This document reviews the potential of Jatropha curcas as a source for biodiesel production and value-added coproducts. Jatropha is highlighted as a promising crop that can grow on degraded and low-quality lands, helping to prevent further degradation. It is drought-tolerant and adaptable to a wide range of climates. The review discusses using Jatropha for carbon capture and enhancing socioeconomic conditions in tropical regions, as well as reclaiming eroded lands. It also compares toxic and non-toxic varieties in terms of their properties and potential for biodiesel and livestock feed.
The Union Bay Natural Area (UBNA) is a 73.5-acre wildlife sanctuary and restoration site located near the University of Washington. It was formerly a marshland and city landfill. The team's restoration objectives were to remove invasive species and reintroduce native plants to restore the prairie habitat. They planted several native grass and forb species adapted to the site's wet winter soils, including camas, sedge, hairgrass, wild rye, fescue, and lupine. Challenges included the site's clay-heavy soils that become inundated in winter, requiring plant selection and installation methods tolerant of both wet and dry conditions.
http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/spi/en/
Presentation by Andrew Paterson (University of Georgia) looking at the characteristics of different varieties of sorghum and research focused on this perennial crop. The presentation was delivered in occasion of the “Putting Perennial crops to work in practice” workshop in Bamako, Mali (1-5 September 2015).
This document provides an overview of pasture, rangeland, and grazing management. It discusses temperate pastures and rangelands, how to manage soil and forage resources, stocking rates, weed management, multispecies grazing, pasture renovation, rotational grazing, overgrazing, extending the grazing season, prescribed grazing, and developing grazing management plans. The goal is to offer strategies for sustainable livestock production through pasture-based systems that maintain the health of soils, plants, and animals.
Industrial hemp has the ability to grow in contaminated soils and accumulate toxins within its tissues, making it a promising candidate for phytoremediation of brownfield sites. Research has shown that hemp can tolerate and accumulate heavy metals like cadmium, accumulating them at levels higher in its roots than shoots. Hemp is also effective at remediating other heavy metals like lead, nickel, zinc, and chromium. Once remediated with hemp, brownfield sites could be developed into urban green spaces or community gardens to increase access to healthy, local food and green areas for urban residents.
- The study examined intraspecific variation in water source use among 56 populations of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) grown in a common garden. Xylem and soil water samples were collected on three different dates representing wet and dry conditions.
- Stable isotope analysis found that most populations relied more on deep soil layers for water during seasonal summer droughts. Populations from more arid regions accessed deeper soil water even under mild drought conditions in early autumn, displaying geographic differentiation in water uptake patterns.
- However, preferential access to deep soil water was largely independent of aboveground growth. The findings highlight the adaptive relevance and plasticity of differential access to soil water pools among Aleppo pine populations as
The Response of Chickpea Cultivars to Irrigation with Treated WastewaterMarwan Haddad
This document summarizes a three-year study on the response of four chickpea cultivars (Bulgarit, WIR-32, Jordan, ICC 11293) to irrigation with treated wastewater versus freshwater. The results showed that the Bulgarit and ICC 11293 cultivars maintained yield when irrigated with treated wastewater, and even saw some biological growth improvements. However, the WIR-32 and Jordan cultivars showed significant yield reductions when irrigated with treated wastewater compared to freshwater. Soil analysis found no significant difference between the two irrigation water types.
The Union Bay Natural Area (UBNA) is a 73.5-acre wildlife sanctuary and restoration site located near the University of Washington. It was formerly a marshland and city landfill. The team's restoration objectives were to remove invasive species and reintroduce native plants to restore the prairie habitat. They planted several native grass and forb species adapted to the site's wet winter soils, including camas, sedge, hairgrass, wild rye, fescue, and lupine. Challenges included the site's clay-heavy soils that become inundated in winter, requiring plant selection and installation methods tolerant of both wet and dry conditions.
http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/spi/en/
Presentation by Andrew Paterson (University of Georgia) looking at the characteristics of different varieties of sorghum and research focused on this perennial crop. The presentation was delivered in occasion of the “Putting Perennial crops to work in practice” workshop in Bamako, Mali (1-5 September 2015).
This document provides an overview of pasture, rangeland, and grazing management. It discusses temperate pastures and rangelands, how to manage soil and forage resources, stocking rates, weed management, multispecies grazing, pasture renovation, rotational grazing, overgrazing, extending the grazing season, prescribed grazing, and developing grazing management plans. The goal is to offer strategies for sustainable livestock production through pasture-based systems that maintain the health of soils, plants, and animals.
Industrial hemp has the ability to grow in contaminated soils and accumulate toxins within its tissues, making it a promising candidate for phytoremediation of brownfield sites. Research has shown that hemp can tolerate and accumulate heavy metals like cadmium, accumulating them at levels higher in its roots than shoots. Hemp is also effective at remediating other heavy metals like lead, nickel, zinc, and chromium. Once remediated with hemp, brownfield sites could be developed into urban green spaces or community gardens to increase access to healthy, local food and green areas for urban residents.
- The study examined intraspecific variation in water source use among 56 populations of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) grown in a common garden. Xylem and soil water samples were collected on three different dates representing wet and dry conditions.
- Stable isotope analysis found that most populations relied more on deep soil layers for water during seasonal summer droughts. Populations from more arid regions accessed deeper soil water even under mild drought conditions in early autumn, displaying geographic differentiation in water uptake patterns.
- However, preferential access to deep soil water was largely independent of aboveground growth. The findings highlight the adaptive relevance and plasticity of differential access to soil water pools among Aleppo pine populations as
The Response of Chickpea Cultivars to Irrigation with Treated WastewaterMarwan Haddad
This document summarizes a three-year study on the response of four chickpea cultivars (Bulgarit, WIR-32, Jordan, ICC 11293) to irrigation with treated wastewater versus freshwater. The results showed that the Bulgarit and ICC 11293 cultivars maintained yield when irrigated with treated wastewater, and even saw some biological growth improvements. However, the WIR-32 and Jordan cultivars showed significant yield reductions when irrigated with treated wastewater compared to freshwater. Soil analysis found no significant difference between the two irrigation water types.
