The document discusses the anatomy of the lungs and pleurae. It describes:
- The pleurae are double-layered membranes that line the thoracic wall and lungs. The potential space between the layers is called the pleural cavity.
- The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall while the visceral pleura attaches to the lungs. They are continuous at the hilum.
- The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity. The right lung has 3 lobes and the left has 2 lobes. Each is served by its own bronchial tree and pulmonary vasculature.
- The conducting zone includes the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles which branch within
The document discusses the planes, divisions, and structures of the abdomen. It describes how the abdomen is divided into nine quadrants by two horizontal planes (transpyloric and transtubercular) and two vertical planes. Each quadrant contains specific organs and structures. The key structures arranged in the abdomen include the skeleton, muscles of the posterior abdominal wall, blood vessels such as the aorta and IVC, nerves like the femoral nerve, and organs like the liver, stomach, intestines, kidneys and pancreas.
Gross anatomy and histology of extrahepatic biliary apparatusDr Laxman Khanal
This document summarizes the gross anatomy and histology of the extrahepatic biliary apparatus. It describes the components and functions of the extrahepatic biliary apparatus, which includes the right and left hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, gallbladder, cystic duct, and common bile duct. Key anatomical structures like Calot's triangle and their clinical significance in conditions like cholelithiasis and surgical procedures like cholecystectomy are discussed. The microanatomy and blood supply of the gallbladder are also outlined.
The document describes the muscles and nerves of the thoracic wall. It discusses the three layers of intercostal muscles - external, internal, and innermost. It also describes the intercostal nerves, noting the typical arrangement from T3-T6, and variations in other regions. Finally, it discusses the diaphragm muscle, its origins along the ribs and vertebrae, openings, nerve supply, and role in respiration.
The diaphragm is a thin, dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. It originates from the xiphoid process, lower ribs, and lumbar vertebrae. The diaphragm has openings for the esophagus, inferior vena cava, and aorta. During inhalation, contraction of the diaphragm increases the vertical space in the chest cavity, aiding breathing. In addition to respiration, the diaphragm assists with abdominal straining, lifting weights, and pumping blood and lymph through the thorax.
The pericardium is a fibroserous sac that surrounds the heart and roots of the great vessels. It has two layers - an outer fibrous layer and inner serous layer. The serous layer further divides into the parietal layer lining the fibrous sac and visceral layer adhered to the heart. Between these layers is the pericardial cavity containing fluid. The pericardium functions to support and protect the heart while allowing movement. Conditions like pericarditis or excess fluid accumulation can lead to cardiac tamponade.
1) The thoracic cage is bounded superiorly by the thoracic inlet and inferiorly by the thoracic outlet and diaphragm. It contains typical intercostal spaces bounded by ribs and atypical spaces.
2) The typical intercostal spaces contain the external, internal, and innermost intercostal muscles as well as the subcostalis and sternocostalis muscles. The intercostal nerves and vessels also course through these spaces.
3) The muscles of respiration that act during inspiration include the diaphragm, external intercostals, and accessory muscles like SCM. During forced expiration, the rectus abdominis, internal intercostals, and serratus posterior inferior
This document discusses the normal anatomy and development of the superior and inferior vena cavae as well as common congenital anomalies that can occur. It begins with a description of the typical anatomy of the superior and inferior vena cavae and their tributaries. It then explains the embryonic development of the major veins, including how the cardinal veins form and remodel into the adult venous structures. Finally, it outlines several important congenital anomalies including bilateral superior vena cavae, left-sided superior vena cava, retroaortic innominate vein, left inferior vena cava, azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava, and circumcaval anomalies. Recognition of these anomalies is important to
This document discusses the anatomy of the mesentery and related structures. It describes the mesentery as the peritoneal fold that suspends the jejunum and ileum from the posterior abdominal wall. It provides blood supply and innervation to the intestines. The root of the mesentery extends from L2 to the right sacroiliac joint and crosses several structures. The superior mesenteric artery supplies the midgut and branches to form the jejunal and ileal arteries. Meckel's diverticulum is described as a remnant of the vitelline duct that can cause complications like perforation or intestinal obstruction.
The document discusses the planes, divisions, and structures of the abdomen. It describes how the abdomen is divided into nine quadrants by two horizontal planes (transpyloric and transtubercular) and two vertical planes. Each quadrant contains specific organs and structures. The key structures arranged in the abdomen include the skeleton, muscles of the posterior abdominal wall, blood vessels such as the aorta and IVC, nerves like the femoral nerve, and organs like the liver, stomach, intestines, kidneys and pancreas.
Gross anatomy and histology of extrahepatic biliary apparatusDr Laxman Khanal
This document summarizes the gross anatomy and histology of the extrahepatic biliary apparatus. It describes the components and functions of the extrahepatic biliary apparatus, which includes the right and left hepatic ducts, common hepatic duct, gallbladder, cystic duct, and common bile duct. Key anatomical structures like Calot's triangle and their clinical significance in conditions like cholelithiasis and surgical procedures like cholecystectomy are discussed. The microanatomy and blood supply of the gallbladder are also outlined.
The document describes the muscles and nerves of the thoracic wall. It discusses the three layers of intercostal muscles - external, internal, and innermost. It also describes the intercostal nerves, noting the typical arrangement from T3-T6, and variations in other regions. Finally, it discusses the diaphragm muscle, its origins along the ribs and vertebrae, openings, nerve supply, and role in respiration.
The diaphragm is a thin, dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. It originates from the xiphoid process, lower ribs, and lumbar vertebrae. The diaphragm has openings for the esophagus, inferior vena cava, and aorta. During inhalation, contraction of the diaphragm increases the vertical space in the chest cavity, aiding breathing. In addition to respiration, the diaphragm assists with abdominal straining, lifting weights, and pumping blood and lymph through the thorax.
The pericardium is a fibroserous sac that surrounds the heart and roots of the great vessels. It has two layers - an outer fibrous layer and inner serous layer. The serous layer further divides into the parietal layer lining the fibrous sac and visceral layer adhered to the heart. Between these layers is the pericardial cavity containing fluid. The pericardium functions to support and protect the heart while allowing movement. Conditions like pericarditis or excess fluid accumulation can lead to cardiac tamponade.
1) The thoracic cage is bounded superiorly by the thoracic inlet and inferiorly by the thoracic outlet and diaphragm. It contains typical intercostal spaces bounded by ribs and atypical spaces.
2) The typical intercostal spaces contain the external, internal, and innermost intercostal muscles as well as the subcostalis and sternocostalis muscles. The intercostal nerves and vessels also course through these spaces.
