Logic And Logic Of Computer Science And Computers

Logic And Logic Of Computer Science And Computers
1.Introduction
The purpose of this report is to give information on the subject known as Logical reasoning and its use in Computer Science and computers in
general. A historical background behind logic and Logical reasoning is firstly given, followed by an overview of the modern subject and the types it's
divided into. The types are then explained. The overlap between the field of logic and that of computer science is also given an explanation. The report
ends with a brief overview on the subject and its tie to computer science and computing.
2.History of Logic and Reasoning
2.1 Logic in Greece and Europe
The term "Logic" hails from the ancient Greek word logike and is a discipline which utilizes and studies valid reasoning. It is heavily relied upon in a
number of subjects such as mathematics, philosophy and computer science, its roots being traced to ancient civilizations including Greece, India, China
and Persia.
In Europe logic was first employed by Aristotle, his so called Aristotelian logic was widely used in science and mathematics until the early 19th
century. During the Middle and High middle ages people went to great lengths to show that his ideas were compatible with the Cristian faith, by that
time logic had become the main focus of philosophers. 2.2 Logic in India
In India logic went under the name of Nyaya, it underwent dynamic changes from its founding in ancient times up to the early 18th century. According
to some people Indian logic contains "...the
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Famous Thinkers Essay Dr. King and Bertrand Russell
Famous Thinkers
PHL/458
March 19, 2012
Creative ideas are the foundation of the creative process (Goodman & Fritchie, 2011). To change the way a person thinks about an issue, or to
find a solution to the problem is what many of the ideas revolve around. The level of greatness that each thinker is famous for is acquired throughout
their life. There are a few things that all famous thinkers have similarities in that allow them to hold the position a "famous thinker." Dr. Martin Luther
King, Jr. (January 15, 1929–April 3, 1929) and Bertrand Russell (May 18, 1872–February 2, 1970) are two famous thinkers that are discussed in this
paper. Each of these men changed the way people viewed the issues of the day through the creative ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This meant appealing to the principle of democracy and making the political system accountable.
Mr. Russell's problem he wanted to solve is the use of a logical analytical approach to determine the truth about common claims based on inference. This
implies that every truth or claim should be the foundation of the logical constructions versus inferred entities.
In order to offset the immoral acts of racism and segregation Dr. King's resolution to the problem was advocating civil disobedience among African
Americans. His philosophy maintained that it is the responsibility of each individual to disobey unjust laws (Ware, 2009). He had faith that integration
was the solution to gaining equality, and he upheld a non–violent policy to achieve his goal. His non–violent policy was based on the belief that the
battle against segregation should be fought in a courtroom instead of the street (Ware, 2009).
Introducing a distinction between two unlike styles of knowledge of truth was Russell's solution to his problem. Being direct, infallible, and certain is
the first truth style and the second is open to error, indirect, and uncertain. He gave a good explanation for his position by proving that it is essential
that indirect knowledge stand up to more fundamental or direct knowledge. Basically stating that theory alone does not show facts and you must have
provable facts or direct knowledge.
Dr. King's

The Real World During Quantum-Mechanical Experiments
We've already discussed some of the experimental phenomena that inspire competing interpretations or theories of what's going on in the real world
during quantum–mechanical experiments. (In brief: Observing microscopic particles seems to either: cause them to randomly take one result or the
other; create a branching world for every possible outcome; or require hidden variables and allow for faster–than–light, nonlocal communication.
Particles seem not to take one path, not the other, not both, and not neither, and even act as if they "know" when we're observing them.)
In this final installment of a three–article series, we'll look in very broad strokes at some of the philosophical implications of these views of quantum
mechanics.
I. Logic
Standard logic is two–valued. That just means that each sentence in the logic is true or false, not both, and not neither. 'My cat's breath smells like cat
food' is either true or false; it can't both smell that way and not smell that way at the same time to the same person, and surely it either does or it
doesn't. But as we've seen, some interpretations of quantum mechanics might suggest adding in a new value.1 Perhaps Copenhagen–style
interpretations indicate that we should have a value of neither–a truth–value "gap"–and Copenhagen and many–worlds interpretations indicate that we
should have a value of both: a truth–value "glut."2 As it happens, there are independent philosophical reasons to explore three– or four–valued logics
(and

Homosexuality In Toulmin's Argument
Based on the argument presented the writer wishes to highlight that homosexuals were not just born that way but individuals who actually struggles
with their sexuality. After critically analyzing the argument, it was evident that the argumentation employed was written using the Toulmin's argument
model. Such as the argument was grounded using Toulmin's three primary components: claim, grounds (support) and warrant. According to Keefer
(1996) the first element is the claim. The claim of the argument is the conclusion that someone is trying to justify in the argument. The second element
is the grounds. The grounds of an argument are the facts on which the argument is based and the third element of the argument is the warrant. The
warrant of the argument assesses whether or not the claim is legitimate based on the grounds. In outline form, the argument presented looks like this:
Claim: Don't tell me that homosexuals are normal people who just happen to be born with a sex deviance! Grounds: Let's look at the facts. I'm a
psychiatrist. I have had a wide practice for 25 years Warrant: I can tell you that almost a quarter of my most severely... Show more content on
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Fallacies can be either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points, and are often identified because they lack evidence that supports their claims.
However, based on the argument presented no fallacies were detected as the arguments had evidence to support its claim. The argument presented
was introduced using a claim of value. According to Rottenberg and Winchell (2012) claims of value attempt to prove that some things are more or
less desirable than others. They express approval or disapproval of standards of taste and morality. Advertisements and reviews of cultural events are
one common source of value claims, but such claims emerge whenever people argue about what is good or bad, beautiful or

Heidegger And The Logic Of Categorical Syllogisms
Heidegger and the Logic of Categorical Syllogisms
According to traditional syllogistic logic, which has its roots in Aristotle, there are four types of propositions: the A proposition ("All S are P"), the E
proposition ("No S are P"), the I proposition ("Some S are P"), and the O proposition ("Some S are not P"). These propositional types represent all of
the possible combinations of the dichotomies of affirmative/negative and universal/particular. Each makes a claim that a certain essent (the particular I
and O propositions) or an entire class of essents (the universal A and E propositions), the subject or subject–class, relates in some way (belongs or does
not belong) to a class of essents designated by the predicate of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For Heidegger, the meaning of a word can never be completely divorced from its etymology; Steiner, in his work on Heidegger, quotes and then
translates Heidegger, saying, "`Das Wort "Philosophie" spricht jetzt griechisch.' This means, literally, that the word itself, if we hear it rightly, speaks
Greek." (Steiner 22) Steiner later summarizes Heidegger's attempt to find an explanation for Being [Sein] by tracing the etymological roots of the
German word. Heidegger, according to Steiner, finds three roots for different forms of the German verb Sein. The German ist comes from the
Indo–European es, and is translated by Heidegger as "life itself" and "the integral." The German bin and bist derive from the Indo–European bheu,
which is translated by Heidegger as "that which declares itself as a phenomenon." Finally, the German Wesen is derived from the Sanskrit vasami,
which is translated roughly as "to belong to and in." (Steiner 46)
Does this etymological study bear any relationship to formal logic, or have we wandered far afield? As it turns out, this examination has important
bearings on the theory and evaluation of categorical syllogisms. Various forms of the English verb "to be" have differing etymologies, as well. The
English "is" has the same etymological root as the German ist, which means that it also (at least for Heidegger) carries the meanings of "life itself" and
"the integral." The