Rangelands are more than just grass but rather complex and biodiverse ecosystems. Covering nearly half the world’s land area, they are in need of restoration and sustainable management.
Determination of the Optimum Sulphur Fertilizer Rate for Groundnut Production...AI Publications
Laboratory studies and pot Experiments were carried out to determine the optimum sulphur (S)fertilizer rate for groundnut production in selected soils of Benue state using sorption indices. Surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected for sorption studies and pot experiments. The sorption study was carried out by shaking known concentrations of S (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 mgkg-1) with 5g soil sample. The suspension was filtered and the amount of S in solution determined. The amount of sulphatesorbed was estimated as the difference between equilibrium sulphate concentration and initial sulphate added. Data from the sorption study was fitted into the Langmuir and Freundlich sorption equations. Thereafter a pot experiment was carried out with six levels of solution sulphate concentration to determine the optimum S concentration for yield of groundnut and the amount of sulphur fertilizer required to achieve this concentration in the soil under study. Result show that both soils have the capacity to sorb sulphur. The sorption maxima, buffering capacity and binding energy of the soils under study are 70.66 mgkg-1, 15.81mg kg-1, 0.22 dm3 mg-1 and 117.84 mgkg1, 9.83 mg kg-1,0.08 dm3 kg-1 for Aliade and Daudu soils respectively.The highest yield in Aliade soil was obtained with 6 mg kg-1 S while 12 mg kg-1 S gave the highest yield in Daudu soil. Aliadeand Daudu soils would require 57.41 and 23.69 kg ha-1S respectively to maintain 12 mg/kg and 9mg/kg of S in the soil solution. Hence for groundnut production in Aliade soil, 57.41 kg S ha-1 is recommended while for the Daudu soil, 23.69 kg S ha-1 is recommended.
This paper examines the effects of planting date (early planting, mid-season planting and late-season planting) and weeding regimes (two weeding before harvesting, three weeding before harvesting and weed free plots) on yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) in the Tolon district of Northern Ghana. The results show that different weed species, categorized as broad leaves, grasses and sedges, were dominant depending on the planting date and weeding regime. While there was no significant interaction (p>0.05) between planting date and weeding regime on fruit yield, nor significant impact of planting date as a sole treatment on fruit yield, the results showed the existence of significant effect of weeding regime as a sole treatment on yield and yield parameters of okra (p<0.05). Triple weeding resulted in okra yields comparable to the weed-free treatments (mean of 6000 kg/ha to 6300 kg/ha, p>0.05) but significantly higher (p<0.05) and about triple the yield observed in the treatments with double weeding regimes (mean of 1800 kg/ha to 2300 kg/ha). As cost of production, besides the cost of weeding, remains same for all treatments, Triple weeding is recommended for the small-holder farmer. It is associated with less labor cost compared to continuous weeding in the weed free treatments, and the triple gains in yield could offset the additional labor cost incurred in the triple weeding compared to the double weeding regimes.
This document discusses the classification of land capability. It defines land capability as the ability of land to support plant growth or human habitation depending on characteristics like slope and soil type. Land capability is classified into two groups - Group 1 lands are generally suitable for cultivation, while Group 2 lands are generally not suitable. Group 1 is further divided into four classes based on limitations for cultivation. Group 2 is also divided into four classes based on limitations that restrict land use mainly to pastures, forests or wildlife habitat. The classifications aim to ensure appropriate land use and sustained productivity while conserving soil, water and vegetation.
Sustainable rice production in african inland valleysPatrickTanz
This document summarizes a research paper about sustainable rice production in African inland valleys. It discusses how inland valleys have high agricultural potential due to relatively reliable water availability and soil fertility. The paper estimates that improved water and weed management on less than 10% of inland valley areas could meet current rice demand in Africa, allowing most areas to retain other ecosystem functions. It proposes a participatory, holistic, and localized approach to develop inland valleys for food security and poverty alleviation while safeguarding other ecosystem services. This includes selecting suitable valleys, participatory land use planning, development, and identifying local constraints to adopt appropriate practices and technologies through integrated management.
Miscanthus is a perennial grass native to Asia and Africa that is promising for bioenergy production. It is hardy, fast growing, and uses water efficiently. Yields of Miscanthus cane are typically 12-20 tonnes per hectare annually in Europe, and over 40 tonnes in the US. Miscanthus has a high energy balance, with the energy produced being much greater than that required for growth. It also provides environmental benefits such as carbon sequestration and increased biodiversity. Currently Miscanthus is mainly used for co-firing in coal power plants in the UK, but future markets may include cellulosic biofuels and biomass heating.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of waterlogging on growth and yield in late-planted soybean. The study found:
1) Waterlogging at early vegetative stages (V2) and early reproductive stages (R1, R3, R5) most reduced soybean growth and yield.
2) Yield losses were caused by decreased pod production from fewer pods per reproductive node under waterlogged conditions.
3) In both greenhouse and field studies, 3-5 cm of daily rain on poorly drained soils was enough to reduce crop growth rates and yields by up to 15-20%.
This summary provides an overview of a study conducted by the Rodale Institute from 1992-2001 that compared the effects of compost, manure, and synthetic fertilizer on crop yields, soil quality, and environmental impacts. The study used a maize-vegetable-wheat crop rotation with green manure cover crops. It found that applying compost optimized yields, improved soil quality, and reduced nitrogen runoff compared to other treatments. Compost application resulted in the highest mean maize yields of 7.3 Mg/ha. The study demonstrated that using organic amendments like compost can provide agricultural and environmental benefits over inorganic fertilizers.
Sustainability&Urban Ecology Training overview smTania Homayoun
The document provides information from a training on urban ecology and sustainability. It discusses topics that will be covered in sessions on winter, spring, and summer, including migratory bird habitat, wetlands, prairies, invasive species management, and landscaping for wildlife. Specific sessions will focus on the ecology of the Great Trinity Forest and Blackland Prairie ecoregion, as well as management practices and considerations for different seasons. Reference materials are also listed.
