Jatropha curcus has potential for biodiesel production in India. It is a drought-resistant, multipurpose plant that can grow in marginal lands with low rainfall. Its seeds contain oil that can be converted to biodiesel via transesterification. This process produces fatty acid methyl esters which have properties similar to conventional diesel but with reduced emissions. Jatropha is a sustainable source for biodiesel production as it can grow in wastelands and uses non-edible oils, helping to reduce dependence on imported fuels.
This document summarizes a thesis investigating the preliminary economic feasibility of commercial biodiesel production in South Africa. It finds that the potential market size for biodiesel could be about 1 billion litres annually if it replaces 10% of diesel consumption by 2010. However, government policies are needed to create a stable market. A financial analysis of sample production plants shows capital costs ranging from R45-R145 million. Manufacturing costs vary by feedstock, with canola biodiesel being the cheapest at R4.81/litre. Meeting 10% of diesel demand would require major increases in oilseed production and significant additional land and resources. However, biodiesel may not be financially viable without subsidies given current fuel and
This document discusses biodiesel, including its production, history, uses, and properties. Some key points:
- Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils or animal fats which are chemically reacted with an alcohol like methanol. It can be used in existing diesel engines and infrastructure.
- Rudolf Diesel tested his engine on peanut oil in 1893. Throughout the early 20th century, many countries experimented with using vegetable oils as diesel fuels.
- In 1937, a Belgian patent described the alcoholysis (transesterification) process that produces modern biodiesel by separating fatty acids from glycerol.
- Biodiesel has benefits like improved lubrication and no sulfur content
Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils and animal fats through a chemical process. It can be used in diesel engines and vehicles alone or blended with petrodiesel. Biodiesel produces lower emissions than petrodiesel, reducing harmful emissions like particulate matter, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and decreasing the carcinogenic properties of diesel. However, biodiesel may increase nitrogen oxide emissions slightly. Biodiesel is more biodegradable than petrodiesel and is considered more environmentally friendly.
The document provides an overview of biodiesel, including its benefits, production process, specifications, quality standards, performance, and industry support. Key points covered include biodiesel being a renewable fuel produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through a chemical process, its environmental and energy security benefits, approval for use in diesel engines up to B20, and quality programs to ensure it meets industry standards.
The document summarizes an experimental study analyzing the emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine fueled with biodiesel made from Mahua oil methyl ester (MOME). Key findings include:
- Tests on a single cylinder diesel engine showed that neat MOME biodiesel produced lower carbon monoxide, smoke opacity, and particulate emissions than petrodiesel, but higher oxides of nitrogen emissions.
- Emissions generally improved with increasing percentages of MOME biodiesel blended with petrodiesel.
- The study concludes that MOME biodiesel is a viable alternative fuel that provides emission benefits over petrodiesel.
This document reviews cotton seed oil as a source for biodiesel. It defines biodiesel and describes the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from cotton seed oil. The experimental setup is shown and results presented on the optimization of variables like catalyst amount, temperature, and time on biodiesel production. Performance tests on the biodiesel show reductions in emissions but higher NOx compared to diesel. Advantages of biodiesel include reduced dependency on imports and lower emissions.
03 policy regulation and opportunities on upstream sectorFERINOVIARDI
The document summarizes Indonesia's policies, regulations, and opportunities in the upstream oil and gas sector. Key points include:
- Indonesia aims to increase non-fossil fuel energy sources to 17% of the energy mix by 2025, up from 5% in 2006.
- Regulations aim to maintain oil production at 1 million barrels per day by 2025 and increase domestic ownership and local content.
- Indonesia had proven oil and gas reserves of 4.3 billion barrels and 107 trillion cubic feet as of 2009.
- A number of international oil companies operate blocks in Indonesia.
- Indonesia has 11 identified coalbed methane basins and awarded several CBM contracts between 2008-2009 aiming to produce 3 billion cubic
This document summarizes a thesis investigating the preliminary economic feasibility of commercial biodiesel production in South Africa. It finds that the potential market size for biodiesel could be about 1 billion litres annually if it replaces 10% of diesel consumption by 2010. However, government policies are needed to create a stable market. A financial analysis of sample production plants shows capital costs ranging from R45-R145 million. Manufacturing costs vary by feedstock, with canola biodiesel being the cheapest at R4.81/litre. Meeting 10% of diesel demand would require major increases in oilseed production and significant additional land and resources. However, biodiesel may not be financially viable without subsidies given current fuel and
This document discusses biodiesel, including its production, history, uses, and properties. Some key points:
- Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils or animal fats which are chemically reacted with an alcohol like methanol. It can be used in existing diesel engines and infrastructure.
- Rudolf Diesel tested his engine on peanut oil in 1893. Throughout the early 20th century, many countries experimented with using vegetable oils as diesel fuels.
- In 1937, a Belgian patent described the alcoholysis (transesterification) process that produces modern biodiesel by separating fatty acids from glycerol.
- Biodiesel has benefits like improved lubrication and no sulfur content
Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils and animal fats through a chemical process. It can be used in diesel engines and vehicles alone or blended with petrodiesel. Biodiesel produces lower emissions than petrodiesel, reducing harmful emissions like particulate matter, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and decreasing the carcinogenic properties of diesel. However, biodiesel may increase nitrogen oxide emissions slightly. Biodiesel is more biodegradable than petrodiesel and is considered more environmentally friendly.
The document provides an overview of biodiesel, including its benefits, production process, specifications, quality standards, performance, and industry support. Key points covered include biodiesel being a renewable fuel produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through a chemical process, its environmental and energy security benefits, approval for use in diesel engines up to B20, and quality programs to ensure it meets industry standards.
The document summarizes an experimental study analyzing the emission characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine fueled with biodiesel made from Mahua oil methyl ester (MOME). Key findings include:
- Tests on a single cylinder diesel engine showed that neat MOME biodiesel produced lower carbon monoxide, smoke opacity, and particulate emissions than petrodiesel, but higher oxides of nitrogen emissions.