The Tragic Language In Vonnegut
Through the use of humour and chaotic chronological patterns that subvert traditional literary boundaries and contrast the tragic elements of the novel,
Vonnegut makes a point about the irrationality and absurdity of war. Any attempt to search for meaning or reason in war is thus rendered futile for
there is none.
When the narrative situation itself appears to demand the reader's strict attention, Vonnegut's use of humorous language diverts our attention to thenovel
's language instead. His use of bizarre, funny–sounding words that are incongruous with the seriousness of the situations they describe such as
"flibbertigibbet" (29) during Billy's confrontation with his daughter and describing Billy's rescuers (for the plane crash) as "golliwogs" ... Show more
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Chaos is introduced in chapter one where the narrator acknowledges the "jumbled and jangled" (19) nature of the book. By anticipating the novel's
end–"Poo–tee–weet" (22)–even before the story truly begins, Vonnegut collapses the distinction between 'end' and 'beginning' that govern the notion of
'order'. Order has failed from the start and any subsequent attempts to search for order is thus doomed to fail. However, despite acknowledging the
illogicality of war and the futility of seeking any meaning, the structure of the novel is such that the reader is still continually reminded of the massacre
that took place in Dresden. By mentioning it in the opening paragraph of the book and constantly reminding the readers of it throughout the novel,
Vonnegut forces the reader to regard the atrocities of the war as a mental 'present', instead of 'past'. This technique reinforces Vonnegut's message about
the horrors and senselessness of war and also makes the point that war, despite being irrational, is not to be

The Concept Of Abductive Methodology
Methodology
The concept of abductive methodology was originally introduced by Aristotle (Jan Svennevig), however it was Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) an
American philosopher who developed it into the theory of inference (Jan Svennevig). Charlse Peirce proposed that the traditional modes of inference
(induction and deduction) should be harmonized with a third mode (abduction) which he said was qualitatively different from the other two (Jan
Svennevig). Fisher considered significance testing as inductive inference. He also argued that this approach (inductive inference) is the source of all
knowledge (As cited in Chong Ho Yu, 2005). Meanwhile Neyman was of the view that that only deductive inference was appropriate in statistics as
shown in his school of hypothesis testing tradition (As cited in Chong Ho Yu, 2005). Both deductive and inductive methodologies have been criticized
for various limits such as their predisposition to explain details that should be better understood, and their incompetence of creating new knowledge
(Chong Ho Yu, 2005).
The hypothesis of the Peircean logical system viewed that one may say the logic of abduction and deduction add to our conceptual understanding of a
phenomena (Chong Ho Yu, 2005), while the logic of induction provides empirical backing to conceptual knowledge (Chong Ho Yu, 2005). "In other
words, abduction, deduction, and induction work together to explore, refine and substantiate research questions" (Chong Ho Yu, 2005). Some

Teaching Argument Evaluation in An Introductory...
Teaching Argument Evaluation in An Introductory Philosophy Course
ABSTRACT: One of the greatest challenges in teaching an introductory philosophy course is convincing students that there are, indeed, reliable
standards for the evaluation of arguments. Too often introductory students criticize an argument simply by contesting the truth of one of its claims. And
far too often, the only claim in an argument that meets serious objections is its conclusion. For many students, the idea that an argument displays a
structure which can be evaluated on its own terms is not very difficult to grasp. Unfortunately, the idea is grasped only in an abstract way, with
insufficient appreciation of how structural problems manifest themselves in concrete ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The introductory philosophy student's inability to recognize argument structure presents us with a problem that cannot be addressed simply by
"teaching logic." The problem that confronts us addresses a fundamental pedagogical concern: Our task is to instill in the student the habit of clear
thinking. When we send our students out into the world, we have to make sure that they're prepared for it. This is not simply a matter of providing
them with "tools." We've looked at logic that way– and we've approached teaching logic that way – for far too long. Certainly logic may be employed
as a tool; it can serve as an incredibly powerful tool, as we who teach it know full well. But it's not logic per se that we should be concerned with in
our introductory courses. We want to teach our students how to think clearly and responsibly. There is certainly a moral edge to this view of the
situation, and the manner in which we approach our pedagogical concern will not be without further philosophical prejudice. Ours is Aristotelian. We
have found that giving our students the basics of term logic serves our purpose well. We do not introduce it as a tool for argument analysis– a strong
case can easily be made for the superiority of truth–functional logic in that respect – we present it, rather, in the way that a kindergarten teacher brings
toys into the classroom. And we make it clear that term logic has limitations – it's not an all–purpose tool.

A Book Analysis of вЂњIs Jesus the Only SaviorвЂќ Essay
Liberty University
A Book Analysis of "Is Jesus the Only Savior"
AN ANALYSIS PAPER SUBMITTED TO
Dr. Daniel Light, PhD
IN COMPLETION OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
Theology 313
BY
Gabriel Lopez
Lynchburg, Virginia
June 18, 2012
Introduction
The title of Nash's book is fitting for the content in which it contains. One will not find the traditional arguments that come with Soteriology. Initially,
the author thought that he would be reading a book that covers a topic that had been written numerous times and so pleasantly surprised with its
content. Nash begins his book with an introduction to three main philosophical views when it comes to the redemptive work of Jesus Christ. Nash does
a great job in succinctly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now whether this is true or not, Hick has a logical argument at this point. Nash points out that Hick's convictions for a pluralistic philosophical view
are because he believes that God is a loving being. His argument has just become non sequitor and as a result exploited by Nash as well as other

scholars.
Although it seems that over the years Kick's arguments for a pluralistic system have grown stronger in content, they reveal just as many problems as
the first system. Hick moves his system from centering on the character of God to his own definition of salvation. Hick's hoped this would resolve his
inconsistencies with the character of God, but he ends up doing the exact same thing he did in His first system.
Nash enlightens us to the fact that now Hick's system has set up criteria to judge certain religions to see if they are indeed authentic and would
therefore accomplish this salvation. Nash does a fine job once again at pointing out the logical problems in this supposedly better view of pluralism.
He cites the logical laws of the excluded middle and non–contradiction as examples of two such problems. Even to non–Christians with little
knowledge of philosophy or logic could clearly see that Hick's views don't even make good common sense. The conclusion to chapter 3 sums up the
system really well. Nash states, "His distinction between the phenomenal gods and the noumenal God only serves to plunge him