The document discusses land capability classification, which groups land based on its long-term capability to support agriculture without deterioration. The system considers inherent soil properties, external land features, and environmental limitations. Land is classified into capability classes I-VIII, with classes I-IV suitable for agriculture and classes V-VIII only suitable for forestry or grazing. Within classes, land is further divided into capability units based on specific limitations, and subclasses that denote erosion risk, drainage problems, soil constraints, or climatic issues. The classification aims to guide sustainable land use decisions.
The document discusses land suitability classification according to the FAO, which involves assessing land for specified uses and comparing benefits with needed inputs for sustained use without degradation. The classification system includes four categories - orders, classes, subclasses, and units - which respectively reflect the kind of suitability, degree of suitability, limitations or improvements required, and minor management differences. Land is then rated as either suitable, unsuitable, or permanently unsuitable according to this classification system.
This document summarizes a study measuring the success of reforestation efforts in abandoned pastures in the Cerro Candelaria Reserve in Ecuador. The study collected data on tree diameter, height, location and species from 16 reforestation plots established between 2008-2010. Diversity indices were calculated to analyze the data and assess the progress of the reforestation project over time. The results showed general progress in reforesting the abandoned pastures and increasing tree diversity compared to when the project first began.
The Costa Rica Agroforestry Project aims to demonstrate sustainable food, fuel and income production through soil remineralization using volcanic rock dust. The project restored degraded cattle land through planting over 1,600 native and agricultural trees per hectare. Testing shows the plot receiving rock dust exhibited stronger tree and crop growth. The project aims to prove Jatropha grown with rock dust can rebuild soils while producing a biodiesel fuel and food, providing an innovative model for sustainable land use.
Interspecific Variation in Salt Tolerance of Some Acacia Species at Seed Germ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Germination of seeds from six Acacia species was evaluated under salt stresses using five treatment levels: 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400mM of NaCl. Corrected germination rate (GC), germination rate index (GRI) and mean germination time (MGT) were recorded during 10 days. The results indicate that germination was significantly reduced in all species with the increase in NaCl concentrations. However, significant interspecific variation for salt tolerance was observed. The greatest variability in tolerance was observed at moderate salt stress (200 mM of NaCl) and the decrease in germination seems to be more accentuated in A. cyanophylla and A. cyclops. Although, A. raddiana, remains the most interesting, it preserved the highest percentage (GC = 80%) and velocity of germination in all species studied in this work, even in the high salt levels. This species exhibits a particular adaptability to salt environment, at least at this stage in the life cycle, and could be recommended for plantation establishment in salt affected areas. On the other hand, when ungerminated seeds were transferred from NaCl treatments to distilled water, they recovered largely their germination without a lag period, and with high speed. This indicated that the germination inhibition was related to a reversible osmotic stress that induced dormancy rather than specific ion toxicity.
Silvopastoral systems d_casaubon et al_peri et al eds_aaf 2016DanielSomma
This document provides information about silvopastoral systems in the Delta region of Argentina. It discusses the history and environmental characteristics of the Delta region, which includes temperate wetlands along the Paraná River. Silvopastoral systems that integrate tree plantations of species like poplar and willow with cattle raising have increased in the last 15 years. The document describes management techniques for these systems, including using wider spacing for tree planting to allow for a productive understory of grasses and establishment of cattle earlier without damage to trees. The goal is sustainable production of wood, forage, and beef through optimizing the balance between components of the silvopastoral system.
This document discusses principles of soil health and how soil functions. It explains that soil should manage energy flow from the sun, store and release water, and cycle nutrients. Soil health relies on a diverse community of organisms and having living roots in the ground as much as possible. Agricultural practices like tillage and overgrazing can disrupt these functions by destroying soil habitat and organisms. The document recommends managing for less soil disturbance, more plant diversity, keeping living roots, and keeping the soil covered to improve soil health.
The document provides information on drought tolerant landscaping for development projects in Toronto. It discusses the Toronto Green Standard requirement for 50% water efficient and native plant species. It then lists commonly planted drought tolerant trees, shrubs, perennials, grasses, and groundcovers. The document also describes several native southern Ontario drought tolerant landscape types, including the Carolinian Forest landscape characterized by deciduous broadleaf trees. The key is selecting plants suited to site conditions and establishing them properly during the first year.
Biofuels and other approaches for decreasing fossil fuel emissionsIvan Vera Montenegro
This document discusses the potential for biofuel crops to decrease fossil fuel emissions from agriculture and help meet climate change targets in the UK and EU. It finds that:
1) If 80% of current UK set-aside land was used to grow biomass crops for electricity, about 3% of current UK electricity demand could be met. With increased yields and land area over decades, this could rise to 12%.
2) Perennial crops like miscanthus, switchgrass and willow provide environmental benefits over annual crops like reduced cultivation and increased soil carbon. They require less pesticides and fertilizer than many agricultural crops.
3) Liquid biofuels produced from oilseed rape and sugar beet can help
Switchgrass is a native, warm-season perennial grass that can be used as a bioenergy crop. It is well-suited to grow in the central North American tallgrass prairie region. Switchgrass produces high yields of biomass with high cellulosic content, making it a candidate for ethanol production or direct combustion. The publication discusses varieties adapted to different regions, establishment through seeding or planting, and management through the years. Switchgrass is harvested once annually to obtain yields of 1 to 16 tons per acre.
The document discusses strategies for breeding rice varieties that are tolerant to abiotic stresses caused by climate change. It describes stress tolerance breeding efforts for heat, drought, flooding, and salinity. For each stress, key genes have been identified, such as SUB1A for flood tolerance and DRO1 for deeper root growth and drought tolerance. Marker-assisted backcrossing is being used to introgress stress tolerance genes into popular rice varieties to develop climate-resilient crops. Overall, the document emphasizes the need for stress tolerant rice to ensure food security amidst climate change impacts.
Omobowale: Climate change adaptation strategies for sustainable food security...AfricaAdapt
Controlled environment agriculture (CEA) using renewable energy is a viable option for climate change adaptation and food security in Africa. CEA uses technology to modify the growing environment and optimize plant growth, increasing yields. Countries like Israel have successfully used greenhouse CEA powered by renewable energy to achieve food security and economic development. For Africa to achieve food security amidst climate change, widespread adoption of CEA powered by the continent's abundant renewable energy resources is needed. Governments should implement policies to support the commercialization of CEA.
