The document provides guidance on strategies for writing literature reviews. It outlines the purpose and characteristics of effective literature reviews, and provides steps for planning, researching, analyzing, drafting, and revising a literature review. The goals are to help understand the purpose of literature reviews, critically assess research materials, and develop strategies for organizing and writing an effective literature review.
This document provides guidance on strategies for writing effective literature reviews. It discusses the purpose and basic requirements of literature reviews, including outlining important research trends, assessing strengths and weaknesses of existing research, and identifying potential gaps. It offers tips for planning, reading and researching, analyzing, and drafting a literature review. Key steps include focusing the topic, identifying the type and scope of research sources, summarizing and synthesizing findings, comparing and critiquing studies, and determining an organizational structure. The document emphasizes analyzing sources and demonstrating a thorough understanding of the existing body of research on the topic.
This document provides guidance on writing an effective literature review. It discusses the purpose and characteristics of literature reviews, and outlines a process for conducting a literature review that includes planning, reading and researching sources, analyzing existing research, and drafting the review. Key steps covered are determining the focus and scope, summarizing and synthesizing sources, comparing and critiquing studies, and considering organizational patterns for structuring the review. The document also provides examples and advice for developing an introduction, conclusion, and properly citing sources.
This document provides guidance on writing literature reviews. It discusses the purpose and characteristics of effective literature reviews. It also outlines the key steps in the writing process, including planning, reading and researching, analyzing sources, drafting, and revising. The document offers advice on developing a focus and thesis, organizing the review, and incorporating summary, synthesis, comparison, and critique of sources.
This document provides guidance on writing an effective literature review. It discusses the purpose and characteristics of literature reviews, and outlines a process for conducting a literature review that includes planning, reading and researching sources, analyzing existing research, and drafting the review. Key steps discussed include developing a focus and thesis statement, organizing sources topically or chronologically, and summarizing, synthesizing, comparing and critiquing the literature. The document also provides examples of introducing and concluding a literature review, as well as properly citing sources.
This document provides guidance on writing an effective literature review. It discusses the purpose and characteristics of literature reviews, and outlines a process for conducting a literature review that includes planning, reading and researching sources, analyzing existing research, and drafting the review. Key steps covered are determining the focus and scope, summarizing and synthesizing sources, comparing and critiquing existing studies, and considering organizational structures for the literature review. The document also provides examples and exercises to help readers apply the strategies.
This document provides guidance on writing literature reviews. It discusses the purpose and characteristics of effective literature reviews. It also outlines the key steps in the writing process, including planning, reading and researching, analyzing sources, drafting, and revising. The document offers advice on developing a focus and thesis, organizing the review, and incorporating summary, synthesis, comparison, and critique of sources.
This document provides guidance on reading for social science courses. It discusses how the social sciences seek to understand human existence by examining topics like politics, culture, and relationships. Effective reading strategies for social sciences include mapping concepts, evaluating arguments, and understanding journal articles. Journal articles follow specific formats, beginning with the abstract and conclusion, then examining results and analysis, and finishing with the methods section. Mapping tools like Venn diagrams, timelines and flowcharts help visualize relationships in social science texts.
University of Brighton: What is a Literature Review? (BA (Hons) Broadcast M...Lance Dann
Short lecture introducing the Literature Review, including information on why students should carry out a review and the best way to start a review project.
This document provides guidance on strategies for writing effective literature reviews. It discusses the purpose and basic requirements of literature reviews, including outlining important research trends, assessing strengths and weaknesses of existing research, and identifying potential gaps. It offers tips for planning, reading and researching, analyzing, and drafting a literature review. Key steps include focusing the topic, identifying the type and scope of research sources, summarizing and synthesizing findings, comparing and critiquing studies, and determining an organizational structure. The document emphasizes analyzing sources and demonstrating a thorough understanding of the existing body of research on the topic.
This document provides guidance on writing an effective literature review. It discusses the purpose and characteristics of literature reviews, and outlines a process for conducting a literature review that includes planning, reading and researching sources, analyzing existing research, and drafting the review. Key steps covered are determining the focus and scope, summarizing and synthesizing sources, comparing and critiquing studies, and considering organizational patterns for structuring the review. The document also provides examples and advice for developing an introduction, conclusion, and properly citing sources.