3) The muscles of respiration that act during inspiration include the diaphragm, external intercostals, and accessory muscles like SCM. During forced expiration, the rectus abdominis, internal intercostals, and serratus posterior inferior
This document discusses the normal anatomy and development of the superior and inferior vena cavae as well as common congenital anomalies that can occur. It begins with a description of the typical anatomy of the superior and inferior vena cavae and their tributaries. It then explains the embryonic development of the major veins, including how the cardinal veins form and remodel into the adult venous structures. Finally, it outlines several important congenital anomalies including bilateral superior vena cavae, left-sided superior vena cava, retroaortic innominate vein, left inferior vena cava, azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava, and circumcaval anomalies. Recognition of these anomalies is important to
This document discusses the anatomy of the mesentery and related structures. It describes the mesentery as the peritoneal fold that suspends the jejunum and ileum from the posterior abdominal wall. It provides blood supply and innervation to the intestines. The root of the mesentery extends from L2 to the right sacroiliac joint and crosses several structures. The superior mesenteric artery supplies the midgut and branches to form the jejunal and ileal arteries. Meckel's diverticulum is described as a remnant of the vitelline duct that can cause complications like perforation or intestinal obstruction.
The arch of the aorta begins at the level of the sternal angle and arches over the root of the left lung in the superior mediastinum. It begins as the continuation of the ascending aorta and passes up, back, and left before turning backwards and downwards to become the descending aorta at the level of T4. It has anterior relations to the left lung and pleura and posterior relations to the trachea, esophagus, and thoracic duct. Its branches include the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery.
In this pppt I have described surgical anatomy of chest wall, lungs and mediastinum. This will be useful to medical students, surgical residents and surgons
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped musculotendinous sheet that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It has peripheral muscular parts and a central tendinous portion. It arises from the lumbar vertebrae, ribs, sternum and xiphoid process. The diaphragm inserts into its central tendon. It contains openings for structures like the aorta, inferior vena cava and esophagus. The diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerves and functions in respiration and exertion. Clinical implications include hernias, hiccups and paralysis.
The mediastinum is the central partition that divides the chest cavity into left and right halves. It contains structures such as the heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, and lymph nodes. The mediastinum is further divided into superior, inferior (which includes middle and anterior/posterior divisions), and each section contains different tissues such as arteries, veins, nerves related to the structures in that region. Conditions like mediastinitis or tumors can develop in the mediastinum and cause complications through compression of nearby structures.
The chest cavity contains the lungs, heart, major blood vessels, and other structures. It is bounded by the ribs, sternum, vertebral column, and diaphragm. The chest cavity is further divided into the pleural cavities and mediastinum. The mediastinum is the median partition between the lungs and contains the esophagus, trachea, thymus, and major blood vessels. Each lung is surrounded by a pleural membrane made of visceral and parietal layers that create a pleural cavity containing fluid.
This document outlines learning objectives for understanding the thoracic cage and diaphragm. The key points are:
- Describe the boundaries of the thoracic cage, openings of the thorax, and components of the diaphragm including its origin, direction of fibers, blood supply and nerve supply.
- List the structures that pass through openings in the thorax and diaphragm.
- Explain the functions of the diaphragm in respiration and other acts.
- Enumerate conditions related to damage of the phrenic nerve including diaphragmatic paralysis and hernias.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the thorax. It contains:
- The thorax is bounded superiorly by the root of the neck and inferiorly by the diaphragm. It contains the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels.
- The mediastinum is the thick soft tissue partition that separates the two pleural cavities and contains the heart and other structures.
- The lungs are enclosed in pleural cavities and separated from each other by the mediastinum.
The arch of the aorta begins behind the upper border of the second right sternochondral joint and arches over the root of the left lung before ending at the lower border of the fourth thoracic vertebra. It has anterior relations including nerves and veins and posterior relations such as the trachea and esophagus. Its main branches are the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery. Developmental anomalies of the arch of the aorta include right sided aortic arch, double aortic arch, abnormal origin of the right subclavian artery, and coarctation of the aorta.
This document summarizes key details about the duodenum and pancreas. It describes the four parts of the duodenum, their locations, relations, features, and applied anatomy. It discusses the major and minor duodenal papillae and their openings. It then describes the pancreas, including its head, neck, body, and tail; their locations, borders, surfaces, and relations. It notes the arterial supply, venous drainage, lymphatic drainage, and nerve supply of both organs. It concludes with brief descriptions of acute pancreatitis and annular pancreas.
The heart is a hollow, pyramidal-shaped organ located in the thoracic cavity. It is composed of 4 chambers - the right and left atria which receive blood, and the right and left ventricles which pump blood out of the heart. The heart has external features including an apex, base, surfaces and borders that divide the surfaces. The apex points downward and leftward. The base is posterior. The surfaces are sternocostal, diaphragmatic, right and left pulmonary. Borders include right, left, superior and inferior borders. The heart is about the size of a clenched fist.
The pericardium is a fibroserous sac that surrounds the heart and roots of the great vessels. It has two layers - an outer fibrous layer that is firmly attached to nearby structures, and an inner serous layer divided into parietal and visceral layers with a lubricating fluid between them. The pericardium restricts heart movement and provides a friction-free container for the heart to contract within.
The thoracic spine consists of 12 vertebrae located between the cervical and lumbar regions. Each thoracic vertebra has costal facets for articulating with ribs, forming the thoracic cage which protects the heart, lungs, and esophagus. Unique joints connect the vertebrae to each other and to the ribs. The thoracic spine is strengthened by ligaments and allows only limited movement to support respiration. Kyphosis is an excessive curvature of the thoracic spine causing a hunched appearance.
The mediastinum is the central portion of the thoracic cavity located between the lungs. It is divided into the superior mediastinum above the sternal angle and inferior mediastinum below. The inferior mediastinum is further divided into the anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinum, with the middle mediastinum containing the heart and pericardium.
The document describes the anatomy of the axilla and brachial plexus. The axilla is a pyramid-shaped space bounded by bones and muscles that contains neurovascular structures passing from the neck to the upper limb. The brachial plexus, located in the posterior neck and axilla, is formed by the union of cervical and thoracic spinal nerves and divides into cords and branches that innervate the upper limb. Injuries to different parts of the brachial plexus can cause weakness or loss of sensation in specific areas due to disruption of the corresponding nerves.