Rangelands are more than just grass but rather complex and biodiverse ecosystems. Covering nearly half the world’s land area, they are in need of restoration and sustainable management.
Determination of the Optimum Sulphur Fertilizer Rate for Groundnut Production...AI Publications
Laboratory studies and pot Experiments were carried out to determine the optimum sulphur (S)fertilizer rate for groundnut production in selected soils of Benue state using sorption indices. Surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected for sorption studies and pot experiments. The sorption study was carried out by shaking known concentrations of S (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 mgkg-1) with 5g soil sample. The suspension was filtered and the amount of S in solution determined. The amount of sulphatesorbed was estimated as the difference between equilibrium sulphate concentration and initial sulphate added. Data from the sorption study was fitted into the Langmuir and Freundlich sorption equations. Thereafter a pot experiment was carried out with six levels of solution sulphate concentration to determine the optimum S concentration for yield of groundnut and the amount of sulphur fertilizer required to achieve this concentration in the soil under study. Result show that both soils have the capacity to sorb sulphur. The sorption maxima, buffering capacity and binding energy of the soils under study are 70.66 mgkg-1, 15.81mg kg-1, 0.22 dm3 mg-1 and 117.84 mgkg1, 9.83 mg kg-1,0.08 dm3 kg-1 for Aliade and Daudu soils respectively.The highest yield in Aliade soil was obtained with 6 mg kg-1 S while 12 mg kg-1 S gave the highest yield in Daudu soil. Aliadeand Daudu soils would require 57.41 and 23.69 kg ha-1S respectively to maintain 12 mg/kg and 9mg/kg of S in the soil solution. Hence for groundnut production in Aliade soil, 57.41 kg S ha-1 is recommended while for the Daudu soil, 23.69 kg S ha-1 is recommended.
This paper examines the effects of planting date (early planting, mid-season planting and late-season planting) and weeding regimes (two weeding before harvesting, three weeding before harvesting and weed free plots) on yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) in the Tolon district of Northern Ghana. The results show that different weed species, categorized as broad leaves, grasses and sedges, were dominant depending on the planting date and weeding regime. While there was no significant interaction (p>0.05) between planting date and weeding regime on fruit yield, nor significant impact of planting date as a sole treatment on fruit yield, the results showed the existence of significant effect of weeding regime as a sole treatment on yield and yield parameters of okra (p<0.05). Triple weeding resulted in okra yields comparable to the weed-free treatments (mean of 6000 kg/ha to 6300 kg/ha, p>0.05) but significantly higher (p<0.05) and about triple the yield observed in the treatments with double weeding regimes (mean of 1800 kg/ha to 2300 kg/ha). As cost of production, besides the cost of weeding, remains same for all treatments, Triple weeding is recommended for the small-holder farmer. It is associated with less labor cost compared to continuous weeding in the weed free treatments, and the triple gains in yield could offset the additional labor cost incurred in the triple weeding compared to the double weeding regimes.
This document discusses the classification of land capability. It defines land capability as the ability of land to support plant growth or human habitation depending on characteristics like slope and soil type. Land capability is classified into two groups - Group 1 lands are generally suitable for cultivation, while Group 2 lands are generally not suitable. Group 1 is further divided into four classes based on limitations for cultivation. Group 2 is also divided into four classes based on limitations that restrict land use mainly to pastures, forests or wildlife habitat. The classifications aim to ensure appropriate land use and sustained productivity while conserving soil, water and vegetation.
Sustainable rice production in african inland valleysPatrickTanz
This document summarizes a research paper about sustainable rice production in African inland valleys. It discusses how inland valleys have high agricultural potential due to relatively reliable water availability and soil fertility. The paper estimates that improved water and weed management on less than 10% of inland valley areas could meet current rice demand in Africa, allowing most areas to retain other ecosystem functions. It proposes a participatory, holistic, and localized approach to develop inland valleys for food security and poverty alleviation while safeguarding other ecosystem services. This includes selecting suitable valleys, participatory land use planning, development, and identifying local constraints to adopt appropriate practices and technologies through integrated management.
Miscanthus is a perennial grass native to Asia and Africa that is promising for bioenergy production. It is hardy, fast growing, and uses water efficiently. Yields of Miscanthus cane are typically 12-20 tonnes per hectare annually in Europe, and over 40 tonnes in the US. Miscanthus has a high energy balance, with the energy produced being much greater than that required for growth. It also provides environmental benefits such as carbon sequestration and increased biodiversity. Currently Miscanthus is mainly used for co-firing in coal power plants in the UK, but future markets may include cellulosic biofuels and biomass heating.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of waterlogging on growth and yield in late-planted soybean. The study found:
1) Waterlogging at early vegetative stages (V2) and early reproductive stages (R1, R3, R5) most reduced soybean growth and yield.
2) Yield losses were caused by decreased pod production from fewer pods per reproductive node under waterlogged conditions.
3) In both greenhouse and field studies, 3-5 cm of daily rain on poorly drained soils was enough to reduce crop growth rates and yields by up to 15-20%.
This summary provides an overview of a study conducted by the Rodale Institute from 1992-2001 that compared the effects of compost, manure, and synthetic fertilizer on crop yields, soil quality, and environmental impacts. The study used a maize-vegetable-wheat crop rotation with green manure cover crops. It found that applying compost optimized yields, improved soil quality, and reduced nitrogen runoff compared to other treatments. Compost application resulted in the highest mean maize yields of 7.3 Mg/ha. The study demonstrated that using organic amendments like compost can provide agricultural and environmental benefits over inorganic fertilizers.
Sustainability&Urban Ecology Training overview smTania Homayoun
The document provides information from a training on urban ecology and sustainability. It discusses topics that will be covered in sessions on winter, spring, and summer, including migratory bird habitat, wetlands, prairies, invasive species management, and landscaping for wildlife. Specific sessions will focus on the ecology of the Great Trinity Forest and Blackland Prairie ecoregion, as well as management practices and considerations for different seasons. Reference materials are also listed.