This document provides guidance on writing literature reviews. It discusses the purpose and characteristics of effective literature reviews. It also outlines the key steps in the writing process, including planning, reading and researching, analyzing sources, drafting, and revising. The document offers advice on developing a focus and thesis, organizing the review, and incorporating summary, synthesis, comparison, and critique of sources.
This document provides guidance on writing an effective literature review. It discusses the purpose and characteristics of literature reviews, and outlines a process for conducting a literature review that includes planning, reading and researching sources, analyzing existing research, and drafting the review. Key steps discussed include developing a focus and thesis statement, organizing sources topically or chronologically, and summarizing, synthesizing, comparing and critiquing the literature. The document also provides examples of introducing and concluding a literature review, as well as properly citing sources.
This document provides guidance on writing an effective literature review. It discusses the purpose and characteristics of literature reviews, and outlines a process for conducting a literature review that includes planning, reading and researching sources, analyzing existing research, and drafting the review. Key steps covered are determining the focus and scope, summarizing and synthesizing sources, comparing and critiquing existing studies, and considering organizational structures for the literature review. The document also provides examples and exercises to help readers apply the strategies.
This document provides guidance on writing literature reviews. It discusses the purpose and characteristics of effective literature reviews. It also outlines the key steps in the writing process, including planning, reading and researching, analyzing sources, drafting, and revising. The document offers advice on developing a focus and thesis, organizing the review, and incorporating summary, synthesis, comparison, and critique of sources.
This document provides guidance on reading for social science courses. It discusses how the social sciences seek to understand human existence by examining topics like politics, culture, and relationships. Effective reading strategies for social sciences include mapping concepts, evaluating arguments, and understanding journal articles. Journal articles follow specific formats, beginning with the abstract and conclusion, then examining results and analysis, and finishing with the methods section. Mapping tools like Venn diagrams, timelines and flowcharts help visualize relationships in social science texts.
University of Brighton: What is a Literature Review? (BA (Hons) Broadcast M...Lance Dann
Short lecture introducing the Literature Review, including information on why students should carry out a review and the best way to start a review project.
Introduction to Systematic Literature Review.pptxiabdelaziz
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It defines a literature review as a paper that summarizes and discusses previous research on a topic, exploring strengths and weaknesses. The document outlines why literature reviews are important for avoiding duplicating work and identifying gaps. It discusses stages of conducting a review including formulating a problem, searching literature, evaluating sources, analyzing information, and constructing the review. Tips are provided on assessing sources, taking notes, managing references, analyzing findings, and structuring the written review.
According to W.R. Borg
“The literature of any field forms the foundation upon which all future will be built. If we fail to build the foundation of knowledge provided by the review of literature our work is likely to be shallow and naïve and will often duplicate work that has already been done better by someone else”
The document discusses what constitutes a literature review and provides guidance on how to conduct one. It begins by defining a literature review and explaining that it must be guided by a research objective or problem. It then discusses common problems in literature reviews, such as excluding seminal works or adopting a narrow perspective. The document also outlines the purposes of a literature review and different types. Finally, it provides a comprehensive overview of the literature review process, including searching, reading, evaluating, summarizing sources, and writing the review.
This document provides information on conducting a literature review. It defines a literature review as a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic that provides an overview of current knowledge and identifies relevant theories, methods, and gaps. The document outlines the importance of literature reviews in identifying research problems and prior findings. It also discusses the primary sources of information like original research reports and secondary sources like textbooks. Finally, it lists the main steps in conducting a literature review, including creating an annotated bibliography, organizing sources thematically, writing individual sections, and integrating the sections.
The document discusses the purpose and types of literature reviews. It explains that theoretical literature reviews establish the context and theoretical framework for a study, while empirical reviews examine past empirical studies to answer a research question. The sources of literature include research from peer-reviewed journals, professional literature from trade magazines, and popular sources. The document also outlines the steps and important considerations for writing literature reviews.
Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature.pptxGabrielleEllis4
The document discusses various aspects of reviewing related literature. It defines a review of related literature as discussing published information in a particular subject area. There are different types of traditional reviews, including conceptual, critical, state-of-the-art, and expert reviews. A systematic review involves sequential acts and rigorous methods to limit bias. Key steps in systematic reviews include developing research questions, searching literature, assessing sources, summarizing findings, and addressing meta-analyses. The document also covers citing sources using various styles like APA and MLA to avoid plagiarism and uphold intellectual property rights.
Review of literature final research methodologyMittalGandhi
The document provides an overview of conducting a literature review. It defines a literature review as an analysis and description of previous work done on a particular topic. The purpose is to convey existing knowledge and ideas and avoid duplicating past research. Different types of literature reviews are described, including narrative, critical, scoping, and systematic reviews. Guidelines are provided for writing a literature review, such as being comprehensive, unbiased, and including accurate citations and references.
The document provides guidance on crafting a literature review. It defines a literature review as a discussion of research in an area that leads to a research question. It notes literature reviews should be informative, evaluative, and integrative. The purpose is to map the research topic, contextualize it in current literature, and justify the research question. The process involves finding, managing, critiquing, and writing about relevant sources. Tips are provided such as identifying consensus/divergence and using specific details to persuade the reader.
How to write (and publish) a literature reviewMarcel Bogers
How to write (and publish) your literature review? This presentations distinguishes between three types and purposes of "review": (1) a literature review, as part of an empirical study; (2) a stand-alone review article; and (3) a conceptual or theoretical (non-empirical) article. For each of theses types, it gives an overview of considerations for getting done and published (or rejected).
This document provides guidance on conducting a literature review. It discusses defining the research problem, identifying relevant literature, analyzing and synthesizing findings from previous studies, and writing the literature review. The key purposes of a literature review are to place the current study in historical context, identify relationships among prior works, and relate previous knowledge to the present research. When writing a literature review, it is important to follow APA style guidelines, cite sources properly, organize topics rather than using chronology, and write in a concise and objective voice.
The document provides an overview of how to conduct a literature review. It begins by defining a literature review as an interpretation and synthesis of published work on a topic. It then outlines the main reasons for conducting a literature review, including finding a research problem worth studying and contextualizing one's own research. The document discusses when a literature review should be conducted, primarily early on to establish context and confirm the research focus. It provides details on how to conduct a literature review through identifying topics, locating sources, reading, analyzing, and organizing the literature. The document also offers tips on how to present a literature review and concludes by listing additional resources for conducting literature reviews.
The document discusses literature reviews and provides guidance on how to conduct one. It begins by outlining three fundamental research questions posed by Guba and elaborated on by Gray: what is knowable, the relationship between the knower and known, and how things are found out. It then defines a literature review as an account of published work on a topic by scholars. The purpose is to convey existing knowledge and ideas, identify gaps and avoid duplicating work. Effective literature reviews are organized around a thesis, synthesize results, and identify areas for further research. The document provides questions to guide conducting a thorough literature review and critical analysis of sources.
Literature Review (Review of Related Literature - Research Methodology)Dilip Barad
Literature Review or Review of Related Literature is one of the most vital stages in any research. This presentation attempts to throw some light on the process and important aspects of literature review.
The document provides an overview of conducting a literature review. It defines what a literature review is, what it involves, and how to structure and write an effective literature review. Some key points include:
- A literature review discusses existing knowledge on a topic through a critical analysis and synthesis of prior research.
- It establishes the intellectual context for a research study and demonstrates understanding of the topic.
- The review involves selecting, evaluating, and organizing relevant sources, and identifying relationships, gaps, and trends in the literature.
- An effective review is conceptually organized and relates findings to the research question rather than summarizing individual studies.
