by fusing with phagosomes and autophagosomes respectively to digest engulfed contents.
Lysosomes mbb
Christian de Duve observed in 1955 that cells released the enzyme acid phosphatase in larger amounts when frozen and thawed before centrifugation. To explain this, de Duve suggested the enzyme must be enclosed in a membrane-bound organelle. After estimating the organelle's probable size, he was able to identify it as lysosomes in electron microscope images. Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes that can break down macromolecules and are involved in intracellular digestion, defense against pathogens, and cellular waste disposal. De Duve's discovery of lysosomes established them as an important cellular organelle.
Recommended
Lysosome - Basics
Basics only
Ultrastructure, Chemical composition and Functions
• Lysosome was discovered by a Belgian biologist, Christian de Duve, and was awarded a Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in the year 1974.
• The word “lysosome” is made up of two words “lysis” meaning breakdown and “soma” meaning body.
• Lysosomes are membrane-bound specialized vesicles, dense granular structures containing hydrolytic enzymes responsible mainly for intracellular and extracellular digestion.
• Lysosomes are formed by budding off of the Golgi apparatus, and the hydrolytic enzymes within them are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum. Lysosomes have an acidic interior pH level of about 5 and carry a high content of digestive enzymes.
• All of the digestive enzymes found in the lysosome require an acidic environment to function properly and are called acid hydrolases.
• Lysosomes cannot digest themselves - Most of the proteins present in its membrane contain high amounts of carbohydrate-sugar groups. Because of the present of these groups, digestive enzymes are unable to digest the proteins present on the membrane.
• Lysosomal Storage Diseases: Some inherited metabolic disorders can cause defects in the proper functioning of lysosomes. These disorders are called lysosomal storage diseases, or LSDs. There are around 40 different LSDs.
lysosomes.pptx
Lysosomes are single membrane bound organelles present in animal cells.Lysomes have acidic internal pH[about 5] and are filled with hydrolytic enzymes.They contain about 40 different types of hydrolytic enzymes[including proteases ,nucleases, glycosidases, lipases, phospholipases, phosphatases and sulfatases] which are responsible for digestion of macromolecules. All are acid hydrolases because require an acidic environment for optimal activity and the lysosomes provides thid by maintaining a pH of about 5.
Sps.final
This document discusses lysosomes, which are spherical organelles found in animal cells that contain digestive enzymes. Lysosomes break down food particles, bacteria, and worn out organelles. They were discovered in 1960 and maintain an acidic pH of 4.5-5.0. Lysosomes contain around 40 types of hydrolytic enzymes and vary in size from 0.2-0.8 nm. Their membrane allows enzymes to be released into vacuoles to digest their contents. Plant and fungal vacuoles are similar to lysosomes. Lysosomes function to digest materials through membrane fusion and release of enzymes, acting as the cell's waste disposal and recycling system.
Structure and function of lysosome
This Power Point Presentation (PPT) entitled “ Structure and Function of Lysosome”includes 43 slides with following sub- heads.
DEFINITION
INTRODUCTION/ STRUCTURE OF LYSOSOME
DISCOVERY OF LYSOSOME
DISTRIBUTION/LOCATION OF LYSOSOME
ORIGIN/ SYNTHESIS OF LYSOSOME
SHAPE AND SIZE OF LYSOSOME
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LYSOSOME
LYSOSOMES ARE KNOWN AS SUICIDE BAGS
HOW THE CELL IS PROTECTED FROM LYSOSOME RUPTURE
COMMON FUNCTION OF LYSOSOME
TYPES OF LYSOSOME
DISORDERS IN HUMAN RELATED WITH LYSOSOME
SUMMARY
QUESTIONS
BOOKS CONSULTED
REFERENCES
LYSOSOMES structure and functions.123456789pptx
Lysosomes are cell organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes. They were discovered in 1949 and function to digest materials inside and outside cells. Lysosomes contain around 50 acid hydrolases that can break down biomolecules. The enzymes are enclosed in a membrane to protect the cell. Lysosomes exist in various forms depending on their contents, including primary lysosomes, heterophagosomes, residual bodies, and autophagic vacuoles. Their functions include intracellular digestion, autophagy, development, and releasing enzymes extracellularly.
1585118470_Z(H)-II-LYSOSOMES.pdf
Lysosomes are cell organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes. They were discovered in 1949 and function to digest materials inside and outside cells through phagocytosis, autophagy, and enzyme release. Lysosomes contain over 50 acid hydrolase enzymes that function best at acidic pH. They break down biomolecules, cellular components, extracellular debris, and play a role in development, hormone release, and fertilization. The polymorphic lysosomes exist in primary and secondary forms to aid in intracellular digestion.
Lysosomes
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in nearly all animal cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes to break down biomolecules. They vary in size from 0.1 to 1.2 μm and have an acidic interior pH of 4.5 to 5.0. Lysosomes contain over 50 enzymes and mutations in these enzymes' genes cause lysosomal storage diseases. Lysosomes are involved in processes like secretion, plasma membrane repair, signaling, and metabolism beyond polymer degradation. They aid in phagocytosis and autophagy by fusing with phagosomes and autophagosomes respectively to digest engulfed contents.
Lysosomes mbb
Christian de Duve observed in 1955 that cells released the enzyme acid phosphatase in larger amounts when frozen and thawed before centrifugation. To explain this, de Duve suggested the enzyme must be enclosed in a membrane-bound organelle. After estimating the organelle's probable size, he was able to identify it as lysosomes in electron microscope images. Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes that can break down macromolecules and are involved in intracellular digestion, defense against pathogens, and cellular waste disposal. De Duve's discovery of lysosomes established them as an important cellular organelle.
Lysosome
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in animal and plant cells that contain digestive enzymes. They were discovered in 1955 and play key roles in breaking down materials through autophagy, heterophagy, cell death pathways, and more. Lysosomes produce hydrolase enzymes and maintain an acidic interior environment needed for enzymatic reactions. They receive enzymes from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and digest extracellular and intracellular cargo through membrane fusion events.
Lysosomes
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in most animal and plant cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes. They function in intracellular digestion, breaking down molecules like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. The hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes work optimally at an acidic pH, which is maintained by a proton pump in the lysosomal membrane. Lysosomes digest excess or worn-out cellular components and can also degrade invading pathogens. They exhibit polymorphism with four main types - primary lysosomes, heterophagosomes, autophagosomes, and residual bodies.