- Emissions generally improved with increasing percentages of MOME biodiesel blended with petrodiesel.
- The study concludes that MOME biodiesel is a viable alternative fuel that provides emission benefits over petrodiesel.
This document reviews cotton seed oil as a source for biodiesel. It defines biodiesel and describes the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from cotton seed oil. The experimental setup is shown and results presented on the optimization of variables like catalyst amount, temperature, and time on biodiesel production. Performance tests on the biodiesel show reductions in emissions but higher NOx compared to diesel. Advantages of biodiesel include reduced dependency on imports and lower emissions.
03 policy regulation and opportunities on upstream sectorFERINOVIARDI
The document summarizes Indonesia's policies, regulations, and opportunities in the upstream oil and gas sector. Key points include:
- Indonesia aims to increase non-fossil fuel energy sources to 17% of the energy mix by 2025, up from 5% in 2006.
- Regulations aim to maintain oil production at 1 million barrels per day by 2025 and increase domestic ownership and local content.
- Indonesia had proven oil and gas reserves of 4.3 billion barrels and 107 trillion cubic feet as of 2009.
- A number of international oil companies operate blocks in Indonesia.
- Indonesia has 11 identified coalbed methane basins and awarded several CBM contracts between 2008-2009 aiming to produce 3 billion cubic
Dinesh paper Biodiesel production using Calophyllum inophyllum Tamanu seed oi...dinesh k
This document describes a study on the production of biodiesel from Calophyllum inophyllum (Tamanu) seed oil through acid and base catalyzed transesterification. The biodiesel was then tested in a compression ignition engine. Key findings include:
- Tamanu seed oil was extracted and used to produce biodiesel via acid catalysis using sulfuric acid and base catalysis using potassium hydroxide.
- The optimal methanol to oil molar ratio for maximum biodiesel yield was determined to be 6:1, producing a yield of 86.15%.
- The Tamanu biodiesel was blended with diesel at ratios of B10, B20, B
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology about using palm oil and Calophyllum inophyllum oil as potential biodiesel feedstocks. It discusses how biodiesel is a promising renewable fuel alternative to address issues with fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Palm oil is currently one of the most efficient oil crops for biodiesel production, but its status as an edible oil creates food vs fuel conflicts. Calophyllum inophyllum oil has potential to be transesterified into biodiesel but requires more research. The document reviews the preparation, performance and emissions of biodiesel from these two oils in compression ignition engines.
Biofuel development in Indonesia: progress and challengesCIFOR-ICRAF
Concerns over energy security, volatile fuel prices and rising greenhouse gas emissions encourage many countries to develop biofuels — Indonesia, the world’s largest crude palm oil producer, is one such country. In this presentation, CIFOR scientist Heru Komarudin gives an overview of biofuel development in Indonesia, highlighting some findings from the EC Bioenergy and CAPRi project (www.cifor.org/bioenergy/). He discusses some challenges facing Indonesia’s involvement in biofuels and ends with some recommendations relevant to policy makers and investors.
Heru gave this presentation as part of the ‘Global biofuel program in developing and developed countries’ session at the second Annual World Congress of Bioenergy: Renewable Energy for Sustainability, held in Xi’an, China on 25–28 April 2012.
The document presents a project on producing biodiesel from castor oil and testing its performance in a single cylinder diesel engine. It discusses castor oil properties, biodiesel production process including transesterification reaction, literature review on biodiesel research, objectives to produce biodiesel from castor oil and measure engine performance, and conclusions from test results showing biodiesel blends up to 20% can be used without modifications.
This document summarizes a research paper on biodiesel as a future fuel. It discusses how biodiesel is produced through transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with methanol. Jatropha oil is examined as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. Experiments were conducted running a diesel engine on blends of jatropha biodiesel and producer gas. The results showed that blends with higher proportions of jatropha biodiesel (JOBD30+PG) produced lower emissions of CO, NOx, and CO2 compared to blends with more producer gas or pure diesel. The document concludes biodiesel is a promising renewable alternative fuel that can help address the decreasing fossil fuel supply while
The document discusses the Indian Railways' consideration of using biodiesel as a traction fuel. It notes that Indian Railways consumes approximately 2 billion liters of diesel fuel annually. Biodiesel blended with petrodiesel can serve as an alternative fuel. The document outlines Indian Railways' diesel locomotive fleet, the key advantages of biodiesel, land requirements and raw material sources to produce enough biodiesel to meet their needs. It also discusses quality standards, initiatives in other countries, policies needed in India, research and development areas, and expectations of the biodiesel industry to support adopting biodiesel use.
The document discusses the status quo, challenges, and development prospects of palm oil-based biodiesel in Malaysia from a management perspective. It outlines that while Malaysia is the second largest palm oil producer, biodiesel exports have declined in recent years despite government programs. Key challenges include the lack of biodiesel fuel subsidies, its uncompetitive pricing compared to food uses of palm oil, engine compatibility issues, and fluctuations in crude oil prices. The author suggests that institutional and policy reforms along with improvements to socioeconomic, technical, and investment aspects can help ensure the industry's sustainability.
This document provides an overview of biodiesel for dealers and drivers. It defines biodiesel as a renewable fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats that meets ASTM specifications. The document discusses biodiesel's status as an advanced biofuel under the Renewable Fuel Standard, its lower emissions and high energy balance compared to petroleum diesel. It also outlines top reasons why customers use biodiesel, including sustainability, energy security, and health benefits.
This document discusses biodiesel, its history and production process. It begins by defining biodiesel as a fuel made from oils and fats that can be used directly in diesel engines or blended with diesel. It then discusses biodiesel's origins in Rudolf Diesel's intent for his engine to run on peanut oil. The document outlines the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from triglycerides and methanol. It notes the challenges of sourcing feedstocks and developing technologies to handle multiple feedstock types for biodiesel production.