The Analysis : The Quantifier Essay
The quantifier is the first part of the sentence, and tells you how much of the subject that is talked about. Quantifiers include words such as "all",
"some," or "no". The quantifier in the first premise of the example is "all." The second term the subject term. The subject refers to what is being
discussed in the sentence. In the first premise, the subject is the term "souls." The next term is the copula, and the copula links the subject and
predicate together. The copula can be either "is" or "are," or "is not" or "are not." In the case of the example, the copula in the first premise is "are."
The last term is the predicate term. The predicate refers to the other category that is being talked about in the sentence. In the example from above,
the predicate in the first term in "immaterial things." When all four parts of the sentence are put together properly, you have a correctly translated
categorical proposition Square of Opposition: The Square of Opposition is shown above. Each proposition form is in the corner of the square and the
lines show the relationship between each other. Since the first premise is in the A form, the contradictory would be O. The contradictory of the first
premise would translate to "some souls are not immaterial things." Since both the second premise and conclusion, are in the O form, the contradictory
to these would be in the A form. The second premise's contradictory would be "All immaterial things are immortal," and the

Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes
| Connections and Contrasts of Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes| | | |
The Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One's Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences is one of the most influential works in the
history of modern philosophy, and important to the evolution of natural sciences. In this work, Descartes tackles the problem of skepticism. Descartes
modified it to account for a truth he found to be incontrovertible. Descartes started his line of reasoning by doubting everything, so as to assess the
world from a fresh perspective, clear of any preconceived notions. Whereas Francis Bacon's Scientific Method wanted to replace the deductive
reasoning by inductive reasoning. The important concept in this reformed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is still practiced in some universities and will be practiced up until the 18th century at least. Three fundamental changes have occurred during the
Renaissance; Aristotle portrayed the understanding of the universe, Galen described the importance of medicine and to understand astronomy Ptolemy
described it.
In 200 years there has been a revolutionary change, Rene Descartes and Isaac Newton have replaced Ptolemy in astronomy. Galileo has replaced
Aristotle in physics. Harvey has replaced Galen in medicine. The three ancient authorities have been over thrown.
In Rene Descartes' Discourse on Method he expresses his disappointment with traditional philosophy and with the limitations of theology; only logic,
geometry and algebra hold his respect, because of the utter certainty which they can offer us. Unfortunately, because they depend on hypotheses, they
cannot tell us what is real, i.e. what the world is really like. Therefore Descartes suggests a method of thought combining the consistency of
mathematics but based on natural truths about what is real, basic knowledge which could not be wrong (like the axioms of geometry). He calls into
question everything that he thinks he has learned through his senses but rests his entire system on the one truth that he cannot doubt, namely, the
reality of his own mind and the radical difference between the mental and the physical aspects of the world.
What is crucial to Descartes is

Jack Whitehead 's Living Educational Theory Approach
Jack whitehead's living educational theory approach
Jack Whitehead has been dedicated to an action research approach, "living educational theory", for the past 30 years. Whitehead believes that education
is a value–laden activity and refers to values as these qualities, which provide meaning and purpose to our personal and professional lives. He proposes
that in asking questions such as "how do I improve what I am doing?" (Whitehead, 1989, 2005), practitioners could create their own theories by
communicating their educational values in their practice. He doesn't see the educational theory the educational theory as established by the disciplines of
sociology, psychology, philosophy, and history ofeducation. Instead, Whitehead believes that the purpose of the educational research is essentially
concerned with the creation and testing of educational theories: "Because I see educational theory as an account of the educational influence of
educational and social formations that include learning to live values more fully, I attach great importance to those values that appear to carry hope for
the future of humanity"(Whitehead, 2004, p.2). In the process of developing a living educational approach, Whitehead offered the following five ideas:
a) The individual should include 'I' as a living contradiction in educational enquiries such as "How do I improve my practice?"
b) The individual should develop systematic types of action enquiry including "I" as a living contradiction.
c)

Critique Of Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant was born on April 22, 1724 in KГ¶nigsberg, Prussia where he stayed all of his life (which is now Kaliningrad, Russia). Immanuel Kant
was one of the most influential philosophers in the history of Western Philosophy. His contributions to metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics
have brought an impact on most philosophical movement that followed him.
He was the fourth oldest of 9 children in a family of artisans. He was originally named "Emmanuel" but, after learning Hebrew he changed his name to
"Immanuel". In his youth, Kant was a solid, unspectacular student. The family belonged to the Protestant sect of the Pietists, and Kant went to a Pietist
school. The emphasis on reason in Kant's philosophy is sometimes interpreted as a reaction against his religious education.
Kant was only 5 feet tall, and very thin when reached old age which he attributed to his strict daily routine. He got up at 5 o'clock every day and
spent the next hour drinking tea, smoking his pipe and meditating. From 6 to 7 o'clock, he prepared for lectures he gave at home until 9 o'clock. He
then worked in his study room until 1 o'clock and spent the next three hours dining, usually with his friends. After his ... Show more content on
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The Critique of Practical Reason, linked human freedom, to the moral law while attempting to reconstruct the most beloved ideas of traditional
metaphysical belief. The Critique of the Power of Judgment brought the different topics of aesthetic and teleological judgment into Kant's system but
also struggling to refine and even substantially revise some of Kant's most basic ideas about theoretical and practical reason and the relation between
them. The critical philosophy was soon being taught in every important German–speaking university, and young men flocked to KГ¶nigsberg as a
shrine of

Everyday Decisions Essay
Everyday Decisions
In this paper, I will argue that if a person is exposed to the methods and principles of logic they will benefit in their daily lives. The sooner one
correctly applies these methods and principles the more efficient their mind will become. Hence, you will be better equipped to make daily decisions
through reasoning (processing information). Logic is a roadmap of the mind that holds true for every human.
All those who are able to apply logic in their daily lives understand how the mind processes information. All those who pass a logic course are able to
apply logic in their daily lives. Therefore, all those who pass logic course understand how the mind processes information.
Logic is a necessary to learn ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a well–formed syllogism there are two premises and a conclusion. Modern logic covers a far greater range of possible arguments than those that
can be cast into syllogistic form. This modern logic introduced new symbols like "or," "and" and "If…then…", "either…or", and
"if–and–only–if"".
With the combination of Aristotelian logic and Prepositional logic one is able to understand reasoning. What is reasoning? Reasoning is the instance
of the use of reason and reason is the power of comprehending, inferring, or processing information especially in organized rational ways. Therefore,
when we think rationally we reason and process information. When I claim that someone passes a logic course they must have comprehended the
methods and principles of logic hence displaying that they are able to process information. When one passes a series of tests in logic they demonstrate
to themselves and others that they understand the structures of logic.
When one is able to reason through his or her thoughts the conclusion of their thoughts have been processed as well as their consequences. Many
children spend more time figuring out right or wrong because they can't see a clear logical conclusion to their premises. As a child, I had limited
reasoning ability because I was not able to

