Livestock Research to Reduce Poverty and Enhance Resilience

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Independent Science and Partnership Council of the CGIAR

Livestock are critical for household income and coping with economic shocks in parts of Africa. Survey results from Kenya, Ethiopia, Niger, and Mali from 2000-2009 show that selling animals is the most common response to experiencing a 25% reduction in needs, and livestock also provide income through sales of products. For resilience, extensive grazing systems must be preserved while also pursuing intensification through measures like index-based livestock insurance (IBLI) to help keep animals alive through shocks, with the aim of reducing premiums and increasing adoption over time. Fodder markets could develop to support IBLI.

John McPeak
Department of Public Administration and International Affairs
Syracuse University
Animal Agri-Food Systems breakout session
Livestock Research to Reduce Poverty and Enhance Resilience

Livestock Products Critical in Household
Income
Survey results from Kenya and Ethiopia 2000-2002

Importance of Livestock in Coping with
Shocks
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Sell animals
Household resources, practices, strategies
Seek financial help
Eat less
Sell / trade cash crop for grains
Labor migration
Artisinal task / local economy
Normalized rank of response to harvest 25% of needs
Survey results from Niger and Mali 2008-9

Two paths to resilience
• Preserve, protect, enhance mobility for the
extensive grazing system

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Nominal Price per TLU Ethiopia ETB
Addis Nominal Boran Nominal
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Real Price Per TLU Ethiopia 2010 ETB
Addis Rea Borana Real
Price per Head in TLU
Addis data from
www.lmiset.net
courtesy Jay Angerer
of Texas A&M
IBLI Boran household data
CPI adjustment
from WDI
online, 2010
Birr
Prices converted to
TLU, .7 for camel, 1 for
cattle, 10 for sheep and
goats, average for price
per TLU for 3 month
quarter per year

Very thin Thin Moderate Fat
Goat
278 ETB
($16.35)
399 ETB
($23.47)
681 ETB
($40.06)
896 ETB
($52.71)
With respect to moderate -59% -41% -- 32%
Sheep
226 ETB
($13.29)
324 ETB
($19.06)
556 ETB
($32.71)
729 ETB
($42.88)
With respect to moderate -59% -42% -- 31%
Average smallstock prices, Dubuluk market Ethiopia July 2010-July 2012 in Birr, 1 USD July 2012 corresponds to around 17 Birr.
Second Path : Intensification

Link to Index Based Livestock
Insurance (IBLI)
• Much less expensive to keep animals alive than to
replace them.
• Premiums go down, adoption goes up?
• Market for fodder in good years (fattening)
• Market for fodder in bad years (insurance)
• How to make sure there is a supply?
• What are the different options out there?

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ILRI

1st Kenya Food Systems Conference presentation slides

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)

Presentations from the 1st Kenya Food Systems Conference held last April 5, 2023. Included are presentations: - Maize Productivity Growth: Addressing uncertainties and potential for further growth. (Charles Bett, Deputy Institute Director, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research – Kiboko) - Agricultural Inputs: Affordability, Availability, and Adoption. (John Olwande, Research Fellow, Tegemeo Institute of Agricultural Policy, and Development) - Improving Postharvest Management systems: The Social, Economic, and Environmental Gains. (Prof. Jane Ambuko, University of Nairobi) - Knowledge Transfer: Building capacity through extension and digital services. (Michael Keenan, Associate Research Fellow, IFPRI) - De-risking agriculture through crop insurance? Insights from an impact evaluation of novel insurance solutions. (Berber Kamer, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI) - Options for addressing high food prices and for making food more affordable. (Lilian Kirimi, Senior Research Fellow, Tegemeo) - Improving food safety. (Prof. Erastus Kang’ethe, Food Safety Consultant) - Last mile retail: A Look at Mama Mboga and supermarkets. (Christiane Chege, International Center for Tropical Agriculture – CIAT) - Promoting healthier diets and influencing consumer preferences. (Olivier Ecker, Senior Research Fellow, IFPRI) - Developments and forecasts for global food, fertilizer, and fuel markets. (David Laborde, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – FAO) - Climate-proofing agricultural production and the food system. (Michael Ndegwa, Associate Sceintist, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center – CIMMYT) - Managing migration and urbanization. ( Dr. Moses Muthinja, Director, Integrated Development, Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis – KIPPRA) - Demographic shifts: Leveraging women and youth for food system transformation. ( Prof. Salome Bukachi, Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi) - Recommendations and actions to support the implementation of the Bottom-Up Economic Plan - Summary of Day 1 - (Joseph Maina, MoALD and Joseph Karugia, ILRI/CGIAR)