This document provides an overview of the diaphragm, including its origin, insertion, nerve supply, blood supply, actions, positions, relations, openings, and development. The diaphragm is a sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is key to respiration. It has three parts of origin and inserts at the central tendon. The phrenic nerve provides motor innervation and thoracic nerves provide some sensory innervation. The document also discusses applied anatomy concepts regarding the diaphragm.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the thorax. It describes the thorax as being divided into an upper thoracic cavity by the diaphragm, with the skeletal thoracic cage protecting the lungs and heart. It details the bones that make up the thoracic cage including the ribs, sternum and vertebrae. It also describes the openings of the thorax including the superior inlet bounded by the manubrium sternum, first rib and T1 vertebrae and the inferior outlet bounded by the costal margins and T12 vertebra enclosed by the diaphragm.
The pericardium is composed of two layers - the outer fibrous pericardium and inner serous pericardium. The fibrous pericardium surrounds and protects the heart, while the serous pericardium forms a double-layered sac with a fluid-filled space between. The serous pericardium has a parietal layer lining the fibrous pericardium and a visceral layer attached to the heart. Conditions like pericarditis cause inflammation of the pericardium, while pericardial effusion occurs when excess fluid accumulates in the pericardial space, which can lead to cardiac tamponade.
The document discusses the mediastinum, which is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity located between the lungs. It is divided into superior, anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. The superior mediastinum contains structures such as the thymus gland, great vessels like the superior vena cava and aorta, and nerves like the vagus nerve. The anterior mediastinum contains the thymus gland in children and structures related to the heart. The middle mediastinum contains the heart enclosed in the pericardium. The posterior mediastinum contains the esophagus and descending aorta along with nerves and lymph nodes. Mediastinitis is an infection of the mediastinum which can
The document summarizes the anatomy of the pleura and lungs. It describes the pleura as a membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the chest cavity. It has a parietal layer on the chest wall and visceral layer covering the lungs. The two layers form a pleural cavity containing pleural fluid. Each lung is cone-shaped and divided into lobes separated by fissures. The lungs receive deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary arteries and return oxygenated blood to the heart via pulmonary veins. Lymph drains from the lungs through plexuses and nodes in the hilum. The lungs are innervated by the pulmonary plexus and have segments supplied by segmental bronchi, arteries and veins.
The document describes the anatomy of the pleura and lungs. The pleura is a serous membrane consisting of parietal and visceral layers that line the thoracic cavity and lungs. It forms a closed sac that contains a small amount of pleural fluid. The lungs are paired organs located in the thoracic cavity. Each lung is divided into lobes separated by fissures. The roots of the lungs contain structures like bronchi and blood vessels that connect the lungs to the mediastinum.
The arch of the aorta begins at the level of the sternal angle and arches over the root of the left lung in the superior mediastinum. It begins as the continuation of the ascending aorta and passes up, back, and left before turning backwards and downwards to become the descending aorta at the level of T4. It has anterior relations to the left lung and pleura and posterior relations to the trachea, esophagus, and thoracic duct. Its branches include the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery.
In this pppt I have described surgical anatomy of chest wall, lungs and mediastinum. This will be useful to medical students, surgical residents and surgons
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped musculotendinous sheet that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It has peripheral muscular parts and a central tendinous portion. It arises from the lumbar vertebrae, ribs, sternum and xiphoid process. The diaphragm inserts into its central tendon. It contains openings for structures like the aorta, inferior vena cava and esophagus. The diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerves and functions in respiration and exertion. Clinical implications include hernias, hiccups and paralysis.
The mediastinum is the central partition that divides the chest cavity into left and right halves. It contains structures such as the heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, and lymph nodes. The mediastinum is further divided into superior, inferior (which includes middle and anterior/posterior divisions), and each section contains different tissues such as arteries, veins, nerves related to the structures in that region. Conditions like mediastinitis or tumors can develop in the mediastinum and cause complications through compression of nearby structures.
The chest cavity contains the lungs, heart, major blood vessels, and other structures. It is bounded by the ribs, sternum, vertebral column, and diaphragm. The chest cavity is further divided into the pleural cavities and mediastinum. The mediastinum is the median partition between the lungs and contains the esophagus, trachea, thymus, and major blood vessels. Each lung is surrounded by a pleural membrane made of visceral and parietal layers that create a pleural cavity containing fluid.
This document outlines learning objectives for understanding the thoracic cage and diaphragm. The key points are:
- Describe the boundaries of the thoracic cage, openings of the thorax, and components of the diaphragm including its origin, direction of fibers, blood supply and nerve supply.
- List the structures that pass through openings in the thorax and diaphragm.
- Explain the functions of the diaphragm in respiration and other acts.
- Enumerate conditions related to damage of the phrenic nerve including diaphragmatic paralysis and hernias.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the thorax. It contains:
- The thorax is bounded superiorly by the root of the neck and inferiorly by the diaphragm. It contains the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels.
- The mediastinum is the thick soft tissue partition that separates the two pleural cavities and contains the heart and other structures.
- The lungs are enclosed in pleural cavities and separated from each other by the mediastinum.
The arch of the aorta begins behind the upper border of the second right sternochondral joint and arches over the root of the left lung before ending at the lower border of the fourth thoracic vertebra. It has anterior relations including nerves and veins and posterior relations such as the trachea and esophagus. Its main branches are the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery. Developmental anomalies of the arch of the aorta include right sided aortic arch, double aortic arch, abnormal origin of the right subclavian artery, and coarctation of the aorta.
This document summarizes key details about the duodenum and pancreas. It describes the four parts of the duodenum, their locations, relations, features, and applied anatomy. It discusses the major and minor duodenal papillae and their openings. It then describes the pancreas, including its head, neck, body, and tail; their locations, borders, surfaces, and relations. It notes the arterial supply, venous drainage, lymphatic drainage, and nerve supply of both organs. It concludes with brief descriptions of acute pancreatitis and annular pancreas.
The heart is a hollow, pyramidal-shaped organ located in the thoracic cavity. It is composed of 4 chambers - the right and left atria which receive blood, and the right and left ventricles which pump blood out of the heart. The heart has external features including an apex, base, surfaces and borders that divide the surfaces. The apex points downward and leftward. The base is posterior. The surfaces are sternocostal, diaphragmatic, right and left pulmonary. Borders include right, left, superior and inferior borders. The heart is about the size of a clenched fist.
The pericardium is a fibroserous sac that surrounds the heart and roots of the great vessels. It has two layers - an outer fibrous layer that is firmly attached to nearby structures, and an inner serous layer divided into parietal and visceral layers with a lubricating fluid between them. The pericardium restricts heart movement and provides a friction-free container for the heart to contract within.
The thoracic spine consists of 12 vertebrae located between the cervical and lumbar regions. Each thoracic vertebra has costal facets for articulating with ribs, forming the thoracic cage which protects the heart, lungs, and esophagus. Unique joints connect the vertebrae to each other and to the ribs. The thoracic spine is strengthened by ligaments and allows only limited movement to support respiration. Kyphosis is an excessive curvature of the thoracic spine causing a hunched appearance.