Confinement equals Licentious Essay
The article "Hookups starve the soul" by Laura Vanderkam opens with a scene where she talked with a friend that hooked up with a guy after a party.
In the article, Vanderkam talked about how unintentional sexual relations are increasing on college campuses. Vanderkam emphasized how parents put
limitations on their children lives that could one day force them into promiscuous activities. She clearly states that "hooking up" is happening but does
not always mean having sex. Hookups are defined by alcohol, physical attraction, and a lack of expectations the next morning. Many people blame
co–ed dorms, sexual revolution, or alcohol, Vanderkam blames none of these aspects but blames it all on the way an individual is raised. She uses her
own... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, if your childhood was very structured, consisting of athletic practices, school, piano or dance lessons, along with the many rules your
parents made, that you are expected to follow, which limited your personal freedom, when off to college and you get the first taste of freedom, you
are more likely to take it for granted and experience everything you were kept from your entire life. She is somewhat indifferent throughout the article,
she feels that these structured childhoods will either help or hurt a college bound individual. Although the points she observed makes the article
interesting, it confuses readers on what side she is really taking. As a result she implies that it is too late to bring back dormitory mothers, curfews and
traditional morals that forces courtships in the past time. I like the way she tells it that way it really is, the truth is surfaced form point one. Also,
Vanderkam's straightforward approach makes the reader focus even more. Thelogic behind Laura Vanderkam's article stands out. One of the first things
she does to establish logic is talk about how the parents in the process of getting the perfect child through controlled activities, they exploit the growth
of their children's souls. Also, When discussing how overachieving parents provides too much supervision she tried using a phrase "Organization Kid"
from the April's Atlantic Monthly by author David Brooks to back

Is Google Making Us Stupid?
American writer, Nicholas G. Carr, in The Atlantic July/ August 2008 Issue titled "Is Google Making Us Stupid?" argues that the amount of time we
spend online, especially google, has caused us to lose our minds by "tinkering" with our brains, "reprograming our memory," and changing the way in
which we process information. Carr's purpose is to contribute to the idea that "Google" along with other online tools, is programing us to be less
attentive and to the inhibition of our critical thinking skills. Guided by personal experiences, subjectivity, presumptions, Carr concludes that our
reliance on google and other online apparatuses has caused us to become "machinelike," claiming that the understanding we have of the world and is
"mediated" by computers, flattening our intelligence and converting it into artificial intelligence with no value. Carr's theory is un–logical because it is
based on presumptions that overgeneralize the role that online tools like google play on our lives, based on the experiences and opinions of a few. By
ignoring the complexities of these tools and the numerous features they have to offer which help enable us to expand our way of thinking and
analyzing information, Carr incorrectly assumes that because the amount of information we are gathering and attaining from online apparatuses like
google, that we are becoming hollow computer like entities with little to no intelligence. Carr's use of personal anecdotes reveals that his arguments do
not have

Rhetoric and Argument Essays
ENG122: Composition II An Introduction to Argument English 122: Composition II An Introduction to Argument Argument and Rhetoric An
argument can take many forms. It is, at its root, a method for communicating a singular position with evidence, logic, and persuasion. There are
essential elements to all valid arguments, though they may take different forms. 1. Claim 2. Evidence 3. Counterargument 4. Rebuttal A successful
argument depends upon the delicate balance between these elements. Imagine a teeter–totter at the playground. The claim is the basis of the argument,
much like the base of the teeter–totter. A big opposing viewpoint, called the counterargument, is constantly pushing down on one side or the other.
Balance can only be... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Section One: Introduction and Thesis–Your introduction should describe the rhetorical situation and give a clear forecast of the material you will
cover in your essay. Your thesis statement should make a clear, limited, descriptive assertion and explain why your stance matters. Example: Failure to
pass the recent gun law is a bad move for public safety because inexperienced, mentally ill, and unethical people will continue to have access to
firearms. Section Two: Present the position that you most agree with. Then, give ample evidence to support why you hold this view. (Do not use
first–person. Use third–person narrative). Section Three: Present the position that you most disagree with. Then, validate the perspective with a
circumstance or situation in which that viewpoint could or might be correct. Section Four: While remaining non–offensive in language and style,
provide a rebuttal of the opposition's stance by pointing out its fallacies or lack of logos and ethos. Section Five: Conclusion–Provide a sound but brief
explanation of your argument and further direction for your reader. Page |2 ENG122: Composition II An Introduction to Argument Consensual
(Rogerian) Argument The consensual or Rogerian method is based on the

Mackie's Argument : Evil And Omnipotence
Priya Patel
Phil 104 Fall 2017
October 2, 2017
Paper 1: On Mackie's Argument In J. L. Mackie's "Evil and Omnipotence," the author presents an argument detailing why belief in a both omnipotent
and wholly good God is contradictory to a God who allows evil to exist. He utilizes this philosophy to show that God doesn't exist due to the problem of
evil. As Mackie's delineates in his first paragraph, "I think, however, that a more telling criticism can be made by way of the traditional problem of
evil. Here it can be shown, not only that religious beliefs lack rational support, but that they are positively irrational, that the several parts of the
essential theological doctrine are inconsistent with one another." (p. 100) Mackie discusses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.If God is both omnipotent and wholly good, then He would make men freely choose good on every occasion.
3.It is not true that God makes men freely choose good on every occasion.
4.Therefore, it is not the case that God is an omnipotent and wholly good being.
In the following paragraphs, I will elucidate Mackie's belief in this argument and offer a critical evaluation of the former. To begin with, take a
justification of the first premise. This says that God has a choice available to him that contains two things. One would be to make humans, in their free
will, choose good occasionally over evil. The other would be to make humans, in their free will, choose good on every occasion over evil. Mackie
states "If there is no logical impossibility in a man 's freely choosing the good on one, or on several, occasions, there cannot be a logical impossibility
in his freely choosing the good on every occasion." (p. 105) Mackie believes that God is presented with this choice.
Moving on to the second premise: in order for God to be classified as both omnipotent and wholly good, He would take the option to always make
men choose good in their free will. Mackie's thought process in believing this is linked with the definitions of omnipotent and wholly good in theism
itself. These indicate that in order to be omnipotent, one must have no limit to what one can do, and in order to be wholly good, one would eliminate
evil. What Mackie is

Euthyphro's Argument
Socrates, on his way to court, happens upon an old friend Euthyphro. Socrates was being prosecuted by a young lawyer named Meletus for corrupting
the youth; while Euthyphro was in the process of trying his father for the murder of a laborer. Socrates soon begins a conversation with Euthyphro
which leads into a discussion on piety and what it entails. Euthyphro cites the gods as the determiners of what is pious, which leads to the
deconstruction of the definition by Socrates who proves the premises of the argument invalid. The investigation into piety proves difficult, as
Euthyphro's definitions are considered inadequate by Socrates. Piety on the basic level of simple apprehension, can be imagined as either an action or
mental state. However; in order to get past the simple apprehension or conceptualization of piety, Euthyphro attempts to form an advanced level
definition of the concept. He soon settles on a definition in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main rejection for the definition stems from the unanimous nature of Euthyphro's argument in relation to the temperament of the gods. The
predicate of Euthyphro's argument is too broad and does not take into account the different views and interests found among the gods. Socrates finds
fault with the subject of piety as the universal affirmative found in Euthyphro's definition due to the fact that "the gods are in a state of discord,"
(Five Dialogues, 7b). There are many opinions and differing levels of moral designation between the gods which causes disunity and conflict. Not all
the gods get along with one another, for wars have been raged among their racks all through the ages of mythology. This first premise of Socrates'
syllogism shows the lack of unity and ideology found among the gods, which in turn leads into the second premise of Socrates'