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1. The document discusses large scale investments in agriculture in Africa for food and biofuel crops, and how this can impact food security. It examines the opportunities and risks of growing non-food bioenergy crops as part of land use systems in sub-Saharan Africa. 2. The FAO's Bioenergy and Food Security approach is presented as a way to design sustainable bioenergy policies that contribute to agricultural development and food and energy security. Case studies of the approach in Tanzania, Malawi, and other countries are provided. 3. Key questions addressed include how multi-functional land use systems can promote both food and energy security, and the potential benefits of non-food bioenergy crops for sectors like income

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ICRISAT

This document summarizes research on improving crop-livestock farming systems in semi-arid southern Africa. Three key points: 1) Innovation platforms have helped farmers in Marara, Mozambique increase food security and resilience, but need further strengthening to promote learning and realize their full potential. 2) Research is using integrated modeling of climate impacts on crops and livestock to assess benefits of adaptation options for smallholder farms in Zimbabwe under different climate scenarios. This indicates most farmers will lose from climate change without adaptation. 3) Plans for 2016 include strengthening innovation platform facilitation and monitoring, publishing research results, and developing capacity and materials for scaling integrated market-oriented mixed farming systems.

Analysis of milk production, butter marketing and household use of inputs in ...

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ILRI

This document summarizes the work of the Senegal Dairy Genetics project. It discusses the importance of dairy for food security and livelihoods in Senegal. The project's objectives are to identify and promote the most appropriate dairy breeds. Key 2014 achievements included a longitudinal survey comparing milk yields of different breeds and an analysis of the dairy germplasm production system. The project also conducted capacity building activities like farmer training and supported students. Upcoming work will include cost-benefit analyses, recommendations to strengthen the dairy industry, and disseminating results.

A Farming Systems Approach to Support Planning and Investment in Agriculture

FMNR Hub

This document discusses the importance of taking a farming systems approach to support agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. It notes that a one-size-fits-all approach has not been effective due to the diversity of farming systems and households. Taking a farming systems approach allows for understanding the complexity of farm decision making and better targeting of interventions. The document proposes classifying farming systems based on agro-ecology, market access, and commodities to simplify complexity for investment planning while still recognizing internal heterogeneity. This approach could help prioritize poverty reduction pathways, technologies, and policies for each system.

Transitioning and Resilience Africa: Sustainable Health & Wellbeing in Deve...

Prof/Dr(John)Lindsay FALVEY

This document discusses sustainable development in Africa, focusing on health and wellbeing. It provides examples of how smart agribusiness using new technologies can promote more sustainable development in Africa. These include using satellite imaging, drones, sensors on livestock, and mobile phones to improve efficiency, resilience, and smallholder inclusion in agriculture. International organizations like CGIAR and ILRI are supporting efforts to transform smallholder systems through research, insurance programs, and building scientific capacity in Africa. Overall, the document advocates for development in Africa that promotes sustainability, health, and wellbeing through innovative, inclusive approaches tailored to the African context.

Scaling sheep in Ethiopia

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ILRI

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Agri-food innovation: Pathways to Impact

Independent Science and Partnership Council of the CGIAR

This document summarizes key points from a presentation on agri-food innovation and pathways to impact. It discusses how the introduction of IR8 rice in 1967 dramatically increased yields from 1.5 to 10 tons per hectare. It notes that the global agri-food system is currently falling short on goals like food security and sustainability. The presentation argues that both incremental improvements as well as transformational changes are needed. It provides examples of both incremental changes like increases in herd sizes and transformational changes in the dairy system in an unnamed location. Finally, it stresses that technologies do not exist in isolation and discusses the need for alignment across innovation portfolios, funding, integration, talent management and impact monitoring to achieve goals.