The mediastinum is the central portion of the thoracic cavity located between the lungs. It is divided into the superior mediastinum above the sternal angle and inferior mediastinum below. The inferior mediastinum is further divided into the anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinum, with the middle mediastinum containing the heart and pericardium.
The document describes the anatomy of the axilla and brachial plexus. The axilla is a pyramid-shaped space bounded by bones and muscles that contains neurovascular structures passing from the neck to the upper limb. The brachial plexus, located in the posterior neck and axilla, is formed by the union of cervical and thoracic spinal nerves and divides into cords and branches that innervate the upper limb. Injuries to different parts of the brachial plexus can cause weakness or loss of sensation in specific areas due to disruption of the corresponding nerves.
This document provides an overview of the diaphragm, including its origin, insertion, nerve supply, blood supply, actions, positions, relations, openings, and development. The diaphragm is a sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is key to respiration. It has three parts of origin and inserts at the central tendon. The phrenic nerve provides motor innervation and thoracic nerves provide some sensory innervation. The document also discusses applied anatomy concepts regarding the diaphragm.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the thorax. It describes the thorax as being divided into an upper thoracic cavity by the diaphragm, with the skeletal thoracic cage protecting the lungs and heart. It details the bones that make up the thoracic cage including the ribs, sternum and vertebrae. It also describes the openings of the thorax including the superior inlet bounded by the manubrium sternum, first rib and T1 vertebrae and the inferior outlet bounded by the costal margins and T12 vertebra enclosed by the diaphragm.
The pericardium is composed of two layers - the outer fibrous pericardium and inner serous pericardium. The fibrous pericardium surrounds and protects the heart, while the serous pericardium forms a double-layered sac with a fluid-filled space between. The serous pericardium has a parietal layer lining the fibrous pericardium and a visceral layer attached to the heart. Conditions like pericarditis cause inflammation of the pericardium, while pericardial effusion occurs when excess fluid accumulates in the pericardial space, which can lead to cardiac tamponade.
The document discusses the mediastinum, which is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity located between the lungs. It is divided into superior, anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. The superior mediastinum contains structures such as the thymus gland, great vessels like the superior vena cava and aorta, and nerves like the vagus nerve. The anterior mediastinum contains the thymus gland in children and structures related to the heart. The middle mediastinum contains the heart enclosed in the pericardium. The posterior mediastinum contains the esophagus and descending aorta along with nerves and lymph nodes. Mediastinitis is an infection of the mediastinum which can
The document summarizes the anatomy of the pleura and lungs. It describes the pleura as a membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the chest cavity. It has a parietal layer on the chest wall and visceral layer covering the lungs. The two layers form a pleural cavity containing pleural fluid. Each lung is cone-shaped and divided into lobes separated by fissures. The lungs receive deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary arteries and return oxygenated blood to the heart via pulmonary veins. Lymph drains from the lungs through plexuses and nodes in the hilum. The lungs are innervated by the pulmonary plexus and have segments supplied by segmental bronchi, arteries and veins.
The document describes the anatomy of the pleura and lungs. The pleura is a serous membrane consisting of parietal and visceral layers that line the thoracic cavity and lungs. It forms a closed sac that contains a small amount of pleural fluid. The lungs are paired organs located in the thoracic cavity. Each lung is divided into lobes separated by fissures. The roots of the lungs contain structures like bronchi and blood vessels that connect the lungs to the mediastinum.
Gross anatomy and development of respiratory systemDr Laxman Khanal
The oblique fissure of lung follows the 6th rib.
The embryonic germ layer that gives rise to the inner lining of the respiratory tract is endoderm.
Trachea is made up of hyaline cartilage.
The part of lung aerated by respiratory bronchioles is called the pulmonary unit.
Surfactant is produced by type 2 alveolar cells.
The most anterior structure in the root of the lung is the bronchus.
The pleura consists of two layers - the parietal pleura which lines the thoracic wall and diaphragm, and the visceral pleura which covers the lungs. Between these two layers is a potential space called the pleural cavity, which contains pleural fluid that lubricates the pleural surfaces and allows the lungs to slide smoothly against the chest wall during respiration. The pleura has several recesses that allow for full expansion of the lungs during deep inspiration.
Anatomy of lungs and development of lungsDrhappyachu
This document provides an overview of lung anatomy and development. It discusses the gross organization of the lungs including surfaces, borders, lobes, and root. It describes the trachea, bronchi, pulmonary arteries and veins. Segmental anatomy and lymphatics are covered. Lung development progresses from embryonic to pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular and alveolar stages. Pleura and its relations are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of lung and pleural anatomy from Dr. Noura El Tahawy. It discusses the structure and layers of the pleura, noting that the pleural cavities are lined by mesothelial membranes and contain the lungs. Each lung remains attached to the mediastinum at the root, which contains the airways, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves. The document also reviews the surfaces and borders of the lungs, the root and hilum structures, the bronchial tree and segments, vasculature, innervation and lymphatic drainage of the lungs.
Pleura$lung ppt.pptx assignment of anatomyAmanuelIbrahim
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the pleura and lungs. It describes the layers of the pleura, including the parietal and visceral pleura. It details the lobes and fissures of the lungs, noting there are three lobes in the right lung and two in the left. The neurovasculature of the lungs is summarized, including the pulmonary arteries and veins. Clinical correlations such as pneumothorax and pleural effusions are also briefly mentioned.
The document describes the anatomy of the thorax. It is divided into three parts: the superior mediastinum, inferior mediastinum, and subdivisions of the inferior mediastinum. The superior mediastinum contains the thymus gland, veins, arteries including the aortic arch, and nerves such as the vagus and phrenic. The inferior mediastinum is further divided by the pericardial sac into the anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. Key structures such as the trachea, esophagus, arteries and veins are described in detail in their locations within the mediastinum.
The pleura is a double-layered membrane that surrounds the lungs. It consists of the parietal pleura, which lines the thoracic wall, and the visceral pleura, which covers the outer surface of the lungs. Between these two layers is a small space called the pleural cavity, which contains a small amount of pleural fluid that allows the lungs to move smoothly within the chest cavity during respiration. Each lung is further divided into lobes by fissures and supplied by bronchial arteries, veins, and pulmonary arteries and veins. The lungs are innervated by the pulmonary plexus and drain lymph through both superficial and deep lymphatic vessels.
The respiratory system has three main parts:
1. The conducting zone which includes the trachea and bronchi down to the terminal bronchioles.
2. The respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and 300 million alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
3. The muscles of respiration including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles which contract to inhale and exhale air.