Analysis Of The Article ' Digibabble, Fairy Dust And The...
In the essay "Digibabble, Fairy Dust and the Human Anthill," Tom Wolfe presents a compelling argument about the way convergence is present in
many different forms in our lives.The main idea of his argument is of convergence, which is basically defined as the constant change needed to adapt
to one 's environment. He manages to connect each aspect of his essay with every idea that he presents, making his argument not only sound but valid
as well. Wolfe uses evolution as a visual example of the continuous changes occurring in the world. It makes one think about what influences the
changes in our world today. Not only does Wolfe use soundlogic to make his argument strong, but he also invokes emotion to draw the reader hoping
to open up their mind. Overall, Wolfe presents a very valid and supported argument, though there are some doubts due to the age gap between the
audiences his argument still remains valid. In the first example, Wolfe uses the American artists in the Japanese museum The artists were surprised to
see that their work was considered to be from the "Manual Age". The Japanese students and the digital artwork of that time had surpassed the
traditional drawings from the artists. This is a prime example of our world being ever–changing, especially in the area of technological advances.
[H]undreds of young Japanese staring at them from the auditorium seats saw them not as visionaries on the cutting edge . . . but as wooly old
mammoths who had

Rhetorical Analysis Of Agility Key In Future Workplaces
Creating a stand–out literary piece as a writer is challenging even to brilliant writers. Many minute details affect literary pieces, but it is imperative
that the author utilize rhetorical devices to make their statements meaningful and persuasive. An article titled "Agility Key in Future Workplaces,
with Robot Bosses" by Rex W. Huppke employs rhetorical devices effectively to prove points. The article focuses on future trends in business, and
the type of future worker companies are going to be looking to hire. Huppke explains that the future will involve agile workers who, instead of
working at companies for extended periods of time, will be freelancers that are hired for short periods of time to complete projects. In the article by
Rex Huppke... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Huppke describes an email conversation with Professor Thomas Chamorro–Premuzic of University College London. The professor exclaims that
"'First, most people switch, from traditional employment to self–employment to avoid having a boss, yet that doesn't mean they are able to manage
themselves'" (Huppke 3). The professor further explains how "'AI bosses will always be much cheaper than having a human boss'" (Huppke 3). This
conversation with the professor views Huppke utilizing artistic proofs that appeal to the readers reasoning and common sense. By providing a
rationale for this trend, such as lower financial costs for businesses, Huppke is effectively able to display the logic behind this trend and satisfy
questions skeptical readers have. Overall, Huppke was able to illustrate sound reasoning for why AI are becoming a part of the

God Is Omnipotent And Can Not Make Evil Good
1."If God is omnipotent, then God will be able to make evil good." Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer.
My opinion to this statement does not come immediately. For this reason I plan to briefly investigate the arguments for four main sub–premises that
either support or reject the statement "If God is omnipotent, then God will be able to make evil good". These premise's are:
(A) God is not omnipotent and cannot make evil good
(B) God is omnipotent, but cannot make evil good
(i) God is omnipotent and chooses not to make evil good
(C) God is omnipotent and can make evil good.
Arguments that support Premise (i) deny statement A of any truth. If reasoning behind statement (i) provide sufficient evidence to support premise (i)
then I will be disagree with statement A.
Arguments for Premise (ii and iii) ascribe partial truth to statement A but distinguish between God's ability to possess the potential to make evil good
v.s. God possessing this ability and wanting to make evil good. This distinction supports premise A in similar ways for both premise (ii and iii) raise a
paradoxical puzzle into what disposition God takes as one who is supposedly omnipotent, omnibenevolent and omnipresent.
Reasoning for premise (iv) defends theism and the traditional form God is ascribed to have.
The reason I have separated Statement Z into four sub–premises is because how these four sub–premises are defended and countered works to serve the
validity of

Induction Vs Inductive Reasoning
The problem with induction lies within its logical validity. In inductive reasoning, we make seemingly justified assumptions about future events based
on past observations. The premises of our claim are assumed to be true; however, they do not guarantee the truth of the conclusion (135) Instead,
induction uses the observable evidence as strength to infer the probability of the new claim being true. Inductive reasoning is therefore, logically invalid.
These repeated observations, no matter how prevalent, fail to ensure that the conclusion is true. They merely states that the truth is probable. A valid,
logical argument requires that if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true, as well.
Invalid structures of reasoning state that, even if the premises were true, the conclusion could have been either true or false: which is the case with
induction. By not ensuring the truth ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(161) Popper goes on to insist that induction cannot even be attempted to justify, due to its core premise being completely invalid, and therefore
unjustifiable by default. Popper believes that induction is in no way factual or a necessary thought process. He explains that the entire idea of
induction is an illusion, one that we are mistaking for the actual practice of trial and error (161) Particularly regarding scientific knowledge, and the
notion that knowledge requires a validity that is established by repeated empirical testing. (162) Popper denies the idea that scientific knowledge is
induction, and instead explains knowledge in terms of hypotheticals, and tests for falsifiability. (162) Popper states that while these hypotheticals, or
theories, cannot be supported, they can be rigorously tested to show the possibility of being proven false. The ability to refute something logically,
allows for a counter–instance that ensures a logical opposite.

Classes On The Study Of Logic In American Colleges Today
Classes on the study of logic in American colleges today are useful tools for students to develop a clear sense of how arguments are formed and
function, so it is no wonder that so many college campuses include these courses in their curriculum. Because of the widespread effort to educate
students in the area of logic, it can be useful to examine how different logic classes are structured. A closer inspection of these classes can reveal the
benefits or disadvantages each class might have and the improvements that can be implemented to make them more effective. In order to do this, it
would be most convenient to compare and contrast the syllabi of 3 college classes including the Philosophy 103–Introduction to Logic: Argument and
Evidence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The syllabus has just as many redeeming qualities as it does minor issues. The syllabus for philosophy 215 has some interesting characteristics that if
compared to philosophy 103, might actually be more beneficial to students. The first of these beneficial characteristics is a list of options in regards
to the necessary class materials. For many students, it can be difficult to obtain a specific textbook usually due to financial reasons. Giving students
different options creates a more equal learning environment in which all students are presented with alternative ways to access the information they
need. On the other hand, the syllabus for Philosophy 103 is not as flexible and requires all students to gain access to a single textbook that can cost
above eighty dollars. Another positive point is the grading system. Philosophy 215 relies on the traditional hundred point system which is arguably the
easiest for students to comprehend. Although Philosophy 103's grading system is based on a system of earning points rather than "messing up" a
perfect one hundred percent, this system can be a bit too complex for students to understand. It is not ideal to have students confused about their
progress in the class because it can create misunderstandings about how well they are learning the material. Aside from those two positive points, a
helpful element in both syllabi is the clear course schedule. Both syllabi neatly provide