The document presents a project report on biodiesel. It begins by acknowledging contributors to the project. It then lists the objectives of studying biodiesel as an alternative fuel and its comparative properties with petrodiesel. Several production techniques for biodiesel are described, including transesterification, the most common method. Test results from a case study of a biodiesel company show properties and production process. Comparative results from engine tests burning biodiesel-diesel blends show impacts on performance and emissions. The presentation evaluates biodiesel's potential as a sustainable fuel for India.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on producing biodiesel from Jatropha seeds. It introduces Jatropha as a drought-resistant shrub that can grow in poor soils and produce oil-containing seeds for 30-40 years. The objectives are to find an alternative fuel for engines as energy sources are decreasing. The methodology discussed is transesterification, the process used to reduce the viscosity of Jatropha and other vegetable oils to make them suitable for use in diesel engines. The document outlines the processing steps, advantages like providing a renewable domestic fuel, and disadvantages such as current low production levels. It concludes that blending 20% Jatropha biodiesel with diesel could save India 7.3 million tonnes
This work is done as a part of graduate course in Air Quality in Spring 2017. The author was pursuing MS in Environmental Engineering Sciences at University of Florida during the making of this project.
(description coming soon)
Presentation: https://goo.gl/2MnAmG
This document summarizes a study on analyzing the performance of a CI engine using blends of diesel fuel and waste cooking oil. Waste cooking oil is converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process and blended with diesel fuel in various proportions. The blends are then tested in a CI engine to analyze performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions. The results are compared to operation on pure diesel fuel to evaluate the potential of using waste cooking oil biodiesel blends as an alternative fuel in CI engines.
Biodiesel B5 is a renewable fuel made from 5% biodiesel (made from used cooking oil) blended with 95% petroleum diesel. It provides environmental benefits like reduced emissions and is supported for use in diesel engines by major manufacturers. Lootah Biofuels produces Biodiesel B5 by collecting used cooking oil, converting it to biodiesel, and blending it with petroleum diesel. They distribute B5 through fuel stations in Dubai and offer it at a lower price than conventional diesel to customers. Using B5 provides savings for customers while helping reduce waste and carbon emissions compared to petroleum diesel.
IRJET- Biodiesel from Peanut Oil and its Emission and Performance Charect...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on biodiesel produced from peanut oil and its performance characteristics as an engine fuel. Peanut oil is a potential feedstock for biodiesel production due to its high oil content compared to other crops. The study involves producing biodiesel from peanut oil via a transesterification process and washing. The properties and emissions of the peanut oil biodiesel are then evaluated according to ASTM standards when used in a four-stroke IC engine at various blend percentages. The results found the peanut oil biodiesel had properties within fuel standards and produced less soot and smoke emissions than conventional diesel.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the use of neem methyl esters as biodiesel in a compression ignition engine. Neem oil was transesterified to produce biodiesel, which was then blended with diesel in ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30% by volume. The blends were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine and performance and emission characteristics were analyzed at varying loads. Results showed that the B20 blend performed better than diesel with lower emissions. Higher blend ratios like B30 saw decreased performance due to higher viscosity negatively impacting combustion. Overall, the study demonstrated the potential of neem biodiesel to replace a portion of diesel fuel.
1) Biodiesel is made through a process called transesterification that combines triglycerides like vegetable oils or animal fats with an alcohol like methanol.
2) There are challenges to biodiesel production including expensive feedstocks, strict quality standards, and concerns over NOx emissions from use.
3) Jatropha and Pongamia seeds can be used to produce biodiesel through transesterification and meet biodiesel fuel standards. Their use reduces greenhouse gas emissions.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
New Horizon Pvt. Ltd. is establishing a biodiesel production facility in Maharashtra, India using Jatropha seeds as a feedstock. The facility will have a production capacity of 5,000 kg per day. The document provides an overview of the company's vision and proprietary rights, as well as details on the financial requirements, manufacturing process, inventory management system, and marketing plan for the new biodiesel production operation.
Production of Biodiesel from Jatropha Curcas Oil by using Pilot Biodiesel Pla...ZY8
The document discusses Bulk Agro (India) Pvt. Ltd.'s operation of a pilot biodiesel plant that produces biodiesel from Jatropha Curcas oil. It introduces Jatropha as a potential biodiesel feedstock for India due to its growth in tropical regions. The pilot plant has a capacity of 250 liters per day and converts Jatropha oil to biodiesel through a transesterification process using methanol as a catalyst. Test results showed the biodiesel met fuel properties similar to conventional diesel fuel.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Dinesh paper Biodiesel production using Calophyllum inophyllum Tamanu seed oi...dinesh k
This document describes a study on the production of biodiesel from Calophyllum inophyllum (Tamanu) seed oil through acid and base catalyzed transesterification. The biodiesel was then tested in a compression ignition engine. Key findings include:
- Tamanu seed oil was extracted and used to produce biodiesel via acid catalysis using sulfuric acid and base catalysis using potassium hydroxide.
- The optimal methanol to oil molar ratio for maximum biodiesel yield was determined to be 6:1, producing a yield of 86.15%.
- The Tamanu biodiesel was blended with diesel at ratios of B10, B20, B
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology about using palm oil and Calophyllum inophyllum oil as potential biodiesel feedstocks. It discusses how biodiesel is a promising renewable fuel alternative to address issues with fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Palm oil is currently one of the most efficient oil crops for biodiesel production, but its status as an edible oil creates food vs fuel conflicts. Calophyllum inophyllum oil has potential to be transesterified into biodiesel but requires more research. The document reviews the preparation, performance and emissions of biodiesel from these two oils in compression ignition engines.
Biofuel development in Indonesia: progress and challengesCIFOR-ICRAF
Concerns over energy security, volatile fuel prices and rising greenhouse gas emissions encourage many countries to develop biofuels — Indonesia, the world’s largest crude palm oil producer, is one such country. In this presentation, CIFOR scientist Heru Komarudin gives an overview of biofuel development in Indonesia, highlighting some findings from the EC Bioenergy and CAPRi project (www.cifor.org/bioenergy/). He discusses some challenges facing Indonesia’s involvement in biofuels and ends with some recommendations relevant to policy makers and investors.