Role of lysosomes as hyrolaytic activity of an enzymes
This document discusses lysosomes and their role in intracellular digestion. It begins by introducing lysosomes and their structure, which contains hydrolytic enzymes. Lysosomes are formed from the Golgi apparatus and contain acid phosphatases within a single membrane sac. They function to digest macromolecules through autophagy and phagocytosis. Lysosomes maintain an acidic pH to activate their hydrolase enzymes and have transport proteins to export digestion products. Multiple pathways, including autophagy and endocytosis, deliver materials to lysosomes for breakdown. Some genetic diseases result from deficiencies of lysosomal enzymes, preventing breakdown of substances like glycogen.
The Endomembrane System
The endomembrane system includes the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. The endomembrane system transports and modifies biomolecules within the cell. Lysosomes contain enzymes that digest worn out or non-functional components. Proteins are modified and sorted in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus before being transported to their destinations, such as lysosomes, via vesicle transport.
The endomembrane system
The endomembrane system is composed of interconnecting membrane sacs within cells, including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. It functions in the synthesis, modification, sorting, and transport of biomolecules. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and break down molecules, recycling their components. Proteins destined for lysosomes are modified in the ER and Golgi before being transported to lysosomes via vesicles. The endomembrane system demonstrates the cell's complex membrane trafficking pathways.
lysosome anatomy.pptx
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found within eukaryotic cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes. These enzymes digest biomolecules, cellular debris, and foreign particles through processes like endocytosis and autophagy. Lysosomes were discovered by Christian de Duve, who coined the term and received a Nobel Prize for his discovery. They are called "suicidal bags" because their digestive enzymes can sometimes damage the lysosome itself and cause cell death.
Lysosomes and peroxisomes
Lysosomes and peroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles that play important roles in cellular processes. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and function in intracellular digestion, breaking down materials through phagocytosis, autophagy, and programmed cell death. Peroxisomes contain enzymes involved in breaking down hydrogen peroxide and performing beta-oxidation of fatty acids. Both are formed by budding from the Golgi apparatus. Defects in the enzymes of lysosomes or peroxisomes can lead to metabolic storage disorders.
Lysosomes
Lysosomes are spherical organelles that contain digestive enzymes called hydrolases. They are produced in the Golgi apparatus and contain hydrolytic enzymes that help break down macromolecules through processes like phagocytosis, endocytosis, and autophagy. Lysosomes function to digest cellular waste and debris and are sometimes referred to as the cell's "garbage disposal" or "recycling unit." Diseases can occur if lysosomal enzymes do not function properly or reach the lysosome, preventing the breakdown of cellular components and leading to their accumulation.
Lysosome
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes. They were discovered in 1955 and function to break down biomolecules through intracellular and extracellular digestion. Lysosomes occur in eukaryotic cells and vary in size, shape, and function. They are formed in the Golgi apparatus and contain around 50 enzymes including proteases, lipases, nucleases and more that function best in acidic environments. Lysosomes play several important roles including digesting cellular waste, breaking down pathogens during phagocytosis, and digesting old cell components through autophagy.
Lysosomes - The Cellular Organelle with a twist
Lysosome has been a cell organelle with lots of speculations. It was earlier believed to be involved in Cellular Suicide, hence termed as "Suicidal Bag". Recent research has however changed the entire functional concept of this organelle . It has now been found to have far more important functions with varied types .
Ultrastructure of Lysosomes and its functions
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in animal cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes. These enzymes digest macromolecules, cellular waste, and engulfed pathogens or food particles. Lysosomes maintain an acidic interior environment through proton pumps in their membranes, allowing enzymes to function optimally. There are several types of lysosomes that differ based on their contents and role, including primary lysosomes containing enzymes, and heterophagosomes and autophagosomes that form through the fusion of lysosomes with vesicles containing extracellular or intracellular cargo for digestion. Lysosomes play an important role in intracellular digestion, autophagy, and degradation of materials outside the cell.
lysosome_ppt.pptx STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Lysosomes are spherical organelles that contain acidic digestive enzymes. They were discovered in 1955 and play important roles in intracellular digestion, extracellular digestion through secretion of enzymes, hormone processing and secretion, and fertilization. Lysosomes contain various hydrolases like nucleases, phosphatases, lipases, proteases and glycosidases that break down nutrients, waste products, and foreign material. They are formed from the Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum and are bounded by a single membrane that contains the digestive enzymes within the lysosome.
Lysosomes
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells that contain digestive enzymes. They were discovered in 1955 by Christian de Duve and function to digest materials through hydrolytic enzymes. Lysosomes are produced in the Golgi apparatus and contain around 40 varieties of hydrolase enzymes that function in an acidic environment. The main functions of lysosomes include digesting extracellular and intracellular material through processes like heterophagy, programmed cell death, autophagy, autolysis, and roles in fertilization and causing chromosomal damage.
Endosomes.Peroxisomes. Proteasomes Cytoplasmic inclusions
This document discusses several cytoplasmic inclusions including endosomes, peroxisomes, proteasomes, and other inclusions. It describes the structure and functions of endosomes, including their role in sorting and transporting materials within cells. Peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes and are involved in processes like breaking down hydrogen peroxide. Proteasomes are complexes responsible for degrading malformed and tagged proteins. Other inclusions discussed include lipofuscin, hemosiderin, glycogen, and lipid droplets.
Cell biology lec 1.pdf.pdf
The document describes the main organelles found in animal cells including their structures, locations within the cell, and functions. The organelles discussed are the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Each organelle plays an important role such as generating energy, modifying and transporting proteins, breaking down waste, and carrying genetic instructions.
Lysosome.pdf
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in animal cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes. They digest macromolecules, old cell parts, and microorganisms through three pathways: endocytosis, autophagocytosis, and phagocytosis. Lysosomes maintain an acidic interior containing enzymes that are only active at low pH, protecting the cell from self-digestion. They were discovered by Christian de Duve in the 1950s and are important for normal cell function, as genetic defects affecting lysosomal enzymes can cause storage diseases.
lysosome of the cell and its gogli apparatus
Lysosomes are spherical organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They were discovered in 1955 and play important roles in intracellular digestion, extracellular digestion, and hormone secretion. Lysosomes contain various enzymes that break down biomolecules and are involved in processes like autophagy, fertilization, and chromosomal abnormalities.
easylearningwithned.blogspot.com-What is Lysosomes Origin and Occurrence Morp...
