The document discusses various filmmaking techniques, including the 180° rule, match on action, and shot/reverse shot, emphasizing how to maintain spatial consistency and viewer orientation during conversations. It outlines specific uses of these techniques in preliminary tasks and sequences, along with editing terms like cut, fade, jump cut, time lapse, and motion tracking. The information provides foundational knowledge for understanding cinematic storytelling and visual continuity.

2. The 180° Rule
Conversation between two
characters is all filmed from
one side (up to the 180°
point) to avoid them
swapping sides in the frame
and therefore causing
disorientation.
In the preliminary
task, a conversation
In the opening
between two sitting
sequence, a
characters is filmed with
conversation between
them talking across a
the protagonist and
table, from one side.
antagonist characters on
the rooftop is filmed
from one side.

3. Match on Action
0 Match on action was used in
both tasks at a point where a
character walks through a
door – the character is shot
from one side of the door
beginning to open it, and the
shot continues from the
other side of the door as he
finishes opening the door and
wlks through.
0 Used in the preliminary task
where the character pictured
begins to open the door on one
side then completes the motion 0 Used in the opening sequence where
and walks through on the other the protagonist character runs through
side. a door to a stairwell – the first shot is of
him running to the door and beginning
to push it, and then this is continued
from the other side where he opens the
door fully and walks through.

4. Shot/Reverse Shot
One character is shown
looking at another
character (often over the
shoulder) – this then
switches to being from the
point of view of over the
other character’s
shoulder, often when the
person speaking changes.

5. Shot Types
Establishing Shot Over the shoulder shot Big Close Up
Medium Shot
Very Long Shot High Angle Shot
Medium Long Shot
Long Shot
Extreme Close Up

6. Editing Terms and Techniques
• Cut – simply a change of scene with no transition.
• Fade – where one shot fades into another directly, or to a black or
white screen.
• Jump Cut – where the audience’s attention is drawn immediately to an
object or person appearing on screen directly after the cut.
• Time Lapse – Where a number of photographs of a certain object or
place are taken at specific intervals, and then run together as a fast
sequence, creating a kind of ‘stop-motion’ effect.
• Reverse – exactly as the term suggests, literally playing a video clip
backwards.
• Voiceover – again, as the term indicates, putting someone’s voice over
the top of the music and whatever’s going on in a particular scene. We
used this for narration from the protagonist’s perspective.
• Motion Tracking – Making text appear on or by a particular object or
person in a scene – for example could make text appear on someone’s
shoulder, and then when the person moves, the text moves with them.