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Independent Science and Partnership Council of the CGIAR

Annual reporting for phase II Peter Gardiner

Independent Science and Partnership Council of the CGIAR

The document discusses annual reporting for phase II programs, which provides a health check for funders and stakeholders between full evaluations. It focuses on measuring the quality of research through examining resources and management, the research process, and outputs. Specifically, it looks at staffing levels, funding allocations, learning and adaptation, and quantitative outputs like technologies developed, beneficiaries reached, and hectares impacted. It also considers adding a management indicator and measuring client satisfaction to better assess the research process.

FAO's Vision on AD4D partnership Ren Wang

Independent Science and Partnership Council of the CGIAR

FAO's vision sees agricultural innovation as a cross-sectoral, multi-disciplinary process involving multiple actors. The upcoming International Symposium on Agricultural Innovation will bring together governments, industries, financial institutions, and other stakeholders to develop a shared vision, strategy, and work plan for strengthening national agricultural innovation systems and driving the transformations needed in food and agriculture. The Symposium aims to garner commitment to recognizing innovation as essential for smallholder farmers to achieve sustainable food security, poverty reduction, and resilience in the face of global challenges. FAO will partner with CGIAR and use case studies applying the ISPC framework to help articulate how innovation can fuel needed changes to food and agriculture systems.

GIZ/BEAF Partnership for Impact Holger Kirscht

Independent Science and Partnership Council of the CGIAR

The document discusses partnerships between GIZ and CGIAR for agricultural research and development. It proposes taking the R4D (research for development) continuum seriously by jointly planning activities between research organizations like CGIAR and development organizations like GIZ. It provides examples of past projects on rice in India and fruit trees in Southern Africa. It also shows tables of partnerships between different CGIAR centers and GIZ projects, and a list of current projects between CGIAR and GIZ in various countries that focus on issues like soil protection, livestock, and cocoa intensification. To strengthen partnerships, it recommends co-creating and co-implementing scaling activities, continuing technology assessments, and creating a product and technology database.

Intro item 6. Enhancing the interface between research and development partne...

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The document discusses enhancing research and development partnerships in the context of achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals. It notes the increased interest in multi-stakeholder partnerships and evidence-based, systems-level solutions to global challenges. The International Science and Partnership Council (ISPC) is contributing stock-takes of knowledge on innovation and impact, case studies on food systems innovation partnerships, and initiatives connecting the SDGs to national innovation to inform research. The objective is to update partners on new efforts, discuss new partnership modes for development outcomes, and explore collaboration and funding opportunities.

IEA Update for ISPC 15th Meeting Rachel Sauvinet-Bedouin

Independent Science and Partnership Council of the CGIAR

This document summarizes an update from the Independent Science & Partnership Council meeting in April 2017. It discusses the role and functions of the Independent Evaluation Arrangement (IEA) in providing independent evaluations of various parts of the CGIAR system, including CRPs, centers, and cross-cutting issues. It then lists the various evaluations conducted by the IEA from 2014 to the present. Finally, it outlines plans to develop a multi-year evaluation plan for CGIAR and enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of evaluations across the system.

ISPC update Maggie Gill

Independent Science and Partnership Council of the CGIAR

This document provides updates from the Independent Science and Partnership Council (ISPC) in several areas: - Two new members joined the ISPC Council and Secretariat. - The ISPC held workshops on science quality, foresight, innovation systems, and impact assessment. Background papers were also commissioned on topics like global food systems. - Updates were given on publications from previous events, case studies, and establishing communities of interest around key topics. - Internal evaluations were conducted and preparations made for external reviews of the ISPC and its processes. - The ISPC continues to provide advice and input to the broader CGIAR system on issues like indicators, governance, and research programs.

Item 3. Planning for Science Forum 18 Leslie Lipper

Independent Science and Partnership Council of the CGIAR

The document discusses planning for the 2018 Science Forum (SF) convened by the Independent Science and Partnership Council (ISPC) to provide advice on CGIAR science quality and relevance. It proposes the 2018 topic be "Foreseeing opportunities to enhance synergies and reduce trade-offs between the CGIAR System Level Outcomes." The aim would be to have Michael Obersteiner from IIASA discuss their approach to analyzing synergies and trade-offs, followed by discussion led by Tom Tomich and group discussion on the 2018 topic. The goal is meaningful dialogue on interactions between the SLOs to inform the new Strategy and Results Framework.