Heru gave this presentation as part of the ‘Global biofuel program in developing and developed countries’ session at the second Annual World Congress of Bioenergy: Renewable Energy for Sustainability, held in Xi’an, China on 25–28 April 2012.
The document presents a project on producing biodiesel from castor oil and testing its performance in a single cylinder diesel engine. It discusses castor oil properties, biodiesel production process including transesterification reaction, literature review on biodiesel research, objectives to produce biodiesel from castor oil and measure engine performance, and conclusions from test results showing biodiesel blends up to 20% can be used without modifications.
This document summarizes a research paper on biodiesel as a future fuel. It discusses how biodiesel is produced through transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with methanol. Jatropha oil is examined as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. Experiments were conducted running a diesel engine on blends of jatropha biodiesel and producer gas. The results showed that blends with higher proportions of jatropha biodiesel (JOBD30+PG) produced lower emissions of CO, NOx, and CO2 compared to blends with more producer gas or pure diesel. The document concludes biodiesel is a promising renewable alternative fuel that can help address the decreasing fossil fuel supply while
The document discusses the Indian Railways' consideration of using biodiesel as a traction fuel. It notes that Indian Railways consumes approximately 2 billion liters of diesel fuel annually. Biodiesel blended with petrodiesel can serve as an alternative fuel. The document outlines Indian Railways' diesel locomotive fleet, the key advantages of biodiesel, land requirements and raw material sources to produce enough biodiesel to meet their needs. It also discusses quality standards, initiatives in other countries, policies needed in India, research and development areas, and expectations of the biodiesel industry to support adopting biodiesel use.
The document discusses the status quo, challenges, and development prospects of palm oil-based biodiesel in Malaysia from a management perspective. It outlines that while Malaysia is the second largest palm oil producer, biodiesel exports have declined in recent years despite government programs. Key challenges include the lack of biodiesel fuel subsidies, its uncompetitive pricing compared to food uses of palm oil, engine compatibility issues, and fluctuations in crude oil prices. The author suggests that institutional and policy reforms along with improvements to socioeconomic, technical, and investment aspects can help ensure the industry's sustainability.
This document provides an overview of biodiesel for dealers and drivers. It defines biodiesel as a renewable fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats that meets ASTM specifications. The document discusses biodiesel's status as an advanced biofuel under the Renewable Fuel Standard, its lower emissions and high energy balance compared to petroleum diesel. It also outlines top reasons why customers use biodiesel, including sustainability, energy security, and health benefits.
This document discusses biodiesel, its history and production process. It begins by defining biodiesel as a fuel made from oils and fats that can be used directly in diesel engines or blended with diesel. It then discusses biodiesel's origins in Rudolf Diesel's intent for his engine to run on peanut oil. The document outlines the transesterification process used to produce biodiesel from triglycerides and methanol. It notes the challenges of sourcing feedstocks and developing technologies to handle multiple feedstock types for biodiesel production.
The document presents a project report on biodiesel. It begins by acknowledging contributors to the project. It then lists the objectives of studying biodiesel as an alternative fuel and its comparative properties with petrodiesel. Several production techniques for biodiesel are described, including transesterification, the most common method. Test results from a case study of a biodiesel company show properties and production process. Comparative results from engine tests burning biodiesel-diesel blends show impacts on performance and emissions. The presentation evaluates biodiesel's potential as a sustainable fuel for India.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on producing biodiesel from Jatropha seeds. It introduces Jatropha as a drought-resistant shrub that can grow in poor soils and produce oil-containing seeds for 30-40 years. The objectives are to find an alternative fuel for engines as energy sources are decreasing. The methodology discussed is transesterification, the process used to reduce the viscosity of Jatropha and other vegetable oils to make them suitable for use in diesel engines. The document outlines the processing steps, advantages like providing a renewable domestic fuel, and disadvantages such as current low production levels. It concludes that blending 20% Jatropha biodiesel with diesel could save India 7.3 million tonnes
This work is done as a part of graduate course in Air Quality in Spring 2017. The author was pursuing MS in Environmental Engineering Sciences at University of Florida during the making of this project.
(description coming soon)
Presentation: https://goo.gl/2MnAmG
This document summarizes a study on analyzing the performance of a CI engine using blends of diesel fuel and waste cooking oil. Waste cooking oil is converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process and blended with diesel fuel in various proportions. The blends are then tested in a CI engine to analyze performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions. The results are compared to operation on pure diesel fuel to evaluate the potential of using waste cooking oil biodiesel blends as an alternative fuel in CI engines.
Biodiesel B5 is a renewable fuel made from 5% biodiesel (made from used cooking oil) blended with 95% petroleum diesel. It provides environmental benefits like reduced emissions and is supported for use in diesel engines by major manufacturers. Lootah Biofuels produces Biodiesel B5 by collecting used cooking oil, converting it to biodiesel, and blending it with petroleum diesel. They distribute B5 through fuel stations in Dubai and offer it at a lower price than conventional diesel to customers. Using B5 provides savings for customers while helping reduce waste and carbon emissions compared to petroleum diesel.
IRJET- Biodiesel from Peanut Oil and its Emission and Performance Charect...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on biodiesel produced from peanut oil and its performance characteristics as an engine fuel. Peanut oil is a potential feedstock for biodiesel production due to its high oil content compared to other crops. The study involves producing biodiesel from peanut oil via a transesterification process and washing. The properties and emissions of the peanut oil biodiesel are then evaluated according to ASTM standards when used in a four-stroke IC engine at various blend percentages. The results found the peanut oil biodiesel had properties within fuel standards and produced less soot and smoke emissions than conventional diesel.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the use of neem methyl esters as biodiesel in a compression ignition engine. Neem oil was transesterified to produce biodiesel, which was then blended with diesel in ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30% by volume. The blends were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine and performance and emission characteristics were analyzed at varying loads. Results showed that the B20 blend performed better than diesel with lower emissions. Higher blend ratios like B30 saw decreased performance due to higher viscosity negatively impacting combustion. Overall, the study demonstrated the potential of neem biodiesel to replace a portion of diesel fuel.