The document summarizes the gross structures and functions of the lower respiratory tract. It describes the trachea as a tubular passageway that branches into the two primary bronchi. The bronchi continue branching into smaller bronchioles that lead to terminal bronchioles and alveoli where gas exchange occurs. It also details the lungs, noting they are highly elastic and each has an apex, lobes divided by fissures, and a root containing bronchial tubes and vessels. The pleurae are membranes that line the thoracic wall and cover the lungs, with a potential space between that contains lubricating fluid.
The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic.
The bronchioles eventually end in clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, travels from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled. Between the alveoli is a thin layer of cells called the interstitium, which contains blood vessels and cells that help support the alveoli.
The document discusses the pleurae, which are thin membranes that cover the lungs and line the thoracic cavity. It describes the two layers - the parietal pleura covering the thoracic wall and the visceral pleura covering the lungs. Between these layers is the pleural cavity, which contains a small amount of fluid and allows the lungs to expand and contract during breathing. The document outlines the structure and supply of the pleurae and conditions like pneumothorax that can occur when air enters the pleural space.
The lungs are a pair of elastic organs located in the chest cavity that are responsible for respiration. Each lung has a conical shape and is divided into lobes separated by fissures. The right lung has three lobes while the left has two. The lungs receive deoxygenated blood from the heart via the pulmonary arteries and return oxygenated blood to the heart via pulmonary veins. They also have a bronchial blood supply from the bronchial arteries. The major functions of the lungs are gas exchange and respiration.
The pericardium surrounds the heart and consists of the fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium. The serous pericardium forms the parietal and visceral layers between which is the pericardial cavity. The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the mediastinum. It has chambers, valves, arteries and nerves that allow it to pump blood efficiently to the body. The inner layers of the heart include the endocardium and myocardium separated by chambers and valves into four compartments to properly oxygenate the body.
The lungs and pleura are located within the thoracic cavity. Each lung is surrounded by a pleural cavity formed by the visceral and parietal pleura. The lungs have lobes separated by fissures. They have surfaces, borders, and a root containing structures. Gas exchange occurs in the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli. The pleurae lubricate the lung surfaces and allow for lung expansion and contraction during breathing.
The chest cavity contains the lungs and heart and is bounded by the chest wall and diaphragm. It can be divided into the mediastinum and pleural cavities. The pleura is a membrane that covers the lungs and lines the chest wall. It has parietal and visceral layers separated by a pleural space. Ultrasonography allows visualization of the pleura and underlying lung parenchyma. Key findings include the pleural line, A-lines, B-lines, lung sliding, and consolidations. It is useful for evaluating pleural effusions, pneumothorax, and infiltrates and has advantages over chest radiography of being radiation-free, portable, and allowing real-time
Pleural cavity is lined by single layer of flat cells, “mesothelium” and an associated layer of supporting connective tissue; together they form pleura.
parietal pleura :pleura associated with the walls of a pleural cavity
visceral pleura :pleura, which adheres to and covers the lung: reflects from the medial wall and onto the surface of the lung
Two pleural cavities are situated on either side of the mediastinum
During development, the lungs grow out of the mediastinum, becoming surrounded by the pleural cavities. As a result, the outer surface of each organ is covered by pleura
Here is a detailed presentation on anatomy of heart
I sincerely agree that few of my slides are copied and most of them are prepared by myself
But that is how we help each other!!
Hope the presentation helps the one in need
And it's free to download for anyone
The whole purpose of uploading is.. So that anyone can use it ..
Dahua provides a comprehensive guide on how to install their security camera systems. Learn about the different types of cameras and system components, as well as the installation process.
Charging and Fueling Infrastructure Grant: Round 2 by Brandt HertensteinForth
Brandt Hertenstein, Program Manager of the Electrification Coalition gave this presentation at the Forth and Electrification Coalition CFI Grant Program - Overview and Technical Assistance webinar on June 12, 2024.
Implementing ELDs or Electronic Logging Devices is slowly but surely becoming the norm in fleet management. Why? Well, integrating ELDs and associated connected vehicle solutions like fleet tracking devices lets businesses and their in-house fleet managers reap several benefits. Check out the post below to learn more.
Charging Fueling & Infrastructure (CFI) Program Resources by Cat PleinForth
Cat Plein, Development & Communications Director of Forth, gave this presentation at the Forth and Electrification Coalition CFI Grant Program - Overview and Technical Assistance webinar on June 12, 2024.
Understanding Catalytic Converter Theft:
What is a Catalytic Converter?: Learn about the function of catalytic converters in vehicles and why they are targeted by thieves.
Why are They Stolen?: Discover the valuable metals inside catalytic converters (such as platinum, palladium, and rhodium) that make them attractive to criminals.
Steps to Prevent Catalytic Converter Theft:
Parking Strategies: Tips on where and how to park your vehicle to reduce the risk of theft, such as parking in well-lit areas or secure garages.
Protective Devices: Overview of various anti-theft devices available, including catalytic converter locks, shields, and alarms.
Etching and Marking: The benefits of etching your vehicle’s VIN on the catalytic converter or using a catalytic converter marking kit to make it traceable and less appealing to thieves.
Surveillance and Monitoring: Recommendations for using security cameras and motion-sensor lights to deter thieves.
Statistics and Insights:
Theft Rates by Borough: Analysis of data to determine which borough in NYC experiences the highest rate of catalytic converter thefts.
Recent Trends: Current trends and patterns in catalytic converter thefts to help you stay aware of emerging hotspots and tactics used by thieves.
Benefits of This Presentation:
Awareness: Increase your awareness about catalytic converter theft and its impact on vehicle owners.
Practical Tips: Gain actionable insights and tips to effectively prevent catalytic converter theft.
Local Insights: Understand the specific risks in different NYC boroughs, helping you take targeted preventive measures.
This presentation aims to equip you with the knowledge and tools needed to protect your vehicle from catalytic converter theft, ensuring you are prepared and proactive in safeguarding your property.
EV Charging at MFH Properties by Whitaker JamiesonForth
Whitaker Jamieson, Senior Specialist at Forth, gave this presentation at the Forth Addressing The Challenges of Charging at Multi-Family Housing webinar on June 11, 2024.
Expanding Access to Affordable At-Home EV Charging by Vanessa WarheitForth
Vanessa Warheit, Co-Founder of EV Charging for All, gave this presentation at the Forth Addressing The Challenges of Charging at Multi-Family Housing webinar on June 11, 2024.