The document discusses land capability classification, which groups land based on its long-term capability to support agriculture without deterioration. The system considers inherent soil properties, external land features, and environmental limitations. Land is classified into capability classes I-VIII, with classes I-IV suitable for agriculture and classes V-VIII only suitable for forestry or grazing. Within classes, land is further divided into capability units based on specific limitations, and subclasses that denote erosion risk, drainage problems, soil constraints, or climatic issues. The classification aims to guide sustainable land use decisions.
The document discusses land suitability classification according to the FAO, which involves assessing land for specified uses and comparing benefits with needed inputs for sustained use without degradation. The classification system includes four categories - orders, classes, subclasses, and units - which respectively reflect the kind of suitability, degree of suitability, limitations or improvements required, and minor management differences. Land is then rated as either suitable, unsuitable, or permanently unsuitable according to this classification system.
This document summarizes a study measuring the success of reforestation efforts in abandoned pastures in the Cerro Candelaria Reserve in Ecuador. The study collected data on tree diameter, height, location and species from 16 reforestation plots established between 2008-2010. Diversity indices were calculated to analyze the data and assess the progress of the reforestation project over time. The results showed general progress in reforesting the abandoned pastures and increasing tree diversity compared to when the project first began.
The Costa Rica Agroforestry Project aims to demonstrate sustainable food, fuel and income production through soil remineralization using volcanic rock dust. The project restored degraded cattle land through planting over 1,600 native and agricultural trees per hectare. Testing shows the plot receiving rock dust exhibited stronger tree and crop growth. The project aims to prove Jatropha grown with rock dust can rebuild soils while producing a biodiesel fuel and food, providing an innovative model for sustainable land use.
Interspecific Variation in Salt Tolerance of Some Acacia Species at Seed Germ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Germination of seeds from six Acacia species was evaluated under salt stresses using five treatment levels: 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400mM of NaCl. Corrected germination rate (GC), germination rate index (GRI) and mean germination time (MGT) were recorded during 10 days. The results indicate that germination was significantly reduced in all species with the increase in NaCl concentrations. However, significant interspecific variation for salt tolerance was observed. The greatest variability in tolerance was observed at moderate salt stress (200 mM of NaCl) and the decrease in germination seems to be more accentuated in A. cyanophylla and A. cyclops. Although, A. raddiana, remains the most interesting, it preserved the highest percentage (GC = 80%) and velocity of germination in all species studied in this work, even in the high salt levels. This species exhibits a particular adaptability to salt environment, at least at this stage in the life cycle, and could be recommended for plantation establishment in salt affected areas. On the other hand, when ungerminated seeds were transferred from NaCl treatments to distilled water, they recovered largely their germination without a lag period, and with high speed. This indicated that the germination inhibition was related to a reversible osmotic stress that induced dormancy rather than specific ion toxicity.
Silvopastoral systems d_casaubon et al_peri et al eds_aaf 2016DanielSomma
This document provides information about silvopastoral systems in the Delta region of Argentina. It discusses the history and environmental characteristics of the Delta region, which includes temperate wetlands along the Paraná River. Silvopastoral systems that integrate tree plantations of species like poplar and willow with cattle raising have increased in the last 15 years. The document describes management techniques for these systems, including using wider spacing for tree planting to allow for a productive understory of grasses and establishment of cattle earlier without damage to trees. The goal is sustainable production of wood, forage, and beef through optimizing the balance between components of the silvopastoral system.
This document discusses principles of soil health and how soil functions. It explains that soil should manage energy flow from the sun, store and release water, and cycle nutrients. Soil health relies on a diverse community of organisms and having living roots in the ground as much as possible. Agricultural practices like tillage and overgrazing can disrupt these functions by destroying soil habitat and organisms. The document recommends managing for less soil disturbance, more plant diversity, keeping living roots, and keeping the soil covered to improve soil health.
The document provides information on drought tolerant landscaping for development projects in Toronto. It discusses the Toronto Green Standard requirement for 50% water efficient and native plant species. It then lists commonly planted drought tolerant trees, shrubs, perennials, grasses, and groundcovers. The document also describes several native southern Ontario drought tolerant landscape types, including the Carolinian Forest landscape characterized by deciduous broadleaf trees. The key is selecting plants suited to site conditions and establishing them properly during the first year.
Biofuels and other approaches for decreasing fossil fuel emissionsIvan Vera Montenegro
This document discusses the potential for biofuel crops to decrease fossil fuel emissions from agriculture and help meet climate change targets in the UK and EU. It finds that:
1) If 80% of current UK set-aside land was used to grow biomass crops for electricity, about 3% of current UK electricity demand could be met. With increased yields and land area over decades, this could rise to 12%.
2) Perennial crops like miscanthus, switchgrass and willow provide environmental benefits over annual crops like reduced cultivation and increased soil carbon. They require less pesticides and fertilizer than many agricultural crops.
3) Liquid biofuels produced from oilseed rape and sugar beet can help
Switchgrass is a native, warm-season perennial grass that can be used as a bioenergy crop. It is well-suited to grow in the central North American tallgrass prairie region. Switchgrass produces high yields of biomass with high cellulosic content, making it a candidate for ethanol production or direct combustion. The publication discusses varieties adapted to different regions, establishment through seeding or planting, and management through the years. Switchgrass is harvested once annually to obtain yields of 1 to 16 tons per acre.
The document discusses strategies for breeding rice varieties that are tolerant to abiotic stresses caused by climate change. It describes stress tolerance breeding efforts for heat, drought, flooding, and salinity. For each stress, key genes have been identified, such as SUB1A for flood tolerance and DRO1 for deeper root growth and drought tolerance. Marker-assisted backcrossing is being used to introgress stress tolerance genes into popular rice varieties to develop climate-resilient crops. Overall, the document emphasizes the need for stress tolerant rice to ensure food security amidst climate change impacts.