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in animal cells that contain digestive enzymes. They help digest food, engulf foreign objects, and break down cellular waste and old cell components. Lysosomes were first observed under an electron microscope in 1955 and are formed from the Golgi complex. They contain over 40 enzymes and function to digest materials within the cell, defend against invaders, and aid in cellular renewal and degradation of dead cells.
Convert the following expressions from infix to Reverse Polish Notati.pdf
Convert the following expressions from infix to Reverse Polish Notation (postfix). Think of
Squareroot and tan as unary operators: ((2 - 1) (4 * 3)) + 15 -b+ Squareroot b^- 4ac/2a tan
alpha + tan beta/1 - tan alpha tan beta
Solution
To convert an expression from infix to postfix, the method is:
1. If it is an operand at it to output expression.
2. If it is an operator, if stack is empty, or if the operator on top of stack is of lower precedence
than this, push it onto stack.
3. Else, pop operators from the stack, till the operators on stack are of higher precedence than the
one in hand, and add them to the output. Then, add this operator to the stack.
So, applying this logic to the expressions:
1. ((2-1) / (4 / 3)) + 15
(, Push it onto stack.
(, Push it onto stack.
2 Add it to output, so output expression now is: 2
- Push it onto stack.
1 Add it to output, so output expression now is: 2 1
) Now, pop elements and add it to output, till a open brace. So, output expression is: 2 1 -, and
stack will now hold (.
/ Push it onto stack.
( Push it onto stack.
4 Add it to output, so output expression now is: 2 1 - 4
* Push it onto stack.
3 Add it to ouput, so output expression now is: 2 1 - 4 3
) Now, pop elements and add it to output, till a open brace. So, output expression is: 2 1 - 4 3 *,
and stack will now hold ( /.
) Now, pop elements and add it to output, till a closed brace. So, output expression is: 2 1 - 4 3 *
/, and stack is now empty.
+ Push it onto stack.
15 Add it to output, so output expression now is: 2 1 - 4 3 * / 15.
As it is the end of expression, pop all elements from stack, and add it to output: So, now the
expression is: 2 1 - 4 3 * / 15 +.
Finally, the postfix equivalent of the given expression is:
2 1 - 4 3 * / 15 +..
Andy and Joan are married and under 65 years of age. They have two c.pdf
Andy and Joan are married and under 65 years of age. They have two children: Monti and Silvia.
Monti is 5 years old and receives all of his support from his parents. Silvia is 20 years old and
receives less than half of her support from her parents. Both Monti and Silvia live with their
parents. Silvia graduated from high school in 2016 and does not plan to go to college. Silvia
earned $3,000 from a part- time job. Andy and Joan also provide more than half of the support of
Andy\'s brother who lives with them and has no income. How many total personal and
dependency exemptions should Andy and Joan claim?Five
Solution
No of personal and dependency exemptions should Andy and Joan claim
= One for Silvia+One for Andy Brother
= 2
Option D is Correct.
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Similar to Lysosomal proteins are often degradative enzymes. How does the cell .pdf
Lysosome
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in animal and plant cells that contain digestive enzymes. They were discovered in 1955 and play key roles in breaking down materials through autophagy, heterophagy, cell death pathways, and more. Lysosomes produce hydrolase enzymes and maintain an acidic interior environment needed for enzymatic reactions. They receive enzymes from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and digest extracellular and intracellular cargo through membrane fusion events.
Lysosomes
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in most animal and plant cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes. They function in intracellular digestion, breaking down molecules like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. The hydrolytic enzymes in lysosomes work optimally at an acidic pH, which is maintained by a proton pump in the lysosomal membrane. Lysosomes digest excess or worn-out cellular components and can also degrade invading pathogens. They exhibit polymorphism with four main types - primary lysosomes, heterophagosomes, autophagosomes, and residual bodies.
Role of lysosomes as hyrolaytic activity of an enzymes
This document discusses lysosomes and their role in intracellular digestion. It begins by introducing lysosomes and their structure, which contains hydrolytic enzymes. Lysosomes are formed from the Golgi apparatus and contain acid phosphatases within a single membrane sac. They function to digest macromolecules through autophagy and phagocytosis. Lysosomes maintain an acidic pH to activate their hydrolase enzymes and have transport proteins to export digestion products. Multiple pathways, including autophagy and endocytosis, deliver materials to lysosomes for breakdown. Some genetic diseases result from deficiencies of lysosomal enzymes, preventing breakdown of substances like glycogen.
The Endomembrane System
The endomembrane system includes the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. The endomembrane system transports and modifies biomolecules within the cell. Lysosomes contain enzymes that digest worn out or non-functional components. Proteins are modified and sorted in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus before being transported to their destinations, such as lysosomes, via vesicle transport.
The endomembrane system
The endomembrane system is composed of interconnecting membrane sacs within cells, including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. It functions in the synthesis, modification, sorting, and transport of biomolecules. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and break down molecules, recycling their components. Proteins destined for lysosomes are modified in the ER and Golgi before being transported to lysosomes via vesicles. The endomembrane system demonstrates the cell's complex membrane trafficking pathways.
lysosome anatomy.pptx
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found within eukaryotic cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes. These enzymes digest biomolecules, cellular debris, and foreign particles through processes like endocytosis and autophagy. Lysosomes were discovered by Christian de Duve, who coined the term and received a Nobel Prize for his discovery. They are called "suicidal bags" because their digestive enzymes can sometimes damage the lysosome itself and cause cell death.
Lysosomes and peroxisomes
Lysosomes and peroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles that play important roles in cellular processes. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and function in intracellular digestion, breaking down materials through phagocytosis, autophagy, and programmed cell death. Peroxisomes contain enzymes involved in breaking down hydrogen peroxide and performing beta-oxidation of fatty acids. Both are formed by budding from the Golgi apparatus. Defects in the enzymes of lysosomes or peroxisomes can lead to metabolic storage disorders.
Lysosomes
Lysosomes are spherical organelles that contain digestive enzymes called hydrolases. They are produced in the Golgi apparatus and contain hydrolytic enzymes that help break down macromolecules through processes like phagocytosis, endocytosis, and autophagy. Lysosomes function to digest cellular waste and debris and are sometimes referred to as the cell's "garbage disposal" or "recycling unit." Diseases can occur if lysosomal enzymes do not function properly or reach the lysosome, preventing the breakdown of cellular components and leading to their accumulation.