Charging Fueling & Infrastructure (CFI) Program by Kevin MillerForth
Kevin Miller, Senior Advisor, Business Models of the Joint Office of Energy and Transportation gave this presentation at the Forth and Electrification Coalition CFI Grant Program - Overview and Technical Assistance webinar on June 12, 2024.
2. The Pleurae
• Double layered serous
membrane lined with
mesothelium (simple squamous
epithelium)
1. parietal pleura (outer) –
adherent to body wall
2. visceral pleura (inner) -
attached with lung and its
fissures
The two layers are continuous
around hilum
A potential space between the
two layers is called pleural
cavity
7/20/2022 2
3. The parietal pleura
• lines the pulmonary cavities,
thereby adhering to the thoracic
wall, mediastinum, and
diaphragm.
• It is thicker than the visceral
pleura
• Parts of the parietal pleura
Diaphragmatic
Mediastinal
Costal
Cervical (copula
• It also encloses the great
vessels running to the lung root
• Projects into the root of the neck
as the copula
7/20/2022 3
4. Con’t…
Costovertebral or costal pleura
– covers the internal surfaces of the thoracic wall.
– It is separated from the internal surface of the thoracic wall
(sternum, ribs and costal cartilages, intercostal muscles and
membranes, and sides of thoracic vertebrae) by endothoracic
fascia.
Mediastinal pleura
– covers the lateral aspects of the mediastinum,
– It continues superiorly into the root of the neck as cervical
pleura.
– It is continuous with costal pleura anteriorly and posteriorly and
with the diaphragmatic pleura inferiorly.
Diaphragmatic pleura
– covers the superior (thoracic) surface of the diaphragm on each
side of the mediastinum,
– except along its costal attachments (origins) and where the
diaphragm is fused to the pericardium
7/20/2022 4
5. Con’t…
Cervical pleura
– covers the apex of the lung (the part of the lung
extending superiorly through the superior thoracic
aperture into the root of the neck
– It is a superior continuation of the costal and
mediastinal parts of the parietal pleura.
– The cervical pleura forms a cup-like dome (pleural
cupula) over the apex
7/20/2022 5
7. The visceral pleura
• Covers surfaces and fissures
of lungs
• Firmly adherent to lung
• Insensitive to pain
• Provides a moistened and
lubricated surface for lung
movement
• Adhesions with the parietal
pleura may result from
infections, inflammatory
reactions and lung immobility
7/20/2022 7
8. Pleurae ….
• Visceral and parietal pleurae are continuous at the
root of the lungs, where pulmonary artery and vein,
and bronchus penetrate the lung
• The continuity b/n parietal and visceral pleurae
surrounding the root of the lung extends
downwards as a fold called pulmonary ligament
– It provides a space into which pulmonary veins
can expand
7/20/2022 8
10. The Pleural cavity
• A slit like potential space b/n the parietal and visceral pleurae
• Represents a closed sac with no communication between right and
left parts
• Filled with a thin layer of pleural fluid secreted by the pleurae, this
lubricating fluid allows the lungs to glide without friction over the
thoracic wall during breathing movements
• The fluid also holds the parietal and visceral pleurae together
7/20/2022 10
11. Pleural recesses
• Cavity not occupied by the
lung
• Reserve spaces for lung to
expand
Costodiaphragmatic
recesses
inferiorly between
costal and
diaphragmatic pleura
5cm vertically, extends
from 6-10 ribs
first part of pleural
cavity to be filled with
effusion
Costomediastinal recesses
anteriorly between
costal and mediastinal
pleura
7/20/2022 11
12. Innervation and blood supply of the pleura
• Parietal pleura
Cervical, costal and peripheral diaphragmatic portion -
intercostal nerves and vessels
Central portion of diaphragmatic and mediastinal – phrenic
nerve and internal thoracic & musculophrenic vessels
Sensitive to pain
Venous drainage - intercostal veins, internal thoracic and
azygos
Lymphatics – intercostal, internal mammary, diaphragmatic
& posterior mediastinal lymph nodes
• Visceral pleura
Sympathetic nerves derived from T4 & T5
insensitive to pain
vasculature and lymphatics are similar to lungs
7/20/2022 12
13. Clinical correlates
• Pneumothorax – presence of air in the pleural cavity
• Haemothorax - when blood accumulates
• Hydrothorax - when fluid accumulates
• Pleurisy – inflammation of the pleura rough surface
rubbing sound
• Regions of the pleura not protected by ribs – cupula, right
infrasternal, right and left costovertebral angles
7/20/2022 13
14. Pleuricentesis(pleural tab)
• Aspiration of fluid from the
pleural cavity
• Mostly done in the 9th
intercostal space at mid axillary
line
• the needle should be inserted
through middle part of intercostal
space to avoid injury to
neurovascular bundle
7/20/2022 14
15. The Lung
• The lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the
mediastinum
• Each cone shaped lung is suspended in its own pleural
cavity and connected to the mediastinum
External anatomy
Spongy in texture and pink in colour in young but
mottled black by carbon particles in adults
Has
An apex
A base
Three borders:
– Anterior
– Posterior
– Inferior
Three surfaces (costal, mediastinal, and
diaphragmatic)
7/20/2022 15
19. Lungs : Apex
• Blunt, lie above anterior end of
first rib
• Projects into the root of neck
through the thoracic inlet
extending 1 inch above the
medial 1/3 of clavicle
• Anteriorly grooved with
subclavian artery
• Covered by cervical pleura and
suprapleural membrane
7/20/2022 19
20. The base (diaphragmatic surface)
Semilunar and concave
Rests on diaphragm which separates the right lung from right
lobe of liver and left lung from fundus of stomach
It is found at the level of
• the 6th costal cartilage in the mid-clavicular line
• the 8th costal cartilage in the mid-axillary line
• rib 10 dorsally
Due to the position of the liver, the base of the right lung is
broader than that of the left lung
7/20/2022 20
21. Borders
Inferior
• Separates the base from costal and
medial surfaces
Anterior
• Thin and short
• Right vertical
• Left shows wide cardiac notch
• where costal and mediastinal meet
anteriorly
Posterior
• Thick and ill defined
• Correspond to medial margins of
head of ribs
• Extends from 7 cervical spine to 10
thoracic spine
• where costal and mediastinal meet
posteriorly
7/20/2022 21
22. Surfaces
• The costal surface
– large, smooth, and
convex
– related to the costal
pleura
– Its posterior part is
termed as vertebral part
of the costal surface
• Mediastinal surface