Role of review of literature in research processKrishnanchalil
Review of literature is the edifice of any level of research. So, a clear idea about how to review literature, its importance, major pitfalls in reviewing and other related issues are the subject of this slide
This document provides an overview of writing a research proposal and literature review. It discusses that a research proposal describes an investigation by outlining what will be studied, why it is important, and how the research will be conducted. The proposal establishes a plan and framework for the research project. It typically includes sections for an introduction, literature review, research design, and references. The literature review discusses and analyzes previous scholarship on the topic to situate the proposed project within existing research.
This document provides guidance on conducting scientific research. It discusses selecting an area and topic for research, developing a research question, conducting a literature review, formulating goals and objectives, and developing a hypothesis.
The key steps outlined are: 1) selecting an area of interest and topic based on relevance, resources, and need; 2) developing a clear, answerable research question that has not been addressed; 3) conducting a thorough literature review to understand previous work and prevent duplication; 4) establishing goals in broad terms and specific, measurable objectives; and 5) translating the research question into a testable hypothesis about the relationship between variables. Following these systematic steps is crucial for rigorous research.
This document outlines a study that examined the effect of solid phase composition on the setting time of bone cement. Specifically, it investigated bone cements fabricated using beta-tricalcium phosphate (BCP) and monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) as the solid phase, and water as the liquid phase. The compositions tested were BCP:MCPM ratios of 1:1, 1:0.8, and 1:0.6. The results showed that a ratio of 1:0.8 had the optimal setting times of 6 minutes for initial set and 20 minutes for final set, allowing sufficient working time for procedures like joint replacements.
This document discusses optoelectronics and double perovskite materials. It begins by defining single and double perovskite materials, noting their crystal structures and unique physical properties. It then outlines some advantages of double perovskites, such as tunable properties and stability. Applications discussed include solar cells, catalysis, data storage, and superconductors. The document goes on to define optoelectronics, provide examples of devices, and discuss historical developments, working principles, applications, and advantages. It notes double perovskites' potential uses in optoelectronic devices for light absorption, emission, photovoltaics, and as tunable quantum dots or photo detectors. The purpose is outlined as designing
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According to W.R. Borg
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The document provides an overview of conducting a literature review. It defines a literature review as an analysis and description of previous work done on a particular topic. The purpose is to convey existing knowledge and ideas and avoid duplicating past research. Different types of literature reviews are described, including narrative, critical, scoping, and systematic reviews. Guidelines are provided for writing a literature review, such as being comprehensive, unbiased, and including accurate citations and references.
The document provides guidance on crafting a literature review. It defines a literature review as a discussion of research in an area that leads to a research question. It notes literature reviews should be informative, evaluative, and integrative. The purpose is to map the research topic, contextualize it in current literature, and justify the research question. The process involves finding, managing, critiquing, and writing about relevant sources. Tips are provided such as identifying consensus/divergence and using specific details to persuade the reader.
How to write (and publish) a literature reviewMarcel Bogers
How to write (and publish) your literature review? This presentations distinguishes between three types and purposes of "review": (1) a literature review, as part of an empirical study; (2) a stand-alone review article; and (3) a conceptual or theoretical (non-empirical) article. For each of theses types, it gives an overview of considerations for getting done and published (or rejected).
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The document provides an overview of how to conduct a literature review. It begins by defining a literature review as an interpretation and synthesis of published work on a topic. It then outlines the main reasons for conducting a literature review, including finding a research problem worth studying and contextualizing one's own research. The document discusses when a literature review should be conducted, primarily early on to establish context and confirm the research focus. It provides details on how to conduct a literature review through identifying topics, locating sources, reading, analyzing, and organizing the literature. The document also offers tips on how to present a literature review and concludes by listing additional resources for conducting literature reviews.
The document discusses literature reviews and provides guidance on how to conduct one. It begins by outlining three fundamental research questions posed by Guba and elaborated on by Gray: what is knowable, the relationship between the knower and known, and how things are found out. It then defines a literature review as an account of published work on a topic by scholars. The purpose is to convey existing knowledge and ideas, identify gaps and avoid duplicating work. Effective literature reviews are organized around a thesis, synthesize results, and identify areas for further research. The document provides questions to guide conducting a thorough literature review and critical analysis of sources.