rhetorical analysis Essay
Rhetorical Analysis A college education is valuable and its quality is of the highest importance to most Americans. In his essay, "On the Uses of a
Liberal Education: As Lite Entertainment for Bored College Students," Mark Edmundson utilizes ethos, pathos, and logos to effectively deliver his
argument that the current educational system, especially in college, revolves around consumerism which in turn has negatively impacted students,
teachers, and universities in general. However, although Edmundson presents an overall logically sound argument, there are few instances throughout
the article that may hinder the reliability of his claims to the audience. Throughout the essay, Edmundson establishes credibility for himself... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The idea of a genius becoming a silly, outmoded idea, although not likely, causes the readers to think about a world without intelligent people and how
intelligence is necessary in order for the population and world to move forward and make improvements. The emotion brought out in the previous
statement creates a willingness in the audience to learn more about how this may be possible and more importantly how it can be corrected. To further
anger the audience about current college education, Edmundson explains that for many professors of English and History classes like himself "one
of the ways we have tried to stay attractive is by loosening up. We grade much more softly..." (329). The fact that professors are giving easier grades
means that students are not working as hard and therefore are not learning and improving to the level that people have in the past. With college being
so expensive any audience of people students or parents would be angered by the fact that the students are not getting as good of an education as they
could be. Edmundson asserts that he will not take the easy route and prevent students from their potential he is willing to "aim and shoot" (333) and is
not afraid of getting bad evaluations from students for being too difficult. In this way, he convinces the audience to side with him emotionally.
Edmundson is trying to prevent such a

Categorical Proposition, Categorical, And Categorical...
Categorical Proposition
A categorical proposition, or categorical statement, is a proposition that declares or denies that all or particular of the members of one type (the subject
term) are comprised in another (the establish term). The study of opinions consuming categorical statements (i.e., syllogisms) forms a significant
branch of deductive reasoning that initiated with the Ancient Greeks. The Ancient Greeks such as Aristotle recognized four primary distinct kinds of
Categorical Proposition and provided them standard forms (now regularly termed A, E, I, and O), formerly deduced mathematically by John Venn and
George Boole in the nineteenth era.
What do affirmative propositions have in common?
Affirmative propositions say All S is P. It is general because it talks about each associate of S. It is affirmative because it says that each member of S
is involved in P. A true sample of a universal affirmative proposition is "Entirely dogs are animals." We curtail this proposition and cry it the "A"
proposition (Agresti, 2012).
All ministers are fibbers.
All teenagers are worldly.
All guys have what it takes to end up a productive sales representative
All mutts go to paradise.
The widespread affirmative as indicated by Aristotle is not two–way. Reflect, for the specimen, case 1 overhead. It doesn't imply that altogether fibbers
are ministers. In case 2, we are not expressing that every single common thing is teenagers. (This "inverse" of the one of a kind
All S is

Pros And Cons Of Offline Dating
A.Provide a brief overview of your topic.
i.What is the premise or premises for the argument?
How the Pros and cons of online and offline dating effect whether you find your partner through the internet or going about it the traditional way. The
article shows you that by using both in the best methods that fits your needs to better your chances in finding love.
ii.Why is the topic being discussed?
As we grow as a society so does our technology and today everyone wants to stay with the trend. Also, online dating helps you find someone not
having to walk up to someone with a corny line to get their attention. Plus, your able to see people that live outside your local area that you might not
have ever crossed paths or even go to, so it opens the doors to many opportunities that you wouldn't have with offline dating.
iii.What is the conclusion?
When opening your horizons to do online dating you open up many opportunities of meeting someone that you wouldn't have if the internet wasn't
invented or you feel you should only find love if it finds you. In the end using both methods is the only way to be able to find your next partner or
your forever partner cause with online dating your only talking so you eventually have to go out and meet these people face to face to see if they are
the person they were over the internet and that you have that good vibe about each other to continue the relationship.
B.Describe any personal connection that you may have to the topic.

The Philosopher And The Filmmaker Michael Moore
At every point in history there are individuals who disagree with the norms of his or her society and who advocate for social and political change.
These individuals are referred to as agitators. While these agitators come from across different historical time periods and locations some of them
have quite a bit in common. Even from as early as 399 BC to 2002, from as far as Athens, Greece to the United States, there are agitators that had
similar motivations and ways of achieving them. An example would be the philosopher Socrates and the filmmaker Michael Moore. Despite some small
differences in approach, these two have many significant similarities as agitators. The most obvious similarity between Socrates and Moore is that
they are agitators, but it is more than them just advocating social and political change. It 's the methods in which they did so that were so similar.
Both of them seemed to address issues or put forth information that generated a lot of discomfort from the people around them as well as criticism.
For example, Moore has a part in his film that displays instances of America supporting or creating corruption in other countries which leads to high
levels of violence (Moore). This among many of the other topics he discussed in the documentary caused a lot of discomfort which led to harsh
criticism such as an article entitled Bowling For Columbine: Documentary or Fiction by David T. Hardy. He states that "Bowling for Columbine is
dishonest. It is

Differences Between Informal Logic, And Theoretical...
Introduction
Philosophy is commonly divide to theoretical and practical.Theoretical philosophy is sometimes confused with analytic philosophy, but the second is a
philosophical movement, embracing certain ideas and methods but dealing with all philosophical subject matters, while theoretical philosophy is a
way of sorting philosophical questions into two different categories in the context of a curriculum.The topics included in theoretical philosophy are
metaphysics/ontology, philosophy of language, epistemology, philosophy of mind, andlogic.
Through studies in theoretical philosophy, it provides an introduction to human reasoning and the knowledge relating to it, and its different fields
support each other. The studies will gain systematic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Natural language here means a language that is spoken, written or signed by humans for general–purpose communication, as distinguished from formal
languages (such as computer–programming languages) or constructed languages (such as Esperanto).
It focuses on the reasoning and argument one finds in personal exchange, advertising, political debate, legal argument, and the social commentary that
characterizes newspapers, television, the Internet and other forms of mass media
Symbolic Logic
Symbolic Logic is the study of symbolic abstractions that capture the formal features of logical inference. It explains and deals with the relations of
symbols to each other, often using complex mathematical calculus, in an attempt to solve difficult problems traditional formal logic is not able to
address.Symbolic logic is often divided into two sub–branches:
Predicate Logic
Predicate Logic allows sentences to be analysed into subject and argument in several different ways. Predicate Logic is also able to give an account of
quantifiers general enough to express all arguments occurring in natural language, thus allowing the solution of the problem of multiple generality that
had perplexed medieval