– Related medially to the
mediastinum and
posteriorly to sides of
the vertebrae
– Includes the hilum of
the lung
• Diaphragmatic surface
– Rests on the convex
dome of the diaphragm
7/20/2022 22
23. The root of the lung
• Short broad pedicle which
connects medial surface of
lung with mediastinum
• Formed by structures
which leave or enter the
lung at hilum
• Lie at level of T5-T7
Contents
A. Bronchus – posterior
Left – divide after
entering, only one
Right - divide before
entering: eparterial &
hyparterial
B. Pulmonary artery
On the left – more
anterior and higher
On the right – b/n
eparterial and 23
7/20/2022
24. C. Pulmonary veins – two in each,
superior and inferior
A. Superior – anterior and
inferior to pulmonary artery
and bronchus
B. Inferior – the most inferior
D. Bronchopulmonary lymph
nodes
E. Bronchial vessels
A. Bronchial artery - left two
(braches of descending
aorta) & right one (upper left
bronchial artery/3rd posterior
intercostal)
B. Bronchial veins - right to
azygos and left to accessory
azygos and hemiazygos
F. Pulmonary plexus –
parasympathetic + sympathetic
G. Lymphatics of lung
24
7/20/2022
25. The right lung
The right lung has 3 lobes and 2 fissures
Horizontal fissure
From anterior border of right lung at 4th costal cartilage to meet the
oblique fissure at mid axillary line
divide the superior from the middle lobe
Oblique fissure
b/n middle and inferior lobes
from posterior border 6 cm below the apex (at T3) to the inferior border
5cm from median plane
Examination of the superior lobe is done on the anterior chest wall,
whereas examination of the inferior lobe is done posteriorly below the
scapula
7/20/2022 25
26. Mediastinal relation of right lung
• Pericardial impression –
anterior to the hilum by
right atrium
• IVC impression –
posterior to pericardial
mark
• SVC
• Esophageal - large
vertical groove behind the
hilum and impression of
trachea
• Trachea – behind SVC
• Azygos groove – behind
esophageal
• Ascending aorta and
thymus – anterior to hilum
7/20/2022 26
27. The left lung
Has a superior and
inferior lobe divided by an
oblique fissure
Large cardiac notch found
on the mediastinal
surface
The lingula - an anterior
projection of the superior
lobe below cardiac notch
overlies the anterior
aspect of the heart
7/20/2022 27
28. Mediastinal impression of left lung
A. Cardiac impression –
left ventricle
B. Arch of aorta – above
the root
C. Thymus – above the
root anterior to the
groove for arch of
aorta
D. Descending aorta –
posterior to the hilum
E. Esophageal – posterior
to subclavian superior
to the arch of aorta
F. Left subclavian artery
7/20/2022 28
29. Right lung Left lung
Size Larger and heavier
(700gm)
Small and lighter
(600gm)
Length and width Shorter & broader Longer and narrower
Anterior border Straight Cardiac notch &
lingula
Lobes and fissures Three lobes & two
fissures
Two lobes & one
fissure
Arterial supply One bronchial
artery
Two bronchial
arteries
Arrangement in
the hilum
Differences between right and left lung
7/20/2022 29
30. Structural features as we gradually transit from one
type of airway to the next
1. Epithelium
– Tall, pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium in larynx
and trachea
– Simple cuboidal non-ciliated in small airways
– Goblet cells (mucus secreting) gradually disappear
2. Smooth muscle
– Lies deep to mucosa (except in trachea)
– Becomes increasingly important as airway diameter
decreases
– Absent in respiratory bronchioles
– Regulates calibre of airway and hence resistance to air
flow
• Sympathetic - muscle relaxation
• Parasympathetic - constriction
7/20/2022 30
31. 3. Serous and mucous glands
– Progressively less numerous in narrower airways
4. Cartilage
– Supporting skeleton for larynx, trachea and bronchi
– Maintains patency during respiration
– cartilage rings are gradually replaced with isolated plates
of hyaline cartilage
– Gradually diminishes; absent beyond tertiary bronchi
7/20/2022 31
32. The Conducting Zone of the Bronchial tree
The primary bronchus
• The right and left primary
bronchi are formed by the
division of the trachea at the
level of T4 in the mediastinum
• The right is shorter, wider and
more vertical than left
Inhaled particles tend to pass
more frequently to the right
lung (the posterior basal
segment is most likely)
7/20/2022 32
33. Con’t…
The mucosa Layer
• the larger bronchi is structurally similar to the tracheal mucosa
except for the organization of cartilage and smooth muscle.
• In the primary bronchi most cartilage rings completely encircle
the lumen, but as the bronchial diameter decreases, cartilage
rings are gradually replaced with isolated plates of hyaline
cartilage.
Lamina propria
• is a layer of crisscrossing bundles of spirally arranged
smooth muscle, which become more prominent in the smaller
bronchial branches
• contains elastic fibers and abundant mucous and serous
glands ___ ducts open into the bronchial lumen.
• Numerous lymphocytes are found both within the lamina
propria and among the epithelial cells
7/20/2022 33
35. The lobar bronchi
• Each primary bronchus
enters the hilus of the
lung and divides into
secondary or lobar
bronchi
• Right – 3; upper,
middle & lower
• Left - 2; upper & lower
• divide into the tertiary
or segmental bronchi
which supply
bronchopulmonary
segments of the lung
• The tertiary bronchus
is joined by a tertiary
division of the
pulmonary artery
7/20/2022 35
36. Tertiary (segmental)
bronchi
• Right (10) and Left (9)
• Right superior lobar
bronchi - apical, posterior
and anterior tertiary
bronchi
• Left superior lobar-
apicoposterior, anterior,
superior lingular and
inferior lingular segmental
bronchi
• Right middle lobar -
medial and lateral tertiary
bronchi
• Right and left inferior
lobar- superior, medial
basal, lateral basal,
7/20/2022 36
37. Bronchopulmonary segments
• The smallest, functionally independent region of a lung that
can be isolated and removed without affecting adjacent
regions
• Pyramidal-shaped segments of the lung, with their apices
facing the lung root and their bases at the pleural surface.
• Separated from adjacent segments by connective tissue
septa.
• Supplied independently by a segmental bronchus and a
tertiary branch of the pulmonary artery.
• Named according to the segmental bronchi supplying them.
• Drained by intersegmental parts of the pulmonary veins that lie
in the connective tissue between and drain adjacent
segments.
• The right lung has 10 bronchopulmonary segments and the left
lung has 9.