1) Biodiesel is made through a process called transesterification that combines triglycerides like vegetable oils or animal fats with an alcohol like methanol.
2) There are challenges to biodiesel production including expensive feedstocks, strict quality standards, and concerns over NOx emissions from use.
3) Jatropha and Pongamia seeds can be used to produce biodiesel through transesterification and meet biodiesel fuel standards. Their use reduces greenhouse gas emissions.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
New Horizon Pvt. Ltd. is establishing a biodiesel production facility in Maharashtra, India using Jatropha seeds as a feedstock. The facility will have a production capacity of 5,000 kg per day. The document provides an overview of the company's vision and proprietary rights, as well as details on the financial requirements, manufacturing process, inventory management system, and marketing plan for the new biodiesel production operation.
Production of Biodiesel from Jatropha Curcas Oil by using Pilot Biodiesel Pla...ZY8
The document discusses Bulk Agro (India) Pvt. Ltd.'s operation of a pilot biodiesel plant that produces biodiesel from Jatropha Curcas oil. It introduces Jatropha as a potential biodiesel feedstock for India due to its growth in tropical regions. The pilot plant has a capacity of 250 liters per day and converts Jatropha oil to biodiesel through a transesterification process using methanol as a catalyst. Test results showed the biodiesel met fuel properties similar to conventional diesel fuel.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Production of Biodiesel from used Kitchen Oil using Hydrodynamic Cavit...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using hydrodynamic cavitation to produce biodiesel from used kitchen oil. It begins by providing background on biodiesel and how cavitation can enhance mass transfer and the transesterification reaction. It then discusses that India produces a large amount of waste cooking oil annually that could be used as a feedstock. The document reviews the chemical composition of various oils used in cooking and how they break down during the frying process. It proposes that cavitation can help overcome limitations in mixing during transesterification to produce biodiesel from this low-cost waste feedstock in a more efficient manner.
This document summarizes a study that produced biodiesel from castor oil through transesterification and tested the performance and emissions of diesel engines running on blends of the castor oil biodiesel and petroleum diesel. Specifically, the study produced biodiesel via the transesterification of castor oil with methanol. The castor oil biodiesel was then blended with petroleum diesel in 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% proportions. The blends were tested in a diesel engine to analyze performance metrics like fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions. The study found that a 25% blend of castor oil biodiesel performed best without needing engine modifications.
IRJET- A Review of the Engine Performance and Emission Analysis using Cot...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the performance and emissions of an internal combustion engine running on cottonseed biodiesel and its blends. It finds that cottonseed biodiesel and its blends can be used in diesel engines without modification. Emissions of pollutants like nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide are lower compared to conventional diesel. However, brake thermal efficiency is lower for biodiesel blends due to their lower calorific value. B20 biodiesel blend improves brake thermal efficiency and reduces specific fuel consumption when used with hydrogen in dual-fuel mode. Refining of biodiesel is needed to reduce smoke in the exhaust.
This document discusses extraction of biodiesel and performance testing of a compression ignition (CI) engine fueled by biodiesel. It provides background on biodiesel, noting that it is derived from vegetable oils, animal fats, and used cooking oil. Cottonseed oil is highlighted as a promising source for biodiesel production since India is a large cotton producer. The challenges of using straight vegetable oils in CI engines are outlined, such as high viscosity leading to poor atomization and engine deposits. Methods to address this include transesterification, pyrolysis, dilution with diesel, and microemulsification. Alternative fuels like compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, methanol, and ethanol are also briefly discussed.
This document discusses biodiesel as an alternative fuel to diesel. It summarizes that biodiesel is produced through a chemical process called transesterification where vegetable oils or animal fats are combined with alcohol to form alkyl esters. Common feedstocks used for biodiesel production include soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and waste cooking oils. The document examines the transesterification reaction process and variables that impact biodiesel quality such as catalyst type and concentration. It finds that biodiesel produces fewer emissions than diesel fuel but higher NOx emissions.
The document summarizes research on biodiesel as an alternative fuel. It discusses how biodiesel is produced through transesterification of vegetable oils and fats. The properties of biodiesel are outlined and compared to fossil diesel. Experimental results are presented showing biodiesel blends and advanced injection timing can improve engine performance similar to diesel. However, higher carbon deposits and more frequent filter cleaning are issues. The document concludes biodiesel is a promising renewable alternative but requires further optimization.
Journal of Science and Technology .It's our journal Original Quality Research papers and Strictly No Plagiarism on all the Publications. Journal of Science and Technology Research in practical, theoretical, and experimental Technological studies is the focus of this journal.
1. The document discusses biodiesel production from jatropha seeds in India. It details the transesterification process used to convert the seeds to biodiesel and glycerin.
2. Trials of biodiesel mixtures on trains and buses in India showed reductions in fuel costs and emissions. The country aims to substitute 20% of diesel with biodiesel by 2012.
3. Jatropha is presented as a suitable non-edible oilseed crop for biodiesel production in India that can grow in varied climates and poor soils, helping with soil improvement and poverty reduction.
This document presents information on Pongamia oil as an alternative fuel. It discusses how Pongamia oil is extracted from seeds of the Pongamia tree and has properties similar to diesel. Experimental testing of Pongamia oil blends in diesel engines showed satisfactory performance with minor issues. Using Pongamia oil could help address the problems of limited petroleum resources and reduce dependence on imports while providing economic benefits to local communities.