Lysosome
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes. They were discovered in 1955 and function to break down biomolecules through intracellular and extracellular digestion. Lysosomes occur in eukaryotic cells and vary in size, shape, and function. They are formed in the Golgi apparatus and contain around 50 enzymes including proteases, lipases, nucleases and more that function best in acidic environments. Lysosomes play several important roles including digesting cellular waste, breaking down pathogens during phagocytosis, and digesting old cell components through autophagy.
Lysosomes - The Cellular Organelle with a twist
Lysosome has been a cell organelle with lots of speculations. It was earlier believed to be involved in Cellular Suicide, hence termed as "Suicidal Bag". Recent research has however changed the entire functional concept of this organelle . It has now been found to have far more important functions with varied types .
Ultrastructure of Lysosomes and its functions
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in animal cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes. These enzymes digest macromolecules, cellular waste, and engulfed pathogens or food particles. Lysosomes maintain an acidic interior environment through proton pumps in their membranes, allowing enzymes to function optimally. There are several types of lysosomes that differ based on their contents and role, including primary lysosomes containing enzymes, and heterophagosomes and autophagosomes that form through the fusion of lysosomes with vesicles containing extracellular or intracellular cargo for digestion. Lysosomes play an important role in intracellular digestion, autophagy, and degradation of materials outside the cell.
lysosome_ppt.pptx STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Lysosomes are spherical organelles that contain acidic digestive enzymes. They were discovered in 1955 and play important roles in intracellular digestion, extracellular digestion through secretion of enzymes, hormone processing and secretion, and fertilization. Lysosomes contain various hydrolases like nucleases, phosphatases, lipases, proteases and glycosidases that break down nutrients, waste products, and foreign material. They are formed from the Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum and are bounded by a single membrane that contains the digestive enzymes within the lysosome.
Lysosomes
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells that contain digestive enzymes. They were discovered in 1955 by Christian de Duve and function to digest materials through hydrolytic enzymes. Lysosomes are produced in the Golgi apparatus and contain around 40 varieties of hydrolase enzymes that function in an acidic environment. The main functions of lysosomes include digesting extracellular and intracellular material through processes like heterophagy, programmed cell death, autophagy, autolysis, and roles in fertilization and causing chromosomal damage.
Endosomes.Peroxisomes. Proteasomes Cytoplasmic inclusions
This document discusses several cytoplasmic inclusions including endosomes, peroxisomes, proteasomes, and other inclusions. It describes the structure and functions of endosomes, including their role in sorting and transporting materials within cells. Peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes and are involved in processes like breaking down hydrogen peroxide. Proteasomes are complexes responsible for degrading malformed and tagged proteins. Other inclusions discussed include lipofuscin, hemosiderin, glycogen, and lipid droplets.
Cell biology lec 1.pdf.pdf
The document describes the main organelles found in animal cells including their structures, locations within the cell, and functions. The organelles discussed are the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Each organelle plays an important role such as generating energy, modifying and transporting proteins, breaking down waste, and carrying genetic instructions.
Lysosome.pdf
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in animal cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes. They digest macromolecules, old cell parts, and microorganisms through three pathways: endocytosis, autophagocytosis, and phagocytosis. Lysosomes maintain an acidic interior containing enzymes that are only active at low pH, protecting the cell from self-digestion. They were discovered by Christian de Duve in the 1950s and are important for normal cell function, as genetic defects affecting lysosomal enzymes can cause storage diseases.
lysosome of the cell and its gogli apparatus
Lysosomes are spherical organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They were discovered in 1955 and play important roles in intracellular digestion, extracellular digestion, and hormone secretion. Lysosomes contain various enzymes that break down biomolecules and are involved in processes like autophagy, fertilization, and chromosomal abnormalities.
easylearningwithned.blogspot.com-What is Lysosomes Origin and Occurrence Morp...
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in animal cells that contain digestive enzymes. They help digest food, engulf foreign objects, and break down cellular waste and old cell components. Lysosomes were first observed under an electron microscope in 1955 and are formed from the Golgi complex. They contain over 40 enzymes and function to digest materials within the cell, defend against invaders, and aid in cellular renewal and degradation of dead cells.
Similar to Lysosomal proteins are often degradative enzymes. How does the cell .pdf (20)
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Role of lysosomes as hyrolaytic activity of an enzymes
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lysosome_ppt_msc.pptx_cell biology_cell organelles
Endosomes.Peroxisomes. Proteasomes Cytoplasmic inclusions
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More from feetshoemart
Convert the following expressions from infix to Reverse Polish Notati.pdf
Convert the following expressions from infix to Reverse Polish Notation (postfix). Think of
Squareroot and tan as unary operators: ((2 - 1) (4 * 3)) + 15 -b+ Squareroot b^- 4ac/2a tan
alpha + tan beta/1 - tan alpha tan beta
Solution
To convert an expression from infix to postfix, the method is:
1. If it is an operand at it to output expression.
2. If it is an operator, if stack is empty, or if the operator on top of stack is of lower precedence
than this, push it onto stack.
3. Else, pop operators from the stack, till the operators on stack are of higher precedence than the
one in hand, and add them to the output. Then, add this operator to the stack.
So, applying this logic to the expressions:
1. ((2-1) / (4 / 3)) + 15
(, Push it onto stack.
(, Push it onto stack.
2 Add it to output, so output expression now is: 2
- Push it onto stack.
1 Add it to output, so output expression now is: 2 1
) Now, pop elements and add it to output, till a open brace. So, output expression is: 2 1 -, and
stack will now hold (.
/ Push it onto stack.
( Push it onto stack.
4 Add it to output, so output expression now is: 2 1 - 4
* Push it onto stack.
3 Add it to ouput, so output expression now is: 2 1 - 4 3
) Now, pop elements and add it to output, till a open brace. So, output expression is: 2 1 - 4 3 *,
and stack will now hold ( /.
) Now, pop elements and add it to output, till a closed brace. So, output expression is: 2 1 - 4 3 *
/, and stack is now empty.
+ Push it onto stack.
15 Add it to output, so output expression now is: 2 1 - 4 3 * / 15.
As it is the end of expression, pop all elements from stack, and add it to output: So, now the
expression is: 2 1 - 4 3 * / 15 +.
Finally, the postfix equivalent of the given expression is:
2 1 - 4 3 * / 15 +..
Andy and Joan are married and under 65 years of age. They have two c.pdf
Andy and Joan are married and under 65 years of age. They have two children: Monti and Silvia.