7/20/2022 37
38. Bronchopulmonary segments
Right lung
I. Upper
I. Apical
II. Anterior
III. Posterior
II. Middle
I. Medial
II. Lateral
III. Lower
I. Apical
II. Anterior basal
III. Posterior basal
IV. Medial basal
V. Lateral basal
Left lung
I. Upper
I. Apicoposterior
II. Anterior
III. Superior lingular
IV. Inferior lingular
II. Lower
I. Apical
II. Anterior basal
III. Posterior basal
IV. Medial basal
V. Lateral basal
7/20/2022 38
40. Clinical significances of bronchop… s
• Limit the spread of some diseases within the lung,
because infections do not easily cross the connective
tissue partitions between them
• Because only small veins span these partitions, surgeons
can neatly remove segments without cutting any major
blood vessel
7/20/2022 40
41. Bronchioles
• 1mm diameter or less
• terminal branches of tertiary bronchi
Mucosal layer
• have neither cartilage nor glands in their mucosa
• epithelium is a respiratory epithelium changing to ciliated
simple columnar or cuboidal
• Goblet cells gradually decreases with the decreasing
tubular size.
7/20/2022 41
42. Con’t…
lamina propria
• is composed largely of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
• The musculature of both the bronchi and the bronchioles is
under the control of the vagus nerve and the sympathetic
nervous system,
• Stimulation of the vagus nerve decreases the diameter of
these structures
• Sympathetic stimulation produces the opposite effect
7/20/2022 42
44. Terminal bronchioles
• the distal part of the
conducting portion
• lined by simple
cuboidal epithelium
containing clara
cells, no goblet
cells
• Clara cells - ciliated
cells, secrete
surfactant and
metabolize air bone
toxins
7/20/2022 44
45. The Respiratory Zone
• Consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct &
alveolar sacs
• Respiratory bronchioles
– Transitional zone between the conducting and
respiratory part
– Contain dispersed alveoli
– Lined by ciliated cuboidal epithelium that becomes
continuous with squamous alveolar lining cells
– Each give 2-11 alveolar ducts
7/20/2022 45
47. Alveolar ducts
• The ducts lead into
terminal clusters of alveoli
called alveolar sacs
• Each alveolar duct gives 5-
6 alveolar sacs which give
rise to alveoli
• Wall: smooth muscle cells
+ collagen and elastic
fibers
• Lined by squamous
alveolar cells
7/20/2022 47
48. Alveolus
• Saclike evagination
• Lined by flattened epithelial cells
• Fibers around openings merge to form a supporting
framework for lung parenchyma
• Alveolar wall
– Consists of 3 components: epithelium, supporting
tissue and blood vessels
• Cells of the alveoli
– Pneumocyte type I cells - form the alveoli walls
– Pneumocyte type II cells - secrete a phospholipid called
surfactant that coats the alveolar surfaces which
prevents collapse of alveoli walls
– Alveolar macrophages – phagocytic cells, trap dust
particles, carry to bronchioles for ciliary action
7/20/2022 48
49. Con’t…
• Lung alveoli have three other features
– Surrounded by fine elastic fibers
– pores connect adjacent alveoli
• Allow for pressure equalization
• Alternative air routes for blocked bronchi
– The external surfaces of the alveoli are densely
covered with a web of pulmonary capillaries
7/20/2022 49
52. The Respiratory Membrane
• 0.5 um thick
• Gaseous diffusion barrier between blood and alveolar
air
• Capillaries form plexus around alveoli
• Basement membrane of capillaries fuses with that of
epithelium which provide interface of minimal thickness
• Gas exchange occurs by simple diffusion across the
respiratory membrane
• Respiratory epithelium at thinnest site consists of
– basement membrane of type I cells
– capillary basement membrane
– Capillary endothelium
7/20/2022 52
56. Blood supply of the Lungs Pulmonary arteries
• Two in number; one for each
lung
• Derived from the bifurcated
pulmonary trunk
• Carry poorly oxygenated
blood to lungs for
oxygenation
• Give off branch to superior
lobe before entering hilum
• The right pulmonary artery is
crossed over by the azygos
vein whereas the left
pulmonary artery is crossed
over by the arch of the aorta
at T5
• Within the lung, divide into
lobar branches and then
segmental branches which
have a close relationship with
the tertiary bronchi in the
bronchopulmonary segments
7/20/2022 56
57. Bronchial arteries
• Supply blood to root of lungs,
supporting tissue and visceral
pleura
• Origin
Right – one
• arise directly from the aorta.
• Most commonly it arises
indirectly
• the right 3rd posterior
intercostal artery),
• or from a common trunk
with the left superior
bronchial artery
Left – two; thoracic aorta
• The small bronchial arteries
• Supply posterior to bronchi
• Give branch to esophagus
• Supply bronchial tree to respiratory
bronchioles
• Distal branches anastomose with
branches of pulmonary arteries
7/20/2022 57
58. Bronchial veins
• Drain only part of the
blood supplied to the
lungs by the bronchial
arteries
• distributed to or near the
more proximal part of the
roots of the lungs
• The rest is drained by
pulmonary veins
– visceral pleura,
– the more peripheral
regions of the lung
– the distal components of
the root of the lung
• Termination
Right – azygos
Left – accessory
hemiazygos/ left
superior intercostal
vein
7/20/2022 58
59. Pulmonary veins
• Four in number; two for each lung
• Carry well-oxygenated blood
• Begin from pulmonary capillaries veins join into larger
veins and drain into intrasegmental veins which drain into
intersegmental veins in the septa which join to form
pulmonary veins
• 2 lower veins - from the inferior lobe of each lung
• Upper right vein - from the superior and middle lobe of
the right lung
• Upper left vein - from the superior lobe of the left lung
• The pulmonary veins also drain oxygenated blood
supplied to the lungs by the bronchial arteries
7/20/2022 59
60. Lymphatic drainage of the Lungs
• Bronchopulmonary lymph
nodes - two sets of
lymphatics drain into
bronchopulmonary lymph
nodes at the hilum
– Superficial: from the
superficial part of the lung
– Deep: drain bronchial
tree, vessels and lung
tissue
• Tracheo-bronchial lymph
nodes – two groups; superior
and inferior located at the
bifurcation of trachea
• both nodes drains into
broncho-mediastinal
lymphatic duct
– Right – right lymphatic
duct
7/20/2022 60
61. Nerves of the Lungs
• The broncho-pulmonary plexus
supplies both parasympathetic &
sympathetic nerves to the bronchial
and vascular trees
• Parasympathetic fibers are
preganglionic vagal
– Secretomotor to glands in the
bronchial mucosa
– Motor to bronchial smooth
muscles – spasm
– Sensory
– Vasodilator to bronchial and
pulmonary vessels
• Sympathetic fibers are
postganglionic fibers from T2-T5
– vasomotor to arterial system
(vasoconstriction)
– Bronchodilator
– Inhibitory to bronchial glands
7/20/2022 61