Omobowale: Climate change adaptation strategies for sustainable food security...AfricaAdapt
Controlled environment agriculture (CEA) using renewable energy is a viable option for climate change adaptation and food security in Africa. CEA uses technology to modify the growing environment and optimize plant growth, increasing yields. Countries like Israel have successfully used greenhouse CEA powered by renewable energy to achieve food security and economic development. For Africa to achieve food security amidst climate change, widespread adoption of CEA powered by the continent's abundant renewable energy resources is needed. Governments should implement policies to support the commercialization of CEA.
This document discusses the potential for producing biogas from macroalgae through anaerobic digestion. It notes that while large-scale macroalgae farming for biofuels was tested in the 1960s-1970s, the technology has advanced significantly. Macroalgae have advantages as a feedstock for biogas over terrestrial crops, as their cultivation does not compete for land, water, or food production. Studies show macroalgae can yield high amounts of methane when anaerobically digested. For macroalgae cultivation and biogas production to make a meaningful contribution to energy demands, however, it would need to be done on an extremely large scale, such as covering over 5,000 square kilometers to produce just 1%
Climate change poses major threats to global agriculture and food production by increasing the frequency and severity of droughts and floods and boosting plant disease and pest pressures. Plant breeding is a key sustainable solution to address these challenges from climate change and increase crop production. New varieties developed through plant breeding can have improved tolerance to stresses like drought and heat. Prioritizing breeding programs for climate resilient varieties and exploiting genetic diversity in crop wild relatives will help minimize the impacts of climate and environmental changes on food production. While plant breeding takes time, it is critical to focus on developing varieties adapted to future climate conditions to ensure continued agricultural productivity.
This document reviews the potential uses of water hyacinth, an invasive aquatic plant. It discusses how water hyacinth can be used in aquaculture by providing shade and habitat for young fish. It can also be used to treat wastewater by absorbing nutrients and heavy metals. Water hyacinth is a viable raw material for biogas production and fertilizer. While water hyacinth poses problems by clogging waterways, harnessing its benefits through local industries could generate income and alleviate poverty in affected communities.
Sustainable Cotton Production for the Humid SouthGardening
This document discusses sustainable cotton production practices for the humid South, focusing on ways to improve soil health and profitability over the long term. It recommends using no-till, cover crops, and crop rotations to build soil organic matter, reduce erosion, and break pest cycles while saving costs on fertilizers and pesticides. Cover crops like rye, black oats, and lupines provide "solar fertilizer" by fixing nitrogen in the soil. No-till combined with crop rotation and manure application improves the sustainability of individual farms and farm communities.
A novel bioenergy feedstock in latin america cultivation potential plath 2016AcessoMacauba
This research paper examines the potential for cultivation of the neotropical palm Acrocomia aculeata as a bioenergy feedstock in Latin America under current and future climate conditions. The researchers conducted an ecological niche model to determine the potential distribution of A. aculeata based on climate and soil variables. They found two core distribution regions - Central America/Caribbean and southern Brazil/eastern Paraguay. However, much of the suitable land is currently used for agriculture or has high conservation value. When applying future climate change scenarios, most suitable areas were projected to decline severely or disappear by 2080. While A. aculeata has potential as a crop, the researchers conclude its sustainable cultivation requires a cautious approach given
This document discusses the concept of vertical farming as a solution to sustainably feed the growing global population. Vertical farms would grow crops in stacked layers inside buildings rather than horizontally across land. They use techniques like hydroponics and aeroponics to maximize yields. Some key benefits outlined include year-round local food production, reduced land and water usage, lower emissions from reduced transport, and protection from extreme weather. The document examines goals, considerations, limitations and case studies of potential vertical farm designs.
Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene from Jatropha Curcas QZ1
1) The document analyzes the potential for using Jatropha Curcas as a feedstock to produce synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) for use as aviation biofuel.
2) It discusses the environmental impacts of large-scale Jatropha cultivation, noting concerns about monoculture, soil degradation, pesticide use, and potential impacts on food security.
3) Socioeconomic impacts are also assessed, including potential benefits like rural employment but also risks of negative impacts on small landholders and farmers if large companies control production.
Effects of salinity stress on growth, Water use efficiency and biomass partit...Innspub Net
Future crop production is predicted to face significant challenges from salinity stress due to secondary salinization. Therefore future-proofing crop production in these conditions is an essential path towards addressing food security. We evaluated the effect of irrigation with water of 0, 4 and 8 ppt salinity on growth, biomass partitioning, WUE and chlorophyll fluorescence of Vernonia hymenolepis A.Rich as ameliorated by fertilization with three levels of NPK20:10:10. Data were analysed for variance using the General Linear Model ANOVA procedure, after positive tests for normality and homogeneity of variance. Means were separated through the Dunnett test. Pearson Correlation was done to determine relationship between variables and these were spatially projected using the Factor Analysis procedure, without rotation. Under fertilization at 8 g NPK20:10:10 per plant, growth was stimulated by salinity increase to 4 ppt (35.43cm) compared to 30.43cm for control plants. Fertilizer application significantly improved all the biomass fractions of plants irrigated with water of 4 ppt relative to the control, while root:shoot ratios were highest for unfertilized plants indicating resource re-allocation to roots for better foraging. Chlorophyll fluorescence ranged between 0.716 and 0.727 and did not differ significantly across treatments. These values indicate that all treatments were under stress, including control plants. Values of WUE and RGR indicate that fertilization of plants irrigated with water of 4ppt salinity enhances growth and Harvest Index of V. hymenolepis, in spite of the registered stress. This is significant to future food security.
Climate change poses a serious threat to food security by reducing food production and degrading land. Conservation agriculture (CA) techniques like no-till farming, intercropping, and agroforestry can help farmers adapt by conserving water, reducing erosion and increasing soil organic matter. CA also reduces carbon emissions from tilling and supports carbon sequestration in the soil. While CA can increase smallholder farmers' resilience to climate change impacts, challenges remain in promoting wider adoption due to lack of knowledge and risks of relying on external inputs. Overall, sustainable land management practices like CA are crucial for long-term agricultural productivity in Africa.
climate change adaptation and mitigation.pptxdrveenasharma2
Climate change poses serious risks to agriculture, food security, and sustainable development goals. Rising greenhouse gases, temperatures, and extreme weather events threaten global food production. While higher temperatures may slightly increase crop yields at higher latitudes initially, prolonged heat will reduce yields. Adaptation strategies like new crop varieties and irrigation and mitigation efforts like improved agricultural practices can help offset impacts. Integrating climate planning into sustainable development is urgently needed.