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IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
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Petroleum based fuels play a vital role in rapid depletion of conventional energy sources. Along with their
increasing demands, these are also major contributors of air pollution which is contributing to greenhouse effect
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Major portion of today’s energy demand in India is being met with fossil fuels. Hence, it is high time that
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with the potential to grow on degraded soils with a low amount of inputs. These characteristics encourage hope
for positive environmental and socio-economic impacts from Jatropha biodiesel.
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Jatropha Curcas Oil: A Sustainable Source for Production of Biobiesel
1. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research
Vol. 64, November 2005, pp. 883-889
Jatropha curcus A sustainable source for production of biodiesel
Naveen Kumar* and P B Sharma
Delhi College of Engineering, Bawana Road, Delhi 110 042
Non-edible oils like Jatropha, Pongamia, Argemone, Mahua, Castor, Sal etc., can be used for the production of bio-
diesel. Jatropha curcus has enormous potential for biodiesel production in India. J. curcus is a multipurpose plant with
many attributes and considerable potential. It is a tropical plant that can be grown in low to high rainfall areas and can be
used to reclaim land, as a hedge and/or as a commercial crop. Thus, growing it could provide employment, improve the
environment and enhance the quality of rural life.
Keywords: Biodiesel, Jatropha curcus, Diesel engine, Diesel fuel, Transesterification
IPCCode: F02B13/10
Introduction aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene), PAHs and nitro-
For more than two centuries, the world’s energy PAHs. Although diesel engine produces lesser amount
supply has relied heavily on non-renewable crude oil of CO and total hydrocarbon compounds (THC) than
derived liquid fuels, out of which 90 percent is spark ignition (SI) engine, it forms large quantities of
estimated to be consumed for energy generation and fine particulate matter (PM). Diesel particles mainly
transportation. Known crude oil reserves are consist of carbonaceous material, soluble organic
estimated to be depleted in less than 50 years at the fraction (SOF), sulfates and traces of metals. Some
present rate of consumption1. India, like most of the constituents of SOF (PAHs and nitro-PAHs) are
developing countries, is highly dependent on imported mutagenic and/or carcinogenic6. Since diesel engines
crude oil. India has imported about 82 million tons of of buses and trucks exhaust a huge amount of NOx
crude oil (70% of its requirement) and petroleum and particulates, a clean alternative fuel is highly
products during 2003–2004 causing a heavy burden demanded. Biodiesel derived from vegetable oil
on foreign exchange. The demand of crude oil has (VOs) attracts attention as a promising one to be
increased dramatically and country’s cost for import2 substituted for conventional diesel fuels7.
of crude oil has increased substantially (Table 1).
The heating value of VOs is similar to that of diesel
However, since India’s economy depends mainly
fuel. However, their use in direct injection diesel engines
on agricultural activities, the utilization of national
is restricted by some unfavorable physical properties,
resources for energy production is an extremely
particularly viscosity, which is approx ten times higher
important issue. Diesel engines have been widely
than the diesel fuel. Therefore, use of vegetable oil in
used as power of engineering machinery, automobile,
direct injection diesel engines creates poor fuel
and shipping equipment for its excellent drivability
atomization, incomplete combustion, carbon deposition
and thermal efficiency3. Diesel fuels, in India are used
on the injector, and fuel build up in the lubricant oils
in heavy trucks, city transport buses, locomotives,
resulting in serious engine fouling. VOs viscosity can be
electric generators, farm equipment, underground
lowered by dilution of oil with a suitable solvent,
mine equipment, etc4. The consumption of diesel fuels
emulsification, pyrolysis, and transesterification8.
in India in 2003-04 was 36.625 million tons, which is
roughly five times that of gasoline5. Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters), which is
Diesel emission contains carcinogenic components, produced by transesterification of triglycerides with
such as carbonyl compounds (formaldehyde); light methanol, has become increasingly important due to
diminishing petroleum reserves and the environmental
_______________
*Author for correspondence consequences of exhaust gases from petroleum-fueled
E-mail: naveenkumardce@rediffmail.com engines.
2. 884 J SCI IND RES VOL 64 NOVEMBER 2005
Table 1 Production and import of crude oil in India2
Year Production Import Total Import Import value
Million tons Million tons Million tons as % of total Rs crore US $ billion
1971 6.8 11.7 18.5 63 107 0.024
1981 10.5 16.2 26.7 61 3349 0.744
1991 33 20.7 53.7 39 6118 1.360
2000 32 57.9 89.9 64 30,695 6.821
2003–04 33.4 90.4 123.8 73 81,000 18
2004–05 33.4 100 133.4 75 121,500 27
Table 2—Cultivated area of oilseed plants11 accounts for 8.5 percent of world oilseed production.
Country Oilseed area % of world Yield It is the world's leading importer of edible oil (15 %
Million ha oilseed area Tons/ha of global vegetable oil imports in 2002-2003) ahead
USA 35.98 18.94 2.10 of the European Union and China, and is likely to
India 32.00 16.84 0.89 remain an important demand for foreseeable future.
China 28.01 14.74 1.84 Import represents around 55 percent of India’s edible
Brazil 22.51 11.85 2.45
Argentina 16.24 8.55 2.32
oil consumption and about half the value of its total
Canada 5.86 3.09 1.55 agriculture imports12.