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Literature Review or Review of Related Literature is one of the most vital stages in any research. This presentation attempts to throw some light on the process and important aspects of literature review.
The document provides an overview of conducting a literature review. It defines what a literature review is, what it involves, and how to structure and write an effective literature review. Some key points include:
- A literature review discusses existing knowledge on a topic through a critical analysis and synthesis of prior research.
- It establishes the intellectual context for a research study and demonstrates understanding of the topic.
- The review involves selecting, evaluating, and organizing relevant sources, and identifying relationships, gaps, and trends in the literature.
- An effective review is conceptually organized and relates findings to the research question rather than summarizing individual studies.
Role of review of literature in research processKrishnanchalil
Review of literature is the edifice of any level of research. So, a clear idea about how to review literature, its importance, major pitfalls in reviewing and other related issues are the subject of this slide
This document provides an overview of writing a research proposal and literature review. It discusses that a research proposal describes an investigation by outlining what will be studied, why it is important, and how the research will be conducted. The proposal establishes a plan and framework for the research project. It typically includes sections for an introduction, literature review, research design, and references. The literature review discusses and analyzes previous scholarship on the topic to situate the proposed project within existing research.
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The key steps outlined are: 1) selecting an area of interest and topic based on relevance, resources, and need; 2) developing a clear, answerable research question that has not been addressed; 3) conducting a thorough literature review to understand previous work and prevent duplication; 4) establishing goals in broad terms and specific, measurable objectives; and 5) translating the research question into a testable hypothesis about the relationship between variables. Following these systematic steps is crucial for rigorous research.
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With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
2. OBJECTIVES
• To help you understand the purpose and basic
requirements of an effective literature review.
• To help you critically assess research materials.
• To develop strategies for inventing, organizing, and
drafting a literature review.
• To help you cite sources appropriately.
3. PURPOSE OF A
LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review is a critical look at the existing
research that is significant to the work that you are
carrying out.
• To provide background information
• To establish importance
• To demonstrate familiarity
• To “carve out a space” for further research
4. CHARACTERISTICS OF
EFFECTIVE LITERATURE
REVIEWS
• Outlining important research trends
• Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of
existing research
• Identifying potential gaps in knowledge
• Establishing a need for current and/or future
research projects
5. STEPS FOR WRITING A LIT
REVIEW
• Planning
• Reading and Research
• Analyzing
• Drafting
• Revising
7. PLANNING
• Focus
• What is the specific thesis, problem, or research
question that my literature review helps to
define?
• Identifying a focus that allows you to:
• Sort and categorize information
• Eliminate irrelevant information
• Type
• What type of literature review am I conducting?
• Theory; Methodology; Policy; Quantitative;
Qualitative
8. PLANNING
• Scope
• What is the scope of my literature review?
• What types of sources am I using?
• Academic Discipline
• What field(s) am I working in?
10. READING AND
RESEARCHING
• Collect and read material.
• Summarize sources.
• Who is the author?
• What is the author's main purpose?
• What is the author’s theoretical perspective? Research
methodology?
• Who is the intended audience?
• What is the principal point, conclusion, thesis, contention, or
question?
• How is the author’s position supported?
• How does this study relate to other studies of the problem or
topic?
• What does this study add to your project?
• Select only relevant books and articles.
12. ANALYZING SOURCES
• A literature review is never just a list of studies—it
always offers an argument about a body of research
• Analysis occurs on two levels:
• Individual sources
• Body of research
13. FOUR ANALYSIS TASKS OF THE
LITERATURE REVIEW
TASKS OF
LITERATURE
REVIEW
SUMMARIZE SYNTHESIZE CRITIQUE COMPARE
14. SUMMARY AND SYNTHESIS
In your own words, summarize and/or synthesize the key findings relevant
to your study.
• What do we know about the immediate area?
• What are the key arguments, key characteristics, key concepts
or key figures?
• What are the existing debates/theories?
• What common methodologies are used?