Monti is 5 years old and receives all of his support from his parents. Silvia is 20 years old and
receives less than half of her support from her parents. Both Monti and Silvia live with their
parents. Silvia graduated from high school in 2016 and does not plan to go to college. Silvia
earned $3,000 from a part- time job. Andy and Joan also provide more than half of the support of
Andy\'s brother who lives with them and has no income. How many total personal and
dependency exemptions should Andy and Joan claim?Five
Solution
No of personal and dependency exemptions should Andy and Joan claim
= One for Silvia+One for Andy Brother
= 2
Option D is Correct.
Compare the methods by which the Parsees of India benefitted from th.pdf
Compare the methods by which the Parsees of India benefitted from the trade in opium and the
way that the British and Dutch governments benefitted from the trade in Opium.
Solution
The Parsi involvement in drugs got to serve many internal Parsi requirements and therefore,it can
be seen as part of the larger Parsi historical imperative to safeguard identity, and the main
intention is to remain economically, social and politically relevant as a community at any given
time on the whole. Therefore, this was the non European foundation of Imperialism by the
Parsis.
However, the British and the Dutch had a different methodology where the main aim is to earn
more profits through the trade by the East India company and Dutch company respectively. This
is because opium trade can be considered as a modest investment could deliver huge returns on
the whole..
Computer Forensics MethodologiesList them and explain each one.P.pdf
Computer Forensics Methodologies
List them and explain each one.
Pick one of the methodologies and describe
What tools could you use for what situations.
Procedures that you would follow.
Types of documentation you would need to keep.
Would it need to be done in a mobile lab or not? Why?
Solution
Computer forensics investigation is important now days, it is the term used to describe the
process of investigation, analyze data, and evidance as per the stored information with us. There
are few steps we need to follwed it:-
First we have to acquire the evidance without loosing or damaging data.
Second is make authentiacation on data which you have collected in first step.
And third one is analyze your data.
Following are the phases for computer forensics investigations:-
Identification Case:
Identify the exact information which we gathered for investigation purpose.Ask yourself while
anyalyzing information like, who is the criminal, when it happen, what was the intention behind
that?
Acquisition of evidence:-
Acquisition is to put to execution the acquisition plan designed in the earlier phase that is the
identification. The aim of the acquisition phase is to obtain forensics copies of all the digital
evidence/data that will be required during the next stage which is the Analysis Phase.
In the actual acquisition, procedures are focused primarily on maintaining proper forensics
techniques to ensure that any evidence acquired will be acceptable to the legal proceeding and
can be duplicated and if necessary should be done by an independent third party.
There are different scanario which shoud be consider in this case:-
Environment Documentation and procedural documentation.
Hardware and sofware tools documentation.
Evidance proof of documetation. Etc.
Evidence authentication:-
Use different security alogothm used in computer science for anaylzing data like md5, sha1 etc.
Check recording or any physical proof at the time of situation and analyze it. Check for
fingerproof if any case it is major source to finding case in minimum time.
Showing Proof as per Analysis:-
Make final documenation as per your study, or analysis over the case. So it is easy for the
someone who tooks decision what is right and what is wrong. Whatever you are presenting it
should collected by yourself it menace you shold aware why we present this documents here. All
document s which we are showing should be complete, accurate, and comprehensive
It is important to accurately record the steps taken during the digital evidence examination along
with all the needed details necessary for a third party examiner to reproduce and validate every
piece of evidence..
Document2- Word (Product Activation Failed) Mailings Review View Tell.pdf
Document2- Word (Product Activation Failed) Mailings Review View Tell me what you want
to do 11 t .a-E). I 1Norrmal!!No Spac.. Heading 1 Paragraph ? Heading 2 Title Subtitle Subtle
Em. Styles Do we need convention of the states? Why? Do we need the convention of the states?
Why not?
Solution
Explanation:.
Discussion 1 Choose one of the Opinion Poll questions (click here f.pdf
Discussion 1: Choose one of the Opinion Poll questions (click here for a list of the questions)
and discuss the justification for your view and how you think it fits in with the values of
American political society. Initial Posting: 200-400 words. Please give me a good example and
good explanation. Please do not copy and paste. thank you question 1: Taxes on the wealthy
should be increased in order to reduce the federal decit without cung social programs. question
2:The United States should send foreign aid to other countries to reduce poverty and help solve
other deep social programs experienced by the poorer nations.
Discussion 2 Group Discussion: Slavery and the Constitution One of the chief areas of
compromise at the Constitutional Convention was the issue of slavery. Should delegates who
opposed slavery have been willing to compromise? Explain your reasoning. Please give me a
good example. Thank you
Solution
The topic chooses in The first one related to taxes, The discussion for the same is as follows:
The American political values are based on the concepts of liberty, equality, democracy,
individualism, unity, and diversity. These are all democratic values and based on inclusive
growth of the society. The growth will not be inclusive if one strata of the society is not even
able to earn the daily breads.
Social programs such as food coupons and others grant lower strata people a chance to survive
while granting them some liberty and equality by providing them various social benefits
necessary for survival.
Federal deficit due to programs in own country to serve own people who are suffering by
spending in our own country for the benefit of the society at large are in line with the vision of
the society that forefather of the American have envision at the birth of this country. It is the
people that are the wealth of the society without people and money without a country have no
means. To support the American political values, the people who carry more than they required
must be taxed to support the social programs. Not doing so will increase the inequality in the
American society and lead to deterioration of the society..
calculate the hydrogen ion concentration in mol for the following s.pdf
calculate the hydrogen ion concentration in mol/ for the following solutions
2.42
11.21
6.96
15.00
Solution
PH=-log[H+] [H+]=10^(-Ph) 1)[H+]=10^(-2.62) 2)[H+]=10^(-11.21)
3)[H+]=10^(-6.96) 4)[H+]=10^(-15) But in the 4th case it is smaller than [H+] concentration of
water...So there will be a equilibrium and hence the [H+]=10^(-14) ionic product of water....
At a certain temperature, 0.5011 mol of N2 and 1.781 mol of H2 are pl.pdf
At a certain temperature, 0.5011 mol of N2 and 1.781 mol of H2 are placed in a 5.00-L
container N,(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) At equilibrium, 0.1201 mol of N2 is present. Calculate the
equilibrium constant, Kc. Number e146.7
Solution
N2(g) + 3H2(g) <----> 2NH3(g)
initial 0.5011/5 1.781/5 0
0.1 M 0.356 M 0
change -0.076 -0.228 +0.152
equilib 0.024 0.128 0.152 M
at equilibrium, N2 = 0.1201/5 = 0.024 M
Kc = [NH3]^2/[N2][H2]^3
Kc = 0.152^2/(0.128^3*0.024)
= 459.03.
