This document discusses different types of soils found in Venezuela. It begins by describing zonal soils which form from sedimentary rocks in river basins and have little maturity. It then discusses intrazonal soils which are residual soils with poor drainage. Soils from arid and semi-arid zones are also covered, formed through weathering processes. The document proceeds to classify soils based on their fertility and locations within Venezuela. Specific soil types are defined such as sandy, clay, calcareous, stony and humid soils. Nine major USDA soil orders found in Venezuela are listed along with their characteristics. The document concludes by discussing physical properties of soils such as structure, texture, color, density and porosity. Andean soils

1. Participante:
JuniorRodríguez
C.I:26.381.150
THE SOILS
República Bolivariana de Venezuela
Ministerio de Educación Popular para la Educación
Superior
Instituto Universitario Politécnico Santiago Mariño
Mérida. Edo Mérida

2. ZONAL SOILS
These soils originate from sedimentary
rocks, which are formed by the
accumulation of material at the end of
the river, which are considered very
fertile.
They are those that occur under any type of
climate and latitude, They have little degree of
maturity. They are present in the alluvial plains, on
mountain slopes and sandy soils of deserts
AZONAL FLOORS

3. . INTRAZONAL SOILS
Soils of residual origin, formed by rock remains that,
due to poor drainage, remain in the same place
where the weathering began

4. SOILS FROM ARID AND SEMI-ARID ZONES
They are residual soils formed by a lateralization process. They are
considered unfit for agriculture. They are located mainly in the peninsulas of
the Guajira and Paraguaná and in some areas of the Eastern coasts.

5. Muy fértiles
Son suelos planos, sin problemas de erosión y ricos en nutrientes. Son buenos para todo tipo de
cultivo. Se localizan en los estados Zulia, Merida, Lara, Portuguesa, Yaracuy, Carabobo, Aragua,
Miranda y Delta Amacuro.
Fértiles
Son suelos correspon.dientes a las laderas de las montañas.
Aunque son propensos a la erosión, en ellos se cultiva maíz,
café, árboles frutales y pasto. Se encuentran en los estados
Apure, Barinas, Guarico, Anzoategui, Monagas y Bolivar, Tachira.

6. .
LITTLE FERTILE
They are located in the highest areas of the mountains, in the
Venezuelan Andean páramos, where the climatic conditions and of
relief are relatively adverse for the agriculture. However, in them you
can grow potatoes, strawberries and artichokes.
NOT FERTILE
They are sandy and poor in nutrients. In them a
xerophytic vegetation (cujíes, cardones) develops. They
are located in the state of Falcón and the peninsula of La
Guajira

7. .
SANDY SOILS: they are formed
mainly by sand. They are soils that
do not retain water. They have very
little organic matter and are not
suitable for agriculture.
CLAY SOILS: mainly are formed by clay, very
fine grains yellowish, retain the water forming
puddles. Mixing with humus can be good for
growing.
CALCAREOUS SOILS: they have an
abundance of calcareous salts. They
are white, dry and arid and not good for
agriculture

8. STONY SOILS: formed by rocks of all sizes. They do not retain water
and are not good for growing
HUMID SOILS: in their composition abundant decomposing or
decomposing organic matter (humus). They are dark in color, retain
water well and are good for growing.

9. Entisoles
Inceptisoles
vertisoles
Venezuela has 9 of the 12 types of soils
contemplated
Entisols are the
youngest soils, in which
the forming processes
have not yet generated
diverse horizons
They are a little younger than
the entisols and with an
incipient development of
horizons. They do not present
accumulation of organic
matter, iron or clay.
Inceptisols are one of the
most abundant types of soil in
Venezuela
They have a high degree of
fertility and are good for
grazing. Due to their high
content of clay they form
cracks during the dry times,
which are sealed when it rains

10. Alfisoles
Ultisoles
oxisoles
They are constituted by the
accumulation of clay in the
horizon "B". They have a
moderate to high natural
fertility
Are clayey and acid soils (low pH),
low fertility. They occupy a greater
percentage of the territory than any
other type
They are the soils with the most advanced
development of horizons of the intertropical
regions. Its components, such as quartz and
kaolinite, are very resistant to weathering

11. histosoles
Histosols are characterized by thick soils, with a high
concentration of organic matter, a product of river deposition
for long periods

12. PROPIEDADES FISICAS DEL SUELO
Soil properties that are directly related to their shape, size,
color, temperature, texture, moisture, porosity and density,
and which can also be evaluated by international physical
quantities, are called physical properties of the soil

13. .
The soil structure:The structural
arrangement of the soil is closely linked to the
percentage, type and distribution of the
components of its solid phase, such as
minerals and organic matter
Spheroidal structure: Rounded structure,
can be crumbly and granular. It is
associated to horizons with high organic
matter contents, in soils of order mollisol
and andisol
•Block structure: Hard clumps
predominate in soils with high clay
content or iron and aluminum oxides.
Alfisols or oxisols are common in soils.
Cuneiform structure: Structure
related to high contents of
expansive clay of type 2: 1, which
presents wedge forms and surface
striations in dry seasons.
Biological structure (biostructure):
Structure linked to biological processes,
where roots, macro and microorganisms
generate arrangements of soil materials.

14. Figure 13
illustrates the
forms of some
structural
arrangements.
Note the
structure that
can form the
roots of plants
and feces of
earthworms

15. THE SOIL TEXTURE
The texture is a physical property of the soil that
establishes the quantities and distribution of the particles
that compose it, in sizes smaller than 2mm.
THE COLOR OF THE SOIL
Color is one of the most noticeable physical
properties of the soil. Although it is a qualitative
characteristic.

16. SOIL DENSITY AND POROSITY
Density is a physical property of substances, which indicates the ratio
between its mass and the volume it occupies in space. The soil as a
porous body and constituted by three phases, as we saw above,
presents two density conditions: real density and apparent density.

17. •ANDEAN SOILS AND THEIR TYPES
According to what was explained above, it was noted that in
Venezuela there is a great variety of soils.The Andean Peoples,
possess great variety of soils like:
Stony or dry soils (pompon)Ar Sandy
 soilsAr Clay
Hum Humid soils (ZONAS DEL PARAMO) such as Pueblo Llano,
santo domingo, Juan Martin, Duri. othersThe

18. La mesa de Esnujaque

19. Mérida y sus paramos