Perlite supplies the ideal balance between air and water in addition to the c...MaqsoodKhalid3
Perlite supplies the ideal balance between air and water in addition to the characteristic of keeping water and fertilizer to ensure the plant's needs. It is used by mixing it with soil at different rates according to the kind of soil (sand-mud) as for the upper layer of soil with enough depth to cover the roots of plants as for trees or shrubs as a rate vary from %15-30 of the result of dig.
Converting Cropland to Perennial Grassland Gardening
This document summarizes the process of converting cropland to perennial grassland. It discusses establishing pasture on croplands and managing established pastures. Key points include:
- Switching to perennial grassland can reduce risks, stress, costs while improving soil health by reducing erosion and building organic matter.
- Economic analysis should compare costs of crop vs livestock enterprises and establish grazing infrastructure costs. Weed control is important prior to establishing grassland.
- Methods of establishing pasture include using nurse crops, cultural practices, or conventional seeding. Management after includes grazing or haying with attention to not overgrazing early in establishment.
Slash and burn agriculture, also known as shifting cultivation, is a method of subsistence farming that has been practiced for thousands of years in tropical and subtropical regions. It involves clearing plots of forestland, burning the cut vegetation, and planting crops for a few years before abandoning the plots to fallow for 20+ years as natural vegetation regrows. When practiced with sufficiently long fallow periods in areas with low population density, slash and burn agriculture can be sustainable and maintain high biodiversity levels. However, increasing populations have forced shorter fallow periods in some areas, making the system unsustainable and reducing yields. While criticized for its environmental impacts, advocates argue it can be productive and sustainable when practiced properly with population control and
The document summarizes the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), an agricultural method developed in Madagascar that can double rice yields while reducing water usage, costs, and environmental impacts. SRI involves transplanting young seedlings with wide spacing, keeping soil well-aerated through alternate wetting and drying, and frequent weeding. Trials in multiple countries show SRI can increase yields from 2-4 tons/hectare to 5-10 tons/hectare or more through synergistic effects on root and tiller growth. The document discusses scientific explanations for SRI's performance and responses to objections about its adoption and labor requirements.
This document summarizes research on developing transgenic plants with improved resistance to abiotic stresses like drought. It describes how drought is a major constraint on crop production worldwide. Transgenic approaches manipulate stress-related genes to develop crops with traits like improved signaling pathways, membrane/protein protection, and water/ion transport. Specifically, research has engineered crops with drought avoidance traits like suppressed leaf senescence and improved water use efficiency. The hormone abscisic acid plays a key role in plant responses to drought by regulating gene expression and physiological processes.
Review of Evidence on Drylands Pastoral Systems and Climate Change - resumoBeefPoint
Dryland pastoral systems occupy 41% of the earth's land area and support the livelihoods of over 2 billion people. However, desertification is reducing the capacity of these systems to support livelihoods. Well-managed grasslands and rangelands can store large amounts of carbon, mitigate climate change impacts, and support pastoral livelihoods. A globally coordinated effort is needed to overcome socioeconomic barriers and support sustainable grassland management through incentives, pro-poor policies, integrated multi-stakeholder processes, and targeted research.
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This document provides links to resources about organic gardening and farming techniques, including manuals on increasing plant yields by 400%, rainwater harvesting, roof gardens, using vegetable oil in vehicles, garden therapy for the disabled, volunteering on organic farms in Europe, solar energy training, and eco-friendly coffee bean development projects. The resources aim to educate about city, backyard, and urban farming through free catalogs, books, articles, and more.
Jatropha and Sustainable Livelihood of Small-scale FarmersZK8
This document provides an introduction to the thesis topic. It discusses the challenges facing developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including high poverty levels, lack of access to modern energy, and the need to provide energy for development while also addressing climate change mitigation. The problem area addressed is how Jatropha production and utilization could impact rural livelihoods for small-scale farmers in Zambia's central province. The research question asks about these livelihood impacts and recommendations for how Jatropha could improve rural livelihoods. The introduction provides context on the energy and development challenges in sub-Saharan Africa to frame the thesis topic.
This chapter discusses factors for successful jatropha cultivation for oil production, including climate, soil, propagation, and crop management practices. It describes optimal climate conditions as tropical or subtropical, with rainfall between 1000-1500mm annually. Soil should be well-draining sand or loam at least 45cm deep. Propagation can be from seed or cuttings, with seedlings having higher survival rates. Intercropping is common during early establishment, and pruning, weeding, and pollinator presence help maximize yields once mature.
Jatropha Curcas: An International Botanical Answer to BiodieselZK8
This document provides information on Jatropha curcas L., an oil-bearing plant that can be used to produce biodiesel and for other purposes. It describes the plant's botanical characteristics, distribution, ecology, and various uses. It also discusses the "Jatropha system" - an integrated rural development approach utilizing Jatropha for hedge planting, oil production, soap making, and fuel. The document then summarizes Jatropha promotion activities in various African countries like Benin, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana and others. It aims to assess the social, ecological and economic impacts of disseminating the Jatropha system in rural Africa.
This document summarizes information about the plant Jatropha curcas and its potential applications. It discusses Jatropha's native origins and spread, as well as requirements for its cultivation such as soil type, climate, spacing, propagation methods, and irrigation. It also outlines methods for extracting oil from Jatropha seeds, including mechanical extraction and solvent extraction. Applications of Jatropha discussed include its use as a biofuel, in industry, for medicine, as a dye, to enrich soil as manure or fertilizer, as animal feed, and as an insecticide or pesticide.
This document presents a concept paper for a workshop on exploring the potential of Jatropha curcas in rural development and environmental protection in Zimbabwe. It provides background on Jatropha, noting its drought tolerance, versatility in uses, and ability to grow in marginal lands. The workshop objectives are to examine Jatropha's potential role in meeting rural energy needs and creating employment and environmental benefits. The document discusses Jatropha production in Zimbabwe, including growth rates, yields, management practices, and pests/diseases. It aims to improve understanding of Jatropha to help communities and the private sector better utilize its potential.