Consider mappinp, phi Z rightarrow R, defined as phi(x) = 2x, where .pdf
Consider mappinp, phi: Z rightarrow R, defined as phi(x) = 2x, where Z is the set of all integers
and R is the set of all real numbers and both are groups under addition. Is phi an isomorphism?
Why? Is phi a homomorphism? why? Is phi an epimorphism? why? Is phi monomorphism?
why?
Solution
: Z R is defined by (x) = 2x.
4. We know that a monomorphism is an injective homorphism. From 1 & 2 above, we know that
is a homomorphism and also that is injective. Therefore is a monomorphism..
wk3 reply to prof.I need help with this question below a 200 words.pdf
wk3 reply to prof.
I need help with this question below a 200 words summary with an introduction, body,
conclusion and 1-2 references. please thank you.
How IT and Systems make a valuable contribution to organizational change.
Solution
Introduction-
By system, we mean “an integrated assembly of interacting elements [or components] designed
to carry out cooperatively a predetermined function.” This definition is intentionally broad to
cover a wide range of different systems. In an organizational context this implies a multiplicity
of people, processes, technologies, and materials that together perform a significant function and
contribute to a specific aim—a service or product development.
Although the link between information technology and organizational learning has only begun to
be explored, two related streams of research can be identified. The first adopts organizational
learning as a means for explaining and resolving the problems of implementing and using new
information technologies in organizations. The second stream of research develops applications
of information technology to support the processes of organizational learning and knowledge
management. For example, technologies such as data warehousing, expert systems, best-practice
databases, and intranet/internet systems potentially comprise valuable components of
organizational memory.
Body-
Past the standard office PC and advanced mobile phone, associations actualize information
technology, custom programming or concentrated innovation gear to keep operations running
easily. Progressions in innovation can possibly diminish the time expected to finish an
assignment, or now and again dispose of the requirement for a business procedure or occupation
work. Ordinarily, the want for expanded profitability drives moves up to innovation inside an
association, which can altogether impact organization operations. Information technology (IT)
has turned into an essential and indispensable piece of each strategy for success. From multi-
national companies who keep up centralized server frameworks and databases to private ventures
that claim a solitary PC, IT assumes a part.
Companies are using IT to improve the way they design and manage customer relationships.
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems capture every interaction a company has
with a customer, so that a more enriching experience is possible. If a customer calls a call center
with an issue, the customer support representative will be able to see what the customer has
purchased, view shipping information, call up the training manual for that item and effectively
respond to the issue. For employees, technological enhancements often reduce the number of
tedious office tasks or improve efficiency. Changes in day-to-day operation may come in the
form of an upgrade to desktop computers, faster office equipment or the introduction of a new
information system. Business owners increasingly utilize comprehensive software platforms to.
Write a program that prompts the user to enter a positive integer and.pdf
Write a program that prompts the user to enter a positive integer and displays all its smallest
factors in decreasing order. For example, if the integer is 120, the smallest factors are displayed
as 5, 3, 2, 2, 2. Use the StackOflntegers class to store the factors (e.g., 2, 2, 2, 3, 5) and retrieve
and display them in reverse order.
Solution
#include
#include
using namespace std;
class StackOfIntegers {
int s[100],top;
public:
StackOfIntegers() {
top=-1;
}
void put(int n) {
top++;
s[top]=n;
}
int get() {
if(top==-1) {
return -1;
}
return s[top--];
}
}stack;
void primeFactors(int n) {
while (n%2 == 0) {
stack.put(2);
n = n/2;
}
for (int i=3; i<=sqrt(n); i=i+2) {
while (n%i==0) {
stack.put(i);
n = n/i;
}
}
if (n > 2)
stack.put(n);
}
int main() {
int n;
cout<<\"Enter a positive integer : \";
cin>>n;
primeFactors(n);
int f;
f=stack.get();
while(f>0) {
cout<.
Write a function called countElements that counts the number of times.pdf
Write a function called countElements that counts the number of times two elements appear in a
list. Your task is to ask the user to enter a list and two elements which they need to count in the
list. The list and each of the elements should be inputs to a function called countElements. The
function should print the count of the number of times the elements appear in the list. def
countElements(countUst, element1, element2): Example: if the inputs to the function were (\"t\",
\"s\", 7, 7, 2], \"t\", and 7, the function would count the instances of the letter T and the number 7
in the list, and print the number 3. There was one T and two 7\'s. Name your file
Lastname_Firstname.py
Solution
def countElements(list, ch1, ch2):
count = 0
for i in range(0,len(list)):
if list[i] == ch1:
count = count + 1
for i in range(0,len(list)):
if list[i] == ch2:
count = count + 1
return count;
print countElements([\"t\",\"s\",7,7,2], \"t\", 7)
Output:
sh-4.3$ python main.py
3.
This is a java lab assignment. I have added the first part java re.pdf
This is a java lab assignment. I have added the first part \"java retail class\" at the bottom. I am
unsure how to read the txt file into an array from the retail class. The stock txt file has been
added also.
A beginning framework and inventory list has been provided to you to use your Retail Item Class
as an array. Develop a program to accomplish the following menu items that can be selected by
the end user. Discussion of what each menu item should do is provided below the menu item.
Modify your object class file as desired. Please append initials to files created. Use Select-Case
for menu choices and methods to perform those choices. Please make a selection: 1. Open
Inventory File (This should ask the user for the file name, open the file and load the data into the
object array). 2. Display All (This should show a table of all items and data) 3. Display Reorder
Only (This should show only the stock number, Description and current quantity for items
requiring reorder) 4. Find Stock number (Allows the user to enter part of the description and
displays all matching stock numbers and descriptions matching that - case insensitive, such as
“cubs” or “cubs”) 5. Display Stock number (Allows user to enter stock number and displays
record of item) 6. Add Quantity (Asks for stock number and quantity for units, adds it to current,
displays record results) 7. Subtract Quantity (Asks for stock number and quantity, subtracts,
displays results including if reorder is needed.) 8. Change Price (Asks for stick number, changes
price to provided value, display results). 9. New Item (Allows adding a new item, updates count.