15. SAMPLE LANGUAGE FOR
SUMMARY AND SYNTHESIS
• Normadin has demonstrated…
• Early work by Hausman, Schwarz, and Graves
was concerned with…
• Elsayed and Stern compared algorithms for
handling…
• Additional work by Karasawa et. al, Azadivar,
and Parry et. al deals with…
16. EXAMPLE: SUMMARY AND
SYNTHESIS
Under the restriction of small populations, four possible ways
[to avoid premature convergence] were presented. The first
one is to revise the gene operators. . . .Griffiths and Miles
applied advanced two-dimensional gene operators to search
the optimal cross-section of a beam and significantly improve
results. The second way is to adjust gene probability. Leite
and Topping adopted a variable mutation probability and
obtained an outperformed result.
17. EXAMPLE: SUMMARY AND
SYNTHESIS
Piaget’s theory of stages of cognitive development and
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development are commonly
used for educational psychology courses (Borich & Tombari,
1997; LeFrancois, 1997; Slavin, 1997). Piaget described
characteristic behaviors, including artistic ones such as
drawing, as evidence of how children think and what children
do as they progress beyond developmental milestones into
and through stages of development.
18. COMPARISON AND
CRITIQUE
Evaluates the strength and weaknesses of the
work:
• How do the different studies relate? What is new, different,
or controversial?
• What views need further testing?
• What evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradicting, or
too limited?
• What research designs or methods seem unsatisfactory?
19. SAMPLE LANGUAGE FOR
COMPARISON AND CRITIQUE
• In this ambitious but flawed study, Jones and
Wang…
• These general results, reflecting the stochastic
nature of the flow of goods, are similar to those
reported by Rosenblatt and Roll…
20. EXAMPLE: COMPARISON AND
CRITIQUE
• The critical response to the poetry of Phillis Wheatley often
registers disappointment or surprise. Some critics have
complained that the verse of this African American slave is
insecure (Collins 1975, 78), imitative (Richmond 1974, 54-
66), and incapacitated (Burke 1991, 33, 38)—at worst, the
product of a “White mind” (Jameson 1974, 414-15). Others,
in contrast, have applauded Wheatley’s critique of Anglo-
American discourse(Kendrick 1993,222-23), her revision of
literary models…
21. EXAMPLE: COMPARISON AND
CRITIQUE
• The situationist model has also received its share of
criticism. One of the most frequently cited
shortcomings of this approach centers around the
assumption that individuals enter into the work
context tabula rasa.
22. ANALYZING: PUTTING IT ALL
TOGETHER
Once you have summarized, synthesized, compared, and critiqued your
chosen material, you may consider whether these studies
• Demonstrate the topic’s chronological development.
• Show different approaches to the problem.
• Show an ongoing debate.
• Center on a “seminal” study or studies.
• Demonstrate a “paradigm shift.”
23. ANALYZING: PUTTING IT ALL
TOGETHER
• What do researchers KNOW about this field?
• What do researchers NOT KNOW?
• Why should we (further) study this topic?
• What will my study contribute?
25. THESIS STATEMENTS
The thesis statement offers an argument about the
literature. It may do any of or a combination of the
following:
• Offer an argument and critical assessment of the literature
(i.e. topic + claim).
• Provide an overview of current scholarly conversations.
• Point out gaps or weaknesses in the literature.
• Relate the literature to the larger aim of the study.
26. EXAMPLES: THESIS
STATEMENTS
1) In spite of these difficulties we believe that preservice elementary art teachers
and classroom teachers need some knowledge of stage theories of children’s
development…[then goes on to review theories of development]
2) Research on the meaning and experience of home has proliferated over the past
two decades, particularly within the disciplines of sociology, anthropology,
psychology, human geography, history, architecture and philosophy. . . . Many
researchers now understand home as a multidimensional concept and
acknowledge the presence of and need for multidisciplinary research in the
field. However, with the exception of two exemplary articles by Després (1991)
and Somerville (1997) few have translated this awareness into genuinely,
interdisciplinary studies of the meaning of home.
