"If you can not only show that the opposition has made an error in reasoning, but you can give that error a name as well (in Latin!), it shows that you can think on your feet and that you understand the opposition's argument possibly better than they do. "

1. Logical Fallacies

2. Logic
The study of the principles of correct reasoning.

3. Logical Argument
1+1=2
1+1≠ 3
All humans die, Ahmed is human so Ahmed will die.
Red Vs Blue

4. The logical argument structure
1. Claim: A statement or opinion that is either true or false.
2. Argument : A claim supported by premises or based on evidence.
3. Conclusion : A judgment or decision reached by reasoning.

5. Examples
1- If the car doesn't work then there is no fuel, The car doesn't work now so there
is no fuel.
2- All plants grow, flower is planet, so the flower grow.
3- Shady is designer, All men designers are expert, so Shady is expert.
4- Doctors work at Hospital.Khaled work at the Hospital, so Khaled is Doctor.

6. Logical Fallacies
Error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid.

7. 1-Non-sequitur
Claim A is made.
Evidence is presented for claim A.
Therefore, claim C is true.

8. 1-Non-sequitur
Example #1:
People generally like to walk on the beach. Beaches have sand. Therefore,
having sand floors in homes would be a great idea!

9. 1-Non-sequitur
Example #2:
Buddy Burger has the greatest food in town. Buddy Burger was voted #1 by the
local paper. Therefore, Phil, the owner of Buddy Burger, should run for president
of the United States.

10. 2-Strawman Fallacy
Person 1 makes claim Y.
Person 2 restates person 1’s claim (in a distorted way).
Person 2 attacks the distorted version of the claim.
Therefore, claim Y is false.

11. 2-Strawman Fallacy
Example #1:
Ahmed: We must increase the education-and- health budget
Mohamed: I am surprised by your hatred of the country so much that makes you
willing to leave the country without any defense to reduce the army's budget.

12. 3- Correlation-Causation Fallacy
Two or more variables considered to be related, in a statistical context, if their
values change so that as the value of one variable increases or decreases so
does the value of the other variable (although it may be in the opposite direction).

13. 3- Correlation-Causation Fallacy

14. 3- Correlation-Causation Fallacy

15. 4- Appeal to Emotion
X must be true.
Imagine how sad it would be if it weren’t true.

16. 4- Appeal to Emotion
Example #1:
Power lines cause cancer. I met a little boy with cancer who lived just 20 miles
from a power line who looked into my eyes and said, in his weak voice, “Please do
whatever you can so that other kids won’t have to go through what I am going
through.” I urge you to vote for this bill to tear down all power lines and replace
them with treadmills.

17. 5- Ad Hominem
Person 1 is claiming Y.
Person 1 is a moron/has a vested interest in Y being true.
Therefore, Y is not true.

18. 5- Ad Hominem
Example #1:
“How can you make a decision about someone having marital problems if you’ve
never been married yourself?”

19. 5- Ad Hominem
Example #2:
Salesman: This car gets better than average gas mileage and is one of the most
reliable cars according to Consumer Reports.
Will: I doubt it—you obviously just want to sell me that car.

20. 5- Ad Hominem
Example #3:
Ahmed: Look!
Mohamed ,who is still college student, wants to persuade us that earth is not flat
and that our professor who has 30 years of experience is wrong

21. 6- Argument from False Authority
Expert A gives her view on issue B.
Expert A's area of expertise has little or nothing to do with issue B.
Expert A's opinion influences how people feel about issue B.

22. 6- Argument from False Authority
Example #1:
Ahmed: My University professor ,who is expert at finance and math, says” Teran &
Sanafer is not egyptian”. So El-SiSi is right.

23. 7- Appeal to Popularity
Everybody is doing X.
Therefore, X must be the right thing to do.

24. 7- Argument from popularity
Example #1:
Everyone says that it's okay to lie as long as you don't get caught.

25. 7- Argument from popularity
Example #2:
Everyone is supporting El-SiSi, There is banners latterly in everywhere.
We too must support him

26. 8- Slippery Slope
If A, then B, then C, ... then ultimately Z!

27. 8- Slippery Slope
Example #1:
"If you do not study on Thursday, you will not get high grades. If you do not get
high grades, you will not be able to enter the university. If you can not enter a
university, you will not be able to find a job and if you can not find a job you will be
a school concierge. Do you want to be a school concierge? So, you should be
studying on Thursday. "
.95 x .10 x .0005 x .35 x .0007 x .4= about 1 in 25,000,000.

28. 8- Slippery Slope
Argentina in 1976 the military coup dictator Videla .. Where the killing and arrest of
thousands in his reign. The debt doubled about 20 times and reached 200 billion
dollars. And the price doubled 30 times! In order to distract General Videla, his
people spoke day and night about the war against terrorism. Argentina won the
World Cup in 1978, 500 meters from the stadium, where mobs were screaming for
Spain's World Cup. Prisoners were screaming of torture.

29. Conclusion