An Alternative Form Of Implication
Implication is known to be a conditional statement that can be read as, "for P, it must be the case if and only if Q" Implication, within the sense of
classical logic, we can derive the statement q from p, or namely p implies q. And as such, implication can be seen in classical logic within the format of
antecedent,horseshoe,consequent or antecedent,arrow,consequent (P вЉѓ Q (P –> Q). I will delve into the following topics in regards to whether it is
necessary for an alternative form of implication, namely strict implication. Such as, the properties of strict implication and its uses within modal logic,
other logics and how they interact, and attempt of a resolution for strict implication as a whole,whether it is worth the transition to strict implication
regardless of its problems. The properties of strict implication and its uses within modal logic. Strict conditionals were introduced by Lewis as an
alternative to the traditional sense of implication. He used A fishbook B to represent Box (A вЉѓ B), reading as it is necessary that if A then B.
Personally, I do not like this rule, as although we have A, saying that it implies B to be axiomatic means that there is never a situation that breaks this.
But, given general knowledge this axiom may not apply to all worlds. Or in a case where A has no relevance or correlation to B then we cannot get the
necessary truth
Furthermore, in strict implication there is an issue with the paradoxes, the example looked at by Graham Priest is:

The Process Of Deduction Logic
In social research, traditional and non–traditional methods are used to explore and examine research queries and relate methods of data collection and
observation. One conventionally accepted method is through deductive logic. Deductive logic is research that begins with a theory and arrives at a
specific expectation through a series of scientific steps. Both explanatory and exploratory techniques can be used in deductive. In contrast, inductive
methods, in which researchers examine specific data sets and detect general patterns, are considered non–traditional. In inductive logic, "the
identification of empirical patterns result in a generalization about some social process" (Schutt, 2012, p. 45).
The process of deduction logic begins with statements, also known as 'premises ', that are assumed to be true. A determination is made regarding
additional factors that must be true if the premises are true. A special logical structure, known as modus ponens, is a rule asserting that a "hypothetical
proposition according to which if the antecedent be affirmed, the consequent is affirmed" (Merriam–Webster, 2015). The form of any argument having
the structure of modus ponens is as follows: Given P, if P then Q, so, Q. Using this structure, any argument is stated as the major premise, the minor
premise, and the conclusion. In this way, the statements are evaluated in terms of validity and soundness.
The strength of deductive reasoning is its consideration of validity and

The Times They Are A Changing
Flowers are Red The sage bard, Bob Dylan, on the rapidly rising waters of vicissitude: Come gather 'round people wherever you roam And admit that
the waters around you have grown And accept it that soon you'll be drenched to the bone If your time to you is worth savin' Then you better start
swimmin' or you'll sink like a stone For the times they are a–changin'. Dylan was hardly a grown man when he groaned the initial verse of his 1964
album's title track, "The Times they are A–Changing" (1964). A masterpiece which would continue to ring in the ears of every new generation of
upcoming adults for nearly half a century. Dylan depicts two conflicting mindsets in his anthem of progress: Those who resist change, otherwise
known as, the first who will later be last; and those who rally for change, the slow that'll later be fast. Respectively, lionized author and classical Ivy
League educator Timothy D. Snyder's, "Why Laptops in Class Are Distracting America's Future Workforce," published by Christian Science Monitor in
2011, documents the decline of his students' attentiveness and well–being due to technology infiltrating his lecture hall. Alternatively, internationally
renowned author, journalist, reporter, and fellow Ivy League scholar, Thomas L. Friedman, writes of why the time has come for technological change
in education in, "Come the Revolution," which was published by The New York Times in 2012. Despite the increasingly large divide that separates the
two's

Examples Of Manliness In Okonkwo
2.Reread pages 52–54 and copy down quotations that help us understand Okonkwo's view of "manhood" or "manliness". After each quotation, write
down your analysis of it.
One quotation that expresses Okonkwo's view of manliness states Okonkwo "was always happy when he heard [Nwoye] grumbling about women.
That showed that in time he would be able to control his womenfolk" (53). This quotation shows that Oknonkwo feels pleasure when his son displays
signs of power, such as the control of the perceived weaker gender. Ergo, Okonkwo views the subordination of others by his son as an example of "
masculinity." This idea is further supported by the quotation: "No matter how prosperous a man was, if he was unable to rule his women and his
children... he was not really a man" (53). Oknonkwo clearly considers utter authority of one's nuclear family as a prerequisite to meet "manhood." He
literally states that a man without patriarchy in his family is not a man. Therefore, when Nwoye displays the early signs of this dominance, like the
grumbling about his subordinate women's issues, Okonkwo is finally considering his son "masculine" as shown by his happiness.
Okonkwo's view is further developed when he "encouraged [Nwoye and Ikemefuna] to sit with him in his obi, and he told them stories of the land–
masculine stories of violence and bloodshed" (53). This quote shows that Okonkwo believes gory subjects to be suitable and honestly necessary for
men entering "manhood." He takes these two

The Epistemic Closure Principle By Edmund Gettier
Alexander Jerde Phil 312 10/20/2014
The Epistemic Closure Principle The Epistemic closure principle explains that knowledge can be gained by the logically implied inferences between
a predicate, based on past experience, and a conclusion. By definition epistemic closure purports that we are justified in believing that our logical
inferences are true. Therefore, we can conclude that our past experience (predicate) is a reason to believe a proposition. This principle has been used
as the basis of various forms of skeptical arguments against the traditional analysis and inductive/deductive reasoning. Such an example was presented
by Edmund Gettier, whose arguments question if we are justified in believing our beliefs as knowledge. Also, Hume questioned if we can really trust
inductive/deductive reasoning. In the following I will argue that even though, Gettier's arguments hold some truth, we are still caused to conclude that
the epistemic closure is a logical necessity and true. The epistemic closure principle states that knowledge can be gained by acceptance of predicates
logically implied relationship with their conclusions. Epistemic closure entails that, deductive and logical reasoning are sound principles of reaching
knowledge. Also that, a conclusion (proposition) can be known then by understanding that a necessary logical or deductive inference between a
predicate and a conclusion exist. Epistemic closure also entails that we are justified

history of philosophy
History of philosophy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see History of Philosophy (disambiguation).
This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling.You can assist by editing it. (April 2013)
Philosophy
Philosophers
Aestheticians
Epistemologists
Ethicists
Logicians
Metaphysicians
Social and political philosophers
Traditions
Analytic
Continental
Eastern
Islamic
Platonic
Scholastic
Periods
Ancient
Medieval
Modern
Contemporary