Display record results). 10. Save Inventory File (asks user for file name, save all inventory to
that file in a format that can be read back.)
public class RetailItem{
private String description;
private int unitsOnHand;
private double price;
private int restock;
public void setDescription(String userDescription){
description=userDescription;
}
public void setUnitsOnHand(int userUnitsOnHand){
unitsOnHand=userUnitsOnHand;
}
public void setPrice(double userPrice){
price=userPrice;
}
public String getDescription(){
return description;
}
public int getUnitsOnHand(){
return unitsOnHand;
}
public double getPrice(){
return price;
}
public double getTotal(){
int total = unitsOnHand=(int) price;
return total;
}
public boolean getRestock(){
return false;
}
public RetailItem(String descriptionGiven, int unitsOnHandGiven, double priceGiven, int
restockGiven){
description=descriptionGiven;
unitsOnHand=unitsOnHandGiven;
price=priceGiven;
restock=restockGiven;
}
}
Solution
public class RetailItem{
private int stocknumber;
private String description;
private int unitsOnHand;
private double price;
private int restock;
public void setDescription(String userDescription){
description=userDescription;
}
public int getStocknumber() {
return stocknumber;
}
public void setStocknumber(int stocknumber) {
this.stocknumber = stocknumber;
}
public void setUnitsOnHand(in.
There is no video, All you have to do is show how you reference the .pdf
There is no video, All you have to do is show how you reference the two statements I listed
below in APA format
Create a reference page by citing the following sources in correct APA format. You may use
your text or the OWL website to help you, but do not use citation generators.
· The episode of Friends titled: The One After Joey and Rachel Kiss
· The 6th edition of the APA Manual
Solution
Reich, A., Cohen, T. (Writers), & Bright, K. S. (Director). (2003).The one after Joey and Rachel
Kiss [Television series episode]. In K. S. Bright (Producer), Friends. New York : National
Broadcasting Company..
The process of Imperialism and Colonialism played a role in the esta.pdf
The process of Imperialism and Colonialism played a role in the establishment of a \"European\"
identity. To what extent are we witnessing this phenomenon being played out in other parts of
the world today?
Solution
Imperialism and colonialism are interrelated. They had played a major role in establishing
European identity across the world. It is actually a policy by which a country\'s power and
influenceis established in other countries through colonization by means of using either military
force, or other means.
These days it is evident in cross border encroachments. Border issues has been a major problem
in many Asian countries. Like for example India has border issues with Pakistan, Sri Lanka and
China. All these countries have established their colonies across the border and they try to invade
the country by means of military force. This is clearly a process of colonialism and a mark of
European Identity.
Though invading into another country\'s territory is not legal these days, it paves way to illegal
invasion and encroachment. Countries try to exhibit their power by use of nuclear weapons. Most
of the coutries are democratic these days and they have strong military base, they will not allow
citizens of other countries to enter into their territory. But when miscreants or anti-democrats
invade into other country they pave way for terrorism and anti-social activities.
Hence all these activities exhibit the phenomenon of \"European Identity\"..
Terrain AnalysisBackgroundAircraft frequently rely on terrain el.pdf
Terrain Analysis
Background
Aircraft frequently rely on terrain elevation data to help navigate in low visibility conditions, to
reduce pilot workload, to help closely follow terrain at low altitude to avoid radar detection
(sometimes called ground-hugging or terrain-following flight), and to plot a course to avoid
extreme sudden altitude changes (e.g., flying around a mountain, rather than over it). Terrain
elevation data is gathered through terrain-following radar, lidar, satellites, and existing terrain
map
elevation information. Elevation data is especially useful radar or communication services are
not operating.
Elevation data is typically broken down into a grid, where each grid cell represents a square
physical area of uniform size. Because elevation varies
within a cell, the highest elevation in the cell is usually used as the elevation value for that cell
on the grid.
To navigate using elevation data, it’s useful to compute locations of peaks (high points), valleys
(low points), and flat areas (which might be at high or low elevations). To
a specific location is a peak, we\'re interested in discovering whether that
location is a local maximum. To do this, we must examine its eight adjacent locations: left, right,
above, below, and the four diagonal neighbors. If the location we’re analyzing has a higher
elevation than all eight surrounding locations, then the location is clearly a peak. We might
choose to loosen our definition of a peak by saying, for example, that a location is a peak if more
than five of the eight surrounding locations have a lower elevation.
Similarly, to decide if a location is a valley, we determine if it\'s a local minimum by checking to
see if all eight neighboring locations are higher than the location we’re analyzing. If all eight are
higher, we clearly have a valley. Again, we might choose to loosen our valley definition to
identify a valley if more than five surrounding locations are higher than the location we’re
analyzing.
Determining if a location is part of a relatively flat area (a plain for our purposes, but it might
also be a plateau in the real world), we would again examine all eight neighboring locations. If
they are all within a small tolerance in elevation, then we would declare the location to be part of
a plain. Once again, we might choose to loosen our definition of a plain, so that a location
surrounded by more than five locations that have a similar elevation is considered a plain.
Your Assignment
You will develop a C program that creates a two-dimensional array of doubles representing an
elevation grid, populates the array it with elevation data read from an instructor-supplied binary
data file, displays the elevation data numerically, analyzes the data in the array to find the peaks,
valleys, and plains, and displays strings indicating where these peaks, valleys, and plains are.
Terrain elevation values are all assumed to be expressed in meters.
When defining your C functions in this pr.
What do viral genomes look like compared to those of living organism.pdf
What do viral genomes look like compared to those of living organisms? Why is their genome so
small? What do prokaryotic genomes look like compared to those of eukaryotes? (review the five
points in the powerpoint discussion) Why is there such a strong correlation between genome size
and gene number among prokaryotes? What is a plasmid and what role do they play in bacterial
genome evolution? Horizontal Gene Transfer What does gene order tell us about the frequency
of genome rearrangement in prokaryotes?