Scientific Equipment Policy Change through Facilitated Advocacy Nighisty Ghezae

Independent Science and Partnership Council of the CGIAR

IFS responded to challenges with scientific equipment in Africa by conducting an audit of equipment at 15 universities. They developed the PRISM tool to improve equipment procurement, installation, and maintenance, piloting it at 5 universities. IFS then convened representatives from across Africa to discuss effective equipment provision. This included country studies and policy workshops, developing recommendations to influence national scientific equipment policies. IFS facilitated an advocacy approach to build consensus around proposed changes. The initiative was handed over to the African Academy of Sciences to pursue advocacy and policy development at the continental level.

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Harnessing Investments and Transforming Bean Value Chains for Better Incomes ...

Independent Science and Partnership Council of the CGIAR

PABRA is an alliance of 30 National Agricultural Research Systems and over 350 partners working to enhance food security, income, and nutrition through integrated bean research in Africa. The business case for beans is strong, with production in Ethiopia increasing over 300% from 1990 to 2010. PABRA facilitates partnerships between CIAT, NARS, and other stakeholders to conduct joint research, strengthen capacity, and catalyze impact pathways. This includes testing approaches to promote wide, fast, and equitable adoption of new varieties and technologies across the bean value chain. The goal is to expand the geographic, social, and economic reach of improved beans in Africa through "bean corridors" and by fostering market-led product development and diversified seed systems.

System Office Business Plan Elwyn Graigner-Jones

Independent Science and Partnership Council of the CGIAR

The document outlines plans for the System Office Business Plan, including key changes, top tasks for 2017, and a new functional structure. It discusses establishing a positive working environment, efficient governance, sufficient and flexible funding, and stronger reputation. Key changes include clarifying operations, emphasizing teamwork, reducing separate units, and creating a funder engagement unit. Top tasks include financial management, committee support, fundraising, communications, and fixing funding and governance models. A new structure groups work into legal services, funder engagement, financial performance, and board relations units.

Standing Panel on Impact Assessment Doug Gollin

Independent Science and Partnership Council of the CGIAR

This document provides an update on the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment (SPIA) and its plans going forward. It summarizes the results of the first phase of the Strengthening Impact Assessment in the CGIAR program, which included 40 projects across various institutions. It outlines SPIA's conference in July 2017 and priorities for the second phase, which will focus on filling data gaps, conducting impact evaluations, and strengthening capacity for impact assessment within the CGIAR.

Agricultural Biodiversity Nourishes People and Sustains the Planet Ann Tutwiler

Independent Science and Partnership Council of the CGIAR

1) Agricultural biodiversity is crucial for nourishing people and sustaining the planet, but challenges have increased in the 21st century, including poor diets, climate change impacts, exceeding environmental boundaries, and loss of biodiversity. 2) Bioversity International's strategy targets these 21st century challenges through research on consumption, production, planting, and safeguarding of biodiversity to achieve better nutrition, resilience, adaptation and conservation. 3) Bioversity International works across five regions and 35 countries, collaborating with various partners to integrate research findings into development programs and policies through strengthening institutions.

Comparative advantage Maggie Gill

Independent Science and Partnership Council of the CGIAR

This document discusses key aspects for an ideal CGIAR portfolio, including having a forward-looking vision, setting priorities at the portfolio level, being adaptable, providing baseline funding security, building on the system's comparative advantage, and integrating research outputs. It also covers that comparative advantage depends on both the skill set of the research team partners and the skills of other providers, and that while flagships conduct good science, leaders need to better justify why CGIAR is the best place compared to alternative suppliers.

Identifying linkages between the Genebank Platform and ISPC SPIA Isabel López...