Literature
Aesthetics
Epistemology
Ethics
Logic
Metaphysics
Political philosophy
Branches
Aesthetics
Epistemology
Ethics
Logic
Metaphysics
Political philosophy
Social philosophy
Lists
Index
Outline
Years
Problems ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is said that following a visit to the Oracle of Delphi he spent much of his life questioning anyone in Athens who would engage him, in order to
disprove the oracular prophecy that there would be no man wiser than Socrates. Through these live dialogues, he examined common but critical
concepts that lacked clear or concrete definitions, such as beauty and truth, and the virtues of piety, wisdom, temperance, courage, and justice.
Socrates' awareness of his own ignorance allowed him to discover his errors as well as the errors of those who claimed knowledge based upon
falsifiable or unclear precepts and beliefs. He wrote nothing, but inspired many disciples, including many sons of prominent Athenian citizens
(including Plato), which led to his trial and executionin 399 B.C. on the charge that his philosophy and sophistry were undermining the youth, piety,
and moral fiber of the city. He was offered a chance to flee from his fate but chose to remain in Athens, abide by his principles, and drink the poison
hemlock.
Socrates' most important student was Plato, who founded the Academy of Athens and wrote a number of dialogues, which applied theSocratic method
of inquiry to examine philosophical problems. Some central ideas of Plato's dialogues are the Theory of Forms, i.e., that the mind is imbued with an
innate capacity to understand and contemplate concepts from a higher order preeminent world, concepts more real, permanent, and universal than or
representative of the things

Postmodernism And Modernism
Intro:
"I have seen all the things that are done under the sun; all of them are meaningless, a chasing after the wind." Meaningless is what our postmodern
world has become. As a consequence of excessive political correctness and the removal of certainty and discernment, postmodernism has caused the
deterioration of the western world and its values. The absolutes of pre–modernism and the traditional logic of modernism are tossed aside for
postmodernism's relative truth and feelings based logic.
Paragraph one, reason one:
"You do you" says postmodernist. "There is no absolute truth, truth is relative or subjective and is different for everyone. " Postmodernism seeks to
remove all absolutes so that the only absolute that there is: that there are no absolutes. There is no definition of postmodernism as any set definition
of it, would be an absolute. When there is no certainty, no absolute truth, why do we continue? Why do we continue to live and hold onto any ideas
or morality? If truth is subjective we have no meaning and no purpose. You may believe your meaning is to have as much fun as you can, make
millions of dollars or to have many friends. So what? Does that make you fulfilled and why do you need to be fulfilled? There must be absolute truth
for without it, "enjoyment" in life, is meaningless. Through the pre–modernism era, the western world and our laws were formed and built upon the
absolute truth of the christian God. With modernism and now postmodernism, the

Importance Of Leach Protocol
3.4.1 .LEACH Protocol
Low Energy adjustive clump Hierarchy(LEACH) protocol [2],[ 3] is class–conscious protocols during which cluster heads are at random elective . The
operation in LEACH consists of the set–up part and steady state part. The set–up state part contains of cluster heads (CHs) choice and cluster
formation.The steady state part contains of sensing and transmission of the perceived data to the bottom station &(BS) through CHs. In each
spherical, at the beginning the set–up part, every sensing element node generates a random range between zero and one to choose whether or not it
will become a CH or not for the present spherical. If the quantity generated by sensing element node is a smaller amount than the edge price ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.4.3. CHEF Protocol
The cluster head election mechanism victimization mathematical logic (CHEF) protocol [9] uses a mathematical logic approach to prolong the network
lifespan of WSNs. It's the same as the Gupta fuzzy protocol [8] however it doesn't want the bottom station to gather info from all sensing element
nodes. The operation in cook protocol is part into rounds, in each circular, each node picks an irregular range in the vicinity of zero and one. On the off
chance that the arbitrary range is a littler sum than the predefined limit, at that point that node turns into a tentative CH.
There are two fuzzy parameters that are employed in CH selection: residual energy of every sensing element node and native distance that is that the
total of distances that sensing element node has with alternative sensing element nodes in radius r. Tentative CHs calculate their probabilities price to
be associate degree actual CH victimization these FIS. If the possibility price of a tentative CH is bigger than the opposite tentative CHs' probabilities
price in radius r, then that tentative CH becomes CH for current spherical. Then, it sends a CH advert message to the nodes in its proximity. The sensing
element nodes that aren't elite as CH be a part of the highest CH, too. Therefore, it's potential that CHs aren't well distributed within the space.
Consequently, some sensing element

Analysis Of De Sade 's ' The Misfortunes Of Virtue '
Whether or not you accede with the themes in Marquis De Sade's "Misfortunes of Virtue", there is no doubt his works are some of the most inciting
to have ever been constructed. Although Marquis debates several beliefs in his works, he focuses on one in "The Misfortunes of Virtue" that seems
shaky. The theory of Vice versus Virtue in the words of De Sade has no logical aspect to it, at least to a "down to earthhuman being". De Sade once
said," In order to know virtue, we must first acquaint ourselves with vice." De Sade's conception of vice and virtue is nowhere near what we perceive it
to be. Though, through the utilization of multiple characters, his neutral stance and erroneous logic, we as readers can sift through the differences and
visually perceive the authentic meaning of vice and virtue by using common day human logic and experiences to construct a more up to date
version of De Sade's "Vice and Virtue". Throughout De Sade's "Misfortunes of Virtue" his writing is meant to have a neutral stance and come off in
a way that De Sade lives vicariously through the characters in order to display his beliefs. With his characters, De Sade argues the theory of Vice
versus Virtue and attempts to make the example that there simply is no difference between the two. De Sade believes "There is only human kind's
selfish goal of self–preservation and seeking pleasure". According to Webster's dictionary, virtue is defined as: the moral excellence of a person. A
morally excellent

Essay on Benefits of a Tax on High Fat Foods
Descartes In this essay, I will explain Descartes' central method of doubt to investigate the truth of things, in which he wanted to be critical and
generated four rules that he would use as guidance. With his method, he suspends judgment and prejudices to obtain better results. Descartes argues
that despite syllogisms has truth in logic, it still has something defective, which is predominantly the multiplicity of rules. These rules might bring
immorality and confusion, thus prevent him for arriving at the knowledge of things because it might bring more doubt than truth.
At the beginning of the creation of his method, Descartes looks for a method of reason that would be free of the defects of logic, however, he still
sought his method ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Following this model, he develops his method based on his reason alone without the interference from others or his prejudices that could affect his
reasoning. He claims that the interference of more than one person, in the creation of something causes a less perfect and less organized thing compare
to things done by only one person. For instance, he exemplifies this with his education; he considers his education has a deficiency because all the
sciences taught to him were from different men from different eras.
Moreover, in order for Descartes' method to discover a great way for seeking the truth of things, he based his method on the geometrical style, which
entails clarity and certainty of things. In geometry, Descartes finds the notion of clear and distinct ideas, which are considered clear and distinct
because they are simple and unquestionable truths, and also they could be easy understood. In addition to it, he finds this method to be promising
because he comprehends geometrical figures to be absolutely evident, not probabilistic. The fact that Descartes was looking for a method that will help
him to find the truth of things encourages him to look for a method with the properties of logic, mathematics and geometry, but obviously excluding
their defects. He just set out four rules rather than a large number of rules: 1) to never accept anything as true unless it is so clear and distinctly,
meaning there is no minimum doubt; 2) to reduce every single complex

Logic And Logic Of Computer Science And Computers

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