Solution
Viral Genome Vs. Living Organism\'s Genome Characteristics VIRUS LIVING ORGANISM
NUCLEIC ACID DNA/RNA DNA REPLICATION ENZYMES USE HOST\'S ENZYME
PRESENT GENOME SIZE SMALL LARGE GENOME MODIFICATIONS ABSENT
PRESENT SEGMENTS MONO/MULTI-PARTITE -NA- viruses have small genome size
because of high mutation rate in larger genomes, to avoid erors during multiplication the size of
genome is reduced. Prokaryotic genome Vs Eukaryotic genomes characteristics prokaryote
eukaryote ploidy haploid diploid origin of replication single multiple chromosome shape,number
circular, single linear, multiple nuclear membrane, nucleus nucleoid, no membrane present
introns absent present size small with no different regions large with distinct regions in
prokaryotes, there is strong correlation between genome size and gene number because
prokaryotes contain total coding genes no extra non coding region as seen in eukaryotes thus
there is a positive correlation. Plasmid is a extrachromosomal DNA found in bacteria which can
replicate it self independently from cellular DNA. it is involved in transfer of bacterial genes to
other bacteria (horizontal gene transfer) thus facilitate recombination between genes and new
genetic combination. gene order are conserved in prokaryotes, but introduction of new genes by
horizontal gene transfer changes gene order. thus, changes mong conserved sequence can tell
about the rearrangement between genes on chromosome..
Verify the identity Verify the identity by transforming the left-han.pdf
Verify the identity Verify the identity by transforming the left-hand side into the right-hand side.
sec theta - cos theta/tan theta = tan theta/sec theta
Solution
(sec theta - cos theta)/tan theta=tan theta/sec theta
starting with the left side
(1 / cos theta - cos theta)/ tan theta
(1-cos2theta)/cos theta/sin theta/cos theta= sin2theta/cos theta/sin theta/cos theta=sin theta
checking the right side
tan theta/sec theta=sin theta/cos theta/1/cos theta=sin theta
both sides are equal to sin theta.
Using following main file and solve the taskInst.pdf
Using following main file and solve the task
Instead of ID and GPA, now consider following fields: Name, ID and Contact numberInsert last
(already done)Display All (already done)Insert at the beginningDelete the first elementDelete the
last elementSearch an element (by ID)Insert after an elementDisplay how many elements are
there in the listFind the element with highest (biggest) IDFind the element with lowest (smallest)
ID
// main file
please solve all it ... Thank You :)
Using following main file and solve the task
Instead of ID and GPA, now consider following fields: Name, ID and Contact numberInsert last
(already done)Display All (already done)Insert at the beginningDelete the first elementDelete the
last elementSearch an element (by ID)Insert after an elementDisplay how many elements are
there in the listFind the element with highest (biggest) IDFind the element with lowest (smallest)
ID
// main file
please solve all it ... Thank You :)
Instead of ID and GPA, now consider following fields: Name, ID and Contact numberInsert last
(already done)Display All (already done)Insert at the beginningDelete the first elementDelete the
last elementSearch an element (by ID)Insert after an elementDisplay how many elements are
there in the listFind the element with highest (biggest) IDFind the element with lowest (smallest)
ID
// main file
please solve all it ... Thank You :)
// main file
please solve all it ... Thank You :)
Solution
// main file
#include
#include
using namespace std;
struct node{
//change to name , ID and contact number
string name;
int ID; ;
string phone;
//double GPA;
node *link;
};
node *head=NULL, *t;
void insertNode()
{
node *temp=new node;
cout<<\"Enter name..\";
cin>>temp->name;
cout<<\"Enter the ID..\";
cin>>temp->ID;
cout<<\"Enter Phone..\";
cin>>temp->phone;
temp->link=NULL;
if(head==NULL)//list is empty
{
head=temp;
}
else
{
t=head;
while(t->link!=NULL)
t=t->link;
t->link=temp;
}
}
void displayAll()
{
node *t=head;
while(t!=NULL)
{
cout<<\"Name=\"<name<ID<phone<link;
}
}
void isertAtbegin()
{
node *cur = head;
node *temp=new node;
cout<<\"Enter name..\";
cin>>temp->name;
cout<<\"Enter the ID..\";
cin>>temp->ID;
cout<<\"Enter Phone..\";
cin>>temp->phone;
head = temp;
temp->link = cur;
}
void deleteFirstElement()
{
node *cur = head,*prev=head;
head = head->link;
free(cur);
}
void searchElement(int ID)
{
node *cur = head;
int found = 0,pos=0;
while( cur!=NULL)
{
if( ID == cur->ID )
{
found = 1;
break;
}
cur = cur->link;
++pos;
}
if( found )
cout<<\"Element with Id= \"<link;
node *temp=new node;
cout<<\"Enter name..\";
cin>>temp->name;
cout<<\"Enter the ID..\";
cin>>temp->ID;
cout<<\"Enter Phone..\";
cin>>temp->phone;
temp->link=next;
cur->link = temp;
break;
}
cur = cur->link;
++pos;
}
}
void displayNumberOfelements()
{
node *cur = head;
int count = 0;
while( cur!=NULL)
{
++count;
cur = cur->link;
}
cout<<\"Number of elements in list = \"<ID;
while( cur!=NULL)
{
if(max < cur ->ID)
{
max = cur ->ID;
}
cur = cur->link;
}
cout<<\.
Suppose there are 14 children trying to form two teams with seven ch.pdf
Suppose there are 14 children trying to form two teams with seven children each. Andrew, Beth,
and Charlie are siblings and are part of the group. They demand to be on the same team as each
other. How many ways can we split the group of 14 children into two-teams of seven, insuring
that Andrew, Beth, and Charlie are on the same team?
Solution
given 14 children,
(11c4 * 3c3)/ (14c7) * 11c7
=275.
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The process of Imperialism and Colonialism played a role in the esta.pdf
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
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This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
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of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
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'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
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diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
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9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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- 1. Lysosomal proteins are often degradative enzymes. How does the cell keep these enzymes from degrading non-lysosomal cellular components on their way to the lysosome? Solution Answer: Lysosome contains more than 40 types of hydrolytic enzymes which includes proteases, nucleases, glycosidases, lipases, phospholipases, phosphatases etc. All are acid hydrolases.These enzymes show optimal activity in acidic environment and the lysosome provides this environment by maintaining a pH of about 5.0 inside it. In this way, the contents of the cytosol are highly protected against attack by the cell's own digestive system. The membrane of the lysosome normally keeps the digestive enzymes seperated from cytosol, but in case they leak out, they can only do very little damage at the cytosolic pH of about 7.2. lysosomes are synthesised in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and transported through the Golgi apparatus to the trans Golgi network. The transport vesicles that deliver these proteins to late endosomes (which later form lysosomes) bud from the trans Golgi network. Enzymes that are destined for a lysosome , specifically tagged with the molecule Mannose 6-phosphate, so that they are properly sorted into acidified vesicles. The vesicles subsequently deliver their contents to a late endosome. By this mechanism cells keep these enzymes from degrading non-lysosomal cellular components on their way to the lysosome.