Russia 5.45 2.86 1.00 Basically VOs are either edible or non-edible and
Pakistan 3.59 1.89 1.05 the plants are annual or perennial. Apart from
France 1.85 0.97 2.69 cooking, both these categories also have applications;
Germany 1.31 0.69 2.83
UK 0.54 0.28 3.33 like in medicine, food preservation, soap making,
Italy 0.31 0.16 2.23 illuminants, lubricants, paints, drying, etc. Edible oils
like, coconut, sesame, rape-mustard, safflower, niger,
Its combustion does not increase current net linseed has the pride place in history way back to Rig
atmospheric levels of CO2, a greenhouse gas. It can be Vedic era. Other edible oil plants introduced later on
domestically produced, offering the possibility of includes groundnut (1800 AD), soybean (1910),
reducing petroleum imports; it is biodegradable and sunflower (1940) and oil palm (1966). In non-edible
relative to conventional diesel fuel, its combustion oil category, there are at least 150 species mainly
products have reduced levels of particulates, CO2, trees or shrubs yielding oils that are not consumed
SO2, HCs, soot and, under some conditions, NOx9. directly by man or animal. The main outlet for these
Large harvests of traditional crops, low farm prices, oils in India is soap making and Ayurvedic medicines.
dependence of foreign energy sources and
environmental problems have increased interest in In Indian context, the important issue is to grow
energy generated from plant sources such as oilseed trees. The wastelands (70 million ha) in the
biodiesel. The major benefit of biodiesel production is country can be made to become green and yield oil
that there is no need to follow the uni-focal approach and bio-residues for various uses. Growing these oil-
of concentrating and utilizing the same VO in each bearing plants on wastelands, as avenue trees and in
and every corner of the globe. Each country can the back yards all over the nation will improve the
proceed in the generation of particular oil, depending availability of these oil seeds. Further local growth
upon the climate and economy. associated in crushing, and marketing may encourage
the entrepreneurs to start small industries to produce
Indian Oilseed Sector: An Overview raw or finished goods. This is one of the best ways of
Under "technology mission on oilseeds" in 1986, controlling urbanization by providing opportunities
from a mere 11 million tons during 1986-87, India locally. This is one of the factors that may contribute
attained an all-time record oilseed production of 25 to the concept of ‘Sustainable Rural Areas’ where
million ton in 1996-9710. On the oilseed map of the environment and people are inter-dependent.
world, India occupies a prominent position with In the developed countries, such as the US,
regard to area under cultivation; however, the yield is Australia, Germany and France, biodiesel is being
lowest among all other countries (Table 2). India extracted from plants like saffola, sunflower, soybean,
3. KUMAR & SHARMA: JATROPHA CURCAS-A SUSTAINABLE SOURCE FOR PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL 885
Jatropha curcus as a Feedstock for Biodiesel
J. curcus can thrive on any type of soil and in
problematical soils. Jatropha lends itself to plantation
with advantage on lands developed on watershed
basis and on low fertility marginal, degraded, fallow,
waste and other lands such as along the canals, roads,
railway tracks, on borders of farmers’ fields as a
boundary fence or live hedge in the arid/semi-arid
areas and even on alkaline soils. As such it can be
used to reclaim wastelands in the forests and outside.
It can be grown in areas of low rainfall (200 mm/y).
In high rainfall and irrigated areas too it can be grown
with higher yields. It occurs mainly at lower altitudes
(0-500 m) in areas with average annual temperature
well above 20°C but can grow at higher altitudes and
tolerates slight frost. The introduction has been most
successful in the drier regions of the tropics with
annual rainfall of 300-1000 mm. It grows on well-
drained soils with good aeration and is well adapted to
marginal soils with low nutrient content. It attracts no
insects and is not browsed by cattle or sheep.
Propagation by seed/cutting is easy. Jatropha is easy
to establish, grows relatively quickly and is hardy.
Therefore, it can be grown in most parts of the
country.
Jatropha seeds17 (0.4-12 tons/ha/y) are easy to
Fig. 1 Jatropha plant15 collect as they are ready to be plucked before the
etc, which are essentially edible in India. In India, rainy season and as the plants are not very tall. Seeds
non-edible seed crops like Jatropha curcus (ratanjot, contain non-edible oil (35%); oil yield per hectare is
jatropha), Pongamia pinnata (karanj) and Madhuca among the highest of tree borne oil seeds. Being rich
indica (mahua) can provide oil, which can be in nitrogen, the seed cake is an excellent source of
developed as biodiesel depending on site-specific plant nutrients. Jatropha is a close relative to the
requirements13. Among non-edible species, J. curcus castor plant; its oil has similar medical properties.
is considered to be most suitable for making biodiesel. Jatropha cultivation in the villages has the potential to
promote following developments18: i) Erosion control
Jatropha (Jatropha curcus L.; Family, Euphor- and soil improvement; ii) Promotion of women; iii)
biaceae) Poverty reduction; and iv) Renewable energy.
J. curcus is a drought resistant species which is
widely cultivated in the tropics as a living fence14. It Establishment
is a small tree or large shrub up to 5 m high (Fig. 1) Freshly harvested seeds show dormancy and after-
living more than 50 years. Branches contain latex. ripening is necessary before the seeds can germinate.
Normally, five roots are formed from seeds, one Dry seed will normally germinate readily without
central (taproot) and four peripheral. Cuttings, when pretreatment. If this is the case, it is not recommended
planted, do not form a taproot. Plant is monoecious to remove the seed coat before sowing. Although it
and flowers are unisexual. Pollination is by insects. speeds up germination, there is a risk of getting
Seeds are toxic to humans and many animals. Every abnormal seedlings. Germination is fast (10 days)
part of the plant15 can be used for one application or under good conditions. Germination is epigean
other (Fig. 2). Jatropha grows over a wide range of (cotyledons emerge above ground). Soon after the
arid and semi-arid climatic conditions. It grows well first leaves have formed, the cotyledons wither and
in shallow soils and is commonly found growing in fall off. In the nursery, seeds can be sown in
gravel, sandy and clayey soils16. germination beds or in containers. Although the
4. 886 J SCI IND RES VOL 64 NOVEMBER 2005
Fig. 2—Uses of Jatropha plant
seedlings grow very fast, they should stay in the or hitting and shaking the branches till the fruits break
nursery for 3 months until they are 30-40 cm tall. By off. Seeds collected from live fences can normally be
then, the plants have developed their repellant smell reached by hand. For taller trees, it is possible to
and will not be browsed by animals19. The trees are collect the fruits in a small bag that is attached to a
deciduous, occur during the wet season and two stick. In Costa Rica, a tree produces about 30 kg fruits
flowering peaks are often seen. In permanently humid per year or about 12 kg seed (yield, 4800 kg seed/ha).
regions, flowering occurs throughout the year. The After collection, the fruits are transported in open
seeds mature about three months after flowering. bags to the processing site and dried until all the fruits
Early growth is fast and with good rainfall conditions have opened. Sun drying has a negative effect on seed
nursery plants may bear fruits after the first rainy viability and that seeds should be dried in the shade.
season, direct sown plants after the second rainy When the seeds are dry they are separated from the
season. The flowers are pollinated by insects fruits and cleaned. The seeds are orthodox and should
especially honey bees. be dried to low moisture content (5-7%) and stored in
airtight containers. At room temperature, seeds can
Harvest retain high viability for at least one year. However,
When fruits begin to open, seeds inside are mature. because of high oil content, seeds cannot be expected
Collection is best done by picking fruits from the tree to store for as long as most orthodox species.