Jatropha Curcas Oil: Substitute for Conventional EnergyZK8
This document summarizes the potential for Jatropha curcas L. (physic nut) as a substitute for conventional fuels. It grows well in tropical and subtropical climates and produces seeds that contain 40-50% oil that can be converted to biodiesel via transesterification. Biodiesel has advantages over fossil fuels as it is renewable, biodegradable, and produces lower emissions. Jatropha is well-suited for biodiesel production in India as it can grow on wastelands and produces oil that is similar in energy content to fossil fuels. The document reviews the use of Jatropha for biodiesel and concludes that while biodiesel has benefits, its production is
Jatropha Curcas Oil: A Future Source of BiodieselZK8
The document is a presentation on Jatropha curcas oil and its potential as a future source of biodiesel. It discusses India's growing dependence on imported crude oil and the need for an alternative fuel substitute. Jatropha is identified as a promising non-edible oilseed crop that can be grown in dry lands and produce oil for biodiesel production. The presentation covers Jatropha cultivation areas in India, biodiesel production methods from Jatropha oil, engine performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel blends, and concludes that biodiesel is a renewable and ecofriendly diesel substitute but is more prone to oxidation over time without proper stabilization additives.
Jatropha Curcas Oil: A Sustainable Source for Production of BiobieselZK8
Jatropha curcus has potential for biodiesel production in India. It is a drought-resistant, multipurpose plant that can grow in marginal lands with low rainfall. Its seeds contain oil that can be converted to biodiesel via transesterification. This process produces fatty acid methyl esters which have properties similar to conventional diesel but with reduced emissions. Jatropha is a sustainable source for biodiesel production as it can grow in wastelands and uses non-edible oils, helping to reduce dependence on imported fuels.
Jatropha Curcas Oil as a Protectant Against Field Insect PestsZK8
This document summarizes research on using physic nut (Jatropha curcas) oil as a protectant against field insect pests of cowpea. In 2002 field trials, physic nut oil reduced infestation of thrips and bugs on cowpea flowers and increased cowpea seed yields, comparable to effects of the insecticide deltamethrin. Follow-up trials in 2009 confirmed these effects were due to the physic nut oil, not adjuvants. The research suggests physic nut oil has potential as a biopesticide for integrated pest management of cowpea in Sudano-Sahelian cropping systems.
Jatropha Curcas Oil: From Potential to Kinetic EnergyRoyZK8
This document summarizes research on the potential of Jatropha curcas as a biodiesel feedstock. It provides background on the history and traditional uses of Jatropha, and discusses early experiments by Thomas Edison and Rudolf Diesel. The document then reviews a study that found over 13 million hectares of Jatropha in production globally by 2015. However, productivity remains a challenge due to variable yields and environmental conditions. The document advocates for research and development to improve agronomic practices, identify high-yielding varieties, and increase oil content to help realize Jatropha's potential as a sustainable biodiesel crop.
The document provides an overview of Jatropha curcas L. (physic nut) promotion in selected African countries. It describes the plant, discusses the "Jatropha System" which promotes its integrated use for hedges, oil, and soap production. Countries discussed include Benin, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Germany and UN agencies have supported projects in Mali involving Jatropha hedges, oil extraction, and use in multifunctional platforms. Overall the document assesses impacts and promotes the Jatropha System
Jatropha Curcas Oil: Miracle Plant for Small Villages in IndiaZK8
The document discusses Jatropha curcas, a plant native to South America and Africa that can be used to produce biodiesel. It provides information on the history and development of biodiesel, current biodiesel production methods using various feedstocks around the world, and India's initiatives and plans for expanding Jatropha cultivation and biodiesel production. Key details include India's vision to make Jatropha a self-sustaining crop by 2012 through micro-missions focused on developing seed sources, cultivation techniques, and processing facilities. Cost analyses show that Jatropha cultivation can be economically viable and benefit rural economies.
Jatropha Curcas Oil Production and Local Development in MozambiqueZK8
This document summarizes a project in Mozambique that aims to use locally produced Jatropha curcas oil to power local diesel engines and generate income for small-scale farmers. The project has been running for three years in a low population density area with poor soils and limited economic opportunities. Initial challenges included agronomic issues like pest infestations from the golden flea beetle. Through research and farmer collaboration, the project has optimized planting techniques like using hedgerows. Current results indicate the system works technically and is socially acceptable and economically viable without subsidies. However, further research is still needed to fully understand yields, environmental impacts, and requirements for large-scale adoption.
Jatropha Curcas Oil Production For Local Development in MozambiqueZK8
This document summarizes a pilot project in Mozambique that tested using locally produced Jatropha oil for local development. The project addressed technical, social, and economic viability. Agronomic trials showed that pest infestation is a major issue, but that Jatropha can be grown successfully with proper planting times and seed sources. Converting diesel engines to run on Jatropha oil was also tested. Socially, Jatropha adoption has been popular with farmers and there are no significant cultural barriers. Economically, preliminary analysis suggests Jatropha production can provide comparable or higher income than alternative options in the isolated project area. While more evaluation is still needed, initial results indicate the system shows potential for up-scaling to
Best Digital Marketing Strategy Build Your Online Presence 2024.pptxpavankumarpayexelsol
This presentation provides a comprehensive guide to the best digital marketing strategies for 2024, focusing on enhancing your online presence. Key topics include understanding and targeting your audience, building a user-friendly and mobile-responsive website, leveraging the power of social media platforms, optimizing content for search engines, and using email marketing to foster direct engagement. By adopting these strategies, you can increase brand visibility, drive traffic, generate leads, and ultimately boost sales, ensuring your business thrives in the competitive digital landscape.
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Welcome to Practical eLearning Makeovers for Everyone. In this presentation, we’ll take a look at a bunch of easy-to-use visual design tips and tricks. And we’ll do this by using them to spruce up some eLearning screens that are in dire need of a new look.