Independent Science and Partnership Council of the CGIAR

The document discusses linkages between the Genebank Platform and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA). It provides background on CGIAR genebanks and their role in conserving plant genetic resources. CGIAR centers have transferred over 1 million samples of germplasm under the multilateral system of the ITPGRFA. The document proposes collaborations between the Genebank Platform and the ITPGRFA, such as repackaging information for countries in the next Treaty report, organizing a side event at the governing body session, and jointly identifying issues needing more evidence.

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DNA fingerprinting of plant material from farmers fields:What have we learned...

Independent Science and Partnership Council of the CGIAR

DNA fingerprinting of plant material from farmers' fields has provided new insights. Traditional surveys relying on farmer self-reporting often overestimate adoption of improved varieties. Eight new studies using DNA fingerprinting found adoption rates were typically lower than reported. False positive and negative rates varied by crop and country. On average, only 40-60% of samples were correctly identified as improved or local varieties. Low genetic purity was also common, with many samples consisting of mixed varieties. These findings have implications for understanding impacts of new varieties and for seed systems.

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Independent Science and Partnership Council of the CGIAR

The document provides a summary of progress for the Strengthening Impact Assessment in the CGIAR (SIAC) program. Key points: - SIAC is a 4-year $12 million program led by SPIA to broaden impact assessment of CGIAR research through developing new methods and data collection. - The program's objectives are to develop innovative methods for data collection, institutionalize diffusion data collection, assess full impacts of CGIAR research, and support communities of practice for impact assessment. - Activities under Objective 1 include pilot testing methods for tracking adoption of improved varieties and technologies in crops like cassava, maize, and beans in countries like Ghana, Uganda, and Zambia. Results show

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3. Importance of Livestock in Coping with Shocks 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Sell animals Household resources, practices, strategies Seek financial help Eat less Sell / trade cash crop for grains Labor migration Artisinal task / local economy Normalized rank of response to harvest 25% of needs Survey results from Niger and Mali 2008-9

4. Two paths to resilience • Preserve, protect, enhance mobility for the extensive grazing system

5. 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 2005_4 2006_1 2006_4 2007_1 2007_2 2007_3 2007_4 2008_1 2008_2 2008_3 2008_4 2009_1 2009_2 2009_3 2010_2 2010_3 2010_3 2010_4 2011_1 2011_2 2011_3 2011_4 2012_1 2012_2 2012_3 2012_4 2013_1 2013_2 2013_3 2013_4 2014_1 2014_2 2014_3 2014_4 2015_1 Nominal Price per TLU Ethiopia ETB Addis Nominal Boran Nominal 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 2005_4 2006_1 2006_4 2007_1 2007_2 2007_3 2007_4 2008_1 2008_2 2008_3 2008_4 2009_1 2009_2 2009_3 2010_2 2010_3 2010_3 2010_4 2011_1 2011_2 2011_3 2011_4 2012_1 2012_2 2012_3 2012_4 2013_1 2013_2 2013_3 2013_4 2014_1 2014_2 2014_3 2014_4 2015_1 Real Price Per TLU Ethiopia 2010 ETB Addis Rea Borana Real Price per Head in TLU Addis data from www.lmiset.net courtesy Jay Angerer of Texas A&M IBLI Boran household data CPI adjustment from WDI online, 2010 Birr Prices converted to TLU, .7 for camel, 1 for cattle, 10 for sheep and goats, average for price per TLU for 3 month quarter per year

6. Very thin Thin Moderate Fat Goat 278 ETB ($16.35) 399 ETB ($23.47) 681 ETB ($40.06) 896 ETB ($52.71) With respect to moderate -59% -41% -- 32% Sheep 226 ETB ($13.29) 324 ETB ($19.06) 556 ETB ($32.71) 729 ETB ($42.88) With respect to moderate -59% -42% -- 31% Average smallstock prices, Dubuluk market Ethiopia July 2010-July 2012 in Birr, 1 USD July 2012 corresponds to around 17 Birr. Second Path : Intensification

7. Link to Index Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI) • Much less expensive to keep animals alive than to replace them. • Premiums go down, adoption goes up? • Market for fodder in good years (fattening) • Market for fodder in bad years (insurance) • How to make sure there is a supply? • What are the different options out there?

Livestock Research to Reduce Poverty and Enhance Resilience

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