5. KUMAR & SHARMA: JATROPHA CURCAS-A SUSTAINABLE SOURCE FOR PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL 887
Fig. 3—Conversion of Jatropha seeds into biodiesel
Table 3 Physico-chemical characteristics of J curcas oil and Properties of J. curcus Oil and its Biodiesel
its metyl/ethyl esters Oil contains following fatty acids15: Myristic
Parameter Oil Methyl Ethyl (14:0), 0.1; Palmitic (16:0), 14.1-15.3; Stearic (18:0),
ester ester 3.7-9.8; Arachidic (20:0), 0.3; Behenic (22:0), 0.2;
Density at 15ºC, g/cm3 0.920 0.879 0.886
Viscosity at 30ºC, cSt 52 4.84 5.54 Palmitoleic (16:1), 1.3; Oleic (18:1), 34.3-45.8;
Flash Point, ºC 240 191 190 Linoleic (18:2), 29.0-44.2; and Linoleic (18:3), 0-0.3
Acid No., mg KOH/gm 0.92 0.24 0.08 %. Viscosity, diglycerides and phophorus decrease
Sulfated ash, %m/m 0.014 0.010 drastically15 when oil is converted to methyl/ethyl
Cetane No. 51 59
Conardson carbon residue, 0.025 0.018
esters (Table 3).
%m/m
Methyl/ethyl ester, %m/m 99.6 99.3 Economics of Biodiesel from Jatropha curcus
Monoglycerides, %m/m 0.24 0.55 Biodiesel is produced by transesterification of oil
Diglycerides, %m/m 2.7 0.07 0.19 extracted from seeds (Fig.3). The by products of oil
Triglycerides, %m/m 97.3 NA NA extraction and transesterification processes are oilcake
Methanol, %m/m 0.06 0.05
and glycerol which have a good commercial value.
Water, %m/m 0.07 0.16 0.16
Free glycerol, %m/m 0.015 NA The cost components of biodiesel are the price of
Total glycerol, %m/m 0.088 0.17 seed, seed collection, transport of seed, oil extraction
Phosphorus, ppm 290 17.5 17.5 and oil transesterification. The cost of oil extraction
Table 4 Breakup of biodiesel cost and its processing into biodiesel is recoverable to a
great extent from the income of oilcake and glycerol,
S No Item/Expenditure Amount Rs
which are valuable by products. Assuming cost of
1 100 kg seeds @ Rs 5/kg 500/- seed at Rs 5/kg and 100 kg seed giving 30 kg of oil,
2 Oil extraction and other 150/- cost of biodiesel is approx Rs 20.90/l, if glycerol
charges @ Rs 1.50/kg
3 Transesterification cost @ 240/- could be sold at Rs 20/kg (Table 4).
Rs 8/kg oil
Total 890/- India’s Target of Biodiesel Production
India has nearly 63 million ha of wasteland, of
Sale which 33 million ha have been allotted for tree
1 70 kg oilcake @ Rs 2/kg 140/- plantation. Jatropha can grow well in wasteland with
2 Glycerol 3 kg @ Rs 20/kg 60/-
3 Total 200/-
very little input. The target for biodiesel production is
Net expenditure incurred 690/- to be set up to meet the projected demand for
to get 30 kg/33 l oil biodiesel on the basis of 20:80 blend (biodiesel :
Cost of biodiesel/l 20.90/- HSD). However, in the beginning 5% blend could be
6. 888 J SCI IND RES VOL 64 NOVEMBER 2005
Table 5 Petrodiesel and biodiesel demand and area required under Jatropha17
Year Petrodiesel Biodiesel 5% Area for 5% Biodiesel 10% Area for 10% Biodiesel 20% Area for 20%
demand blend blend blend blend blend blend
Million tons Million tons Million ha Million tons Million ha Million tons Million ha
2006-07 52.33 2.62 2.19 5.23 4.38 10.47 8.76
2011-12 66.90 3.35 2.79 6.69 5.58 13.38 11.19
Table 6 Worldwide21 biodiesel production capacity (million 20 percent petrodiesel consumption by biodiesel.
gallons/y) Jatropha oil will not only reduce the burden on
Country 1997 2000 2003 exchequer by reducing the import of crude petroleum,
but would also bring a new dawn of cleaner
France 21.0 76.4 98.3 environment. Hence efforts should be made on large-
Germany 21.6 61.4 73.7
scale cultivation of J. curcus on wastelands and other
USA 1.0 7.0 25.0
unused land. There is urgent need to carry out
Italy 0.4 10.5 23.4
Austria 5.1 6.0 8.3
research studies which could address the
Belgium 4.5 5.1 6.0 biotechnological issues related with J. curcus and the
Total 53.6 166.4 234.7 effective production of biodiesel from J. curcus. The
extensive training should be provided to the farmers
utilized in the transportation and oil based captive and rural entrepreneurs so that they could learn the
power production. India’s target is to achieve latest technology and agro-practice related to Jatropha
20 percent substitution of HSD by biodiesel by 2012 cultivation and biodiesel production.
beginning with 5 percent in 2006-07. HSD demand by
the end of 11th Plan (2011-12) is estimated to be References
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