27. CHRONOLOGICAL:
CHARACTERISTICS
• Lists studies in terms of chronological
development
• Useful when the field displays clear
development over a period of time
• Linear progression
• Paradigm shift
28. CHRONOLOGICAL: TYPICAL
LANGUAGE
• This subject was first studied by X, who
argued/found…
• In (date), Y modified/extended/contradicted X’s
work by…
• Today, research by Z represents the current state of
the field.
29. INTRODUCTIONS
• Indicate scope of the literature review.
• Provide some background to the topic.
• Demonstrate the importance or need for research.
• Make a claim.
• Offer an overview/map of the ensuing discussion.
30. EXAMPLE: INTRODUCTION
• There is currently much controversy over how nonhuman
primates understand the behavior of other animate beings. On
the one hand, they might simply attend to and recall the
specific actions of others in particular contexts, and therefore,
when that context recurs, be able to predict their behavior
(Tomasello & Call, 1994, 1997). On the other hand, they might
be able to understand something of the goals or intentions of
others and thus be able to predict others’ behaviors in a host of
novel circumstances. Several lines of evidence (e.g., involving
processes of social learning; Tomasello, 1997) and a number of
anecdotal observations (e.g., Savage-Rumbaugh, 1984) have
been adduced on both sides of the question, but few studies
directly address the question: Do nonhuman primates
understand the intentions of others?
31. CONCLUSIONS
• Summarize the main findings of your review.
• Provide closure.
• Explain “so what?”
• Implications for future research.
OR
• Connections to the current study.
32. EXAMPLE: CONCLUSION
• In summary, although there is some suggestive evidence
that chimpanzees may understand others’ intentions, there
are also negative findings (e.g., Povinelli et al., 1998) and a
host of alternative explanations. As a consequence,
currently it is not clear whether chimpanzees (or other
nonhuman primates) distinguish between intentional and
accidental actions performed by others. In contrast, there
are several studies indicating that children as young as 14
months of age have some understanding of others’
intentions, but the lack of comparative studies makes it
difficult to know how children compare to apes. This study
is the first to directly compare children, chimpanzees, and
orangutans with the use of a nonverbal task in which the
subjects were to discriminate between the experimenter’s
intentional and accidental actions.
33. CITING SOURCES
If it’s not your own idea (and not common knowledge)—DOCUMENT
IT!
• Paraphrase key ideas.
• Use quotations sparingly.
• Introduce quotations effectively.
• Use proper in-text citation to document the source of ideas.
• Maintain accurate bibliographic records.
35. EXAMPLES: CITING
SOURCES
• Quoting: Despite pleasant depictions of home life in art, the fact
remains that for most Seventeenth-century Dutch women, the home
represented a curtailment of some degree of independence. Art historian
Laurinda Dixon writes that “for the majority of women, however, home
was a prison, though a prison made bearable by love and approval”
(1995, p. 136 ).
• Paraphrasing: Despite pleasant depictions of home life in art, the fact
remains that for most Seventeenth-century Dutch women, the home
represented a curtailment of some degree of independence. Art historian
Laurinda Dixon argues that the home actually imprisoned most women.
She adds that this prison was made attractive by three things: the
prescriptions of doctors of the day against idleness, the praise given
diligent housewives, and the romantic ideal based on love and respect
(1995, p. 136).
37. SOME TIPS ON REVISING
• Title: Is my title consistent with the content of my paper?
• Introduction: Do I appropriately introduce my review?
• Thesis: Does my review have a clear claim?
• Body: Is the organization clear? Have I provided headings?
• Topic sentences: Have I clearly indicated the major idea(s) of each paragraph?
• Transitions: Does my writing flow?
• Conclusion: Do I provide sufficient closure? (see p. 10)
• Spelling and Grammar: Are there any major spelling or grammatical mistakes?
38. WRITING A LITERATURE
REVIEW:
IN SUMMARY
• As you read, try to see the “big picture”—your literature review
should provide an overview of the state of research.
• Include only those source materials that help you shape your
argument. Resist the temptation to include everything you’ve
read!
• Balance summary and analysis as you write.
• Keep in mind your purpose for writing:
• How will this review benefit readers?
• How does this review contribute to your study?
• Be meticulous about citations.