UNIVERSITY OF Kufa

1. Presented by Asst. Lect. Ali Al-zurfi
University of Kufa
College of Education
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Modals of Advice: Should, Ought
to, Had better
• Modal verbs are helping/auxiliary verbs that
express ideas like ability, advice, and
obligation. Many modal verbs have more
than one meaning. They are always followed
by the simple form of a verb. For example:
- Amanda should go to the doctor.
• This shows that we think it is a good idea for
Amanda to visit the doctor.

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Modals of Advice
• English speakers use the modal verbs “should,” “ought to”
and “had better” to express that they think something is a
good (or a bad) idea. “Should” is the most commonly used.
Affirmative Negative Question
A: I failed my test.
B: Really? You
should study harder.
Young children shouldn't watch
violent TV shows.
I have a problem.
Should I call my
parents or my friend?
A: It's really cold
outside.
B: You ought to
wear a warm jacket.
(“ought to” is not usually used in
the negative form)
(“ought to” is not
common in question
form)
A: You had better
slow down. You are
driving too fast!
You had better not forget to pay
your tuition. If you do, the
university will kick you out!
(“had better” is not
usually used in
question form)

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Modals of Advice
• These examples have the same basic advice
message, but “had better” is a bit stronger. It
includes the idea of a warning: something bad will
happen if you do not follow my advice. For
example:
- You had better not forget to pay your tuition. If
you forget, the university will kick you out.
- You had better do your homework. If you do not
do your homework, the teacher will give you a low
mark.
• Note: “You had better...” can be contracted to
become “You'd better....”

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Modals of Advice
• These examples have the same basic advice
message, but “had better” is a bit stronger. It
includes the idea of a warning: something bad will
happen if you do not follow my advice. For
example:
- You had better not forget to pay your tuition. If
you forget, the university will kick you out.
- You had better do your homework. If you do not
do your homework, the teacher will give you a low
mark.
• Note: “You had better...” can be contracted to
become “You'd better....”

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Modals of Advice
• Modal + subject + basic verb + ...??
- Should I call my parents or my friend?
• WH- (information) questions can also be formed
by putting the WH- question word immediately
before the modal. For example:
- What should I do about my problem?
- Where should we have dinner tonight?
- Why should you believe them?
- When should they call their boss?

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English conditional sentences can be of many types:
1-Real Condition:
This type of condition refers to possible situations in the
present or future. These situations take place if a certain
condition is met. It is possible and also very likely that
the condition will be fulfilled.
Form:
If + Simple Present + Simple Future

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If I have enough time, I'll watch a football
match.
If he leaves , he will catch the train.
If I find her address, I will send her an
invitation.
If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone
him in the evening.

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2-Unreal Condition in the present:
Often called the "unreal" conditional because it
is used for unreal, impossible or improbable
situations. This conditional provides an
imaginary result for a given situation. It is very
unlikely that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form:
if + Simple Past + would + base verb

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If I were a millionaire, I would buy a
castle.
If I had a lot of money, I would travel
around the world.
If I won the lottery, I would be a
millionaire.
She would help the poor if she became
rich.
If I were you , I would not resign.

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This condition is impossible or contrary – to – the – fact
in the past. It describes a past situation that did not
happen.
It is impossible that the condition will be met because it
refers to the past.
Form:
if + Past Perfect, + would + have + Past Participle

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If he had had enough money, he would have bought a new car.
If you had worked hard, you would have passed the exam.
If they had taken him to hospital earlier, he wouldn't have died.
He wouldn't have missed the bus, if he had woken up earlier.
The accident wouldn't have occurred if the driver hadn't been
driving fast.

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4. Condition with (unless):
The other conditional subordinator besides (if)
is (unless).
It is used in a negative condition and means
(except if):
I am not going out unless it stops raining.
It means the same as:
I am not going out if it doesn’t stop raining.

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5. Conditional without ( if):
English has conditional sentences without the
conditional subordinator (if):
The absence of (if) triggers subject – auxiliary
inversion rule:
Had she arrived, I would have seen her.
Should they arrive late, there will be no one to receive
them.
Should you need my advice, you can call me.
Should you see Tom, please tell him to phone me.
Had I not been ill, I would have come.

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6. Factual condition (talking about facts ):
In factual conditionals that are general truths,
we normally use a present tense in both clauses:
If we boil water, it evaporates.
It is possible, however, to use modals (will) , for
example, adds the idea of absolute certainty:
If you heat ice, it will melt.

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