This document provides guidance on writing an effective literature review. It discusses the purpose and characteristics of literature reviews, and outlines a process for conducting a literature review that includes planning, reading and researching sources, analyzing existing research, and drafting the review. Key steps covered are determining the focus and scope, summarizing and synthesizing sources, comparing and critiquing studies, and considering organizational patterns for structuring the review. The document also provides examples and advice for developing an introduction, conclusion, and properly citing sources.
Role of review of literature in research processKrishnanchalil
Review of literature is the edifice of any level of research. So, a clear idea about how to review literature, its importance, major pitfalls in reviewing and other related issues are the subject of this slide
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process.
Literature review helps the researcher to get used to the related material on the study
Gives an overview of the field of inquiry on what has been already said about the topic.
Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research paper’s investigation.
It also provide the knowledge about the problems faced by the previous researchers’ while studying same topic
Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
Chapter - 1
The Law of Attraction
The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th
Role of review of literature in research processKrishnanchalil
Review of literature is the edifice of any level of research. So, a clear idea about how to review literature, its importance, major pitfalls in reviewing and other related issues are the subject of this slide
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process.
Literature review helps the researcher to get used to the related material on the study
Gives an overview of the field of inquiry on what has been already said about the topic.
Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research paper’s investigation.
It also provide the knowledge about the problems faced by the previous researchers’ while studying same topic
Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
Chapter - 1
The Law of Attraction
The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th
Research Presentation instructions Research Question andCitation.docxdebishakespeare
Research Presentation instructions
Research Question andCitations
The Research Presentation begins with a research question and a bibliographic search. You should identify 2 to 4 studies that address the same research question. Please send your References to me with citations written in APA style --see APA Manual of Style, 6th ed. -- no later than the date listed in the Calendar. I will use your Research Question to peruse the titles to make sure they look like original reports of empirical studies that are all on the same research question, and I will do an APA check on one of your citations. No grade will be taken; however, part of your presentation grade depends on using appropriate articles and writing your References page in APA style. If you are in doubt about whether a study is an "original report of an empirical study," feel free to attach it to the Citations and RQ email. Please start early on this assignment and plan to spend several hours searching for the right kind of articles that are all on the same research question. If you need assistance with APA style, please consult the Kail and Cavanaugh text References for many examples of APA-style reference citations.
A sampling of possible topics is listed here, but please feel free to examine other topics of interest. It helps to define your topic in terms of the “effects of X on Y in Z population.” For example:
Effects of X...
...on Y...
...in Z population
Example Research Questions
pretend play, parenting conflict, violence, divorce, alcoholism, daycare, self-esteem, social isolation, untimely death of family member, homelessness, early reading, eating disorders
intelligence, creativity, school achievement, social well-being language development, attachment, identity, physical health, dating practices
preschoolers, elementary school students, children, high school students, infants, adolescents, seniors, young adults
1. What are the effects of pretend play on language development in preschoolers?
2. What are the effects of pretend play on school achievement in elementary school students.
3. What are the effects of family violence on social well-being in adolescents?
4. What are the effects of peer pressure on academic achievement in middle-schoolers?
NB: Please make sure that the items you choose for each "variable" in your research question work together sensibly.
Examples of relevant journals at the ISU Cunningham Memorial Library include: Developmental Psychology, Human Development, Infancy, Adolescence, Child Development, Social Development, Childhood and Adolescence, Family and Community Health, Family Relations and Child Development, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, Journal of Educational Psychology, Journal of Child Language. There are many other journals that also publish empirical reports of studies on human development. Increasingly, reputable journals are available online. If you have a question about a given source, ...
This presentation has been made for those who intends to write their thesis or dissertation in the level of masters and Ph.D. I have done this only for the sake of Allah!
Theoretical framework, also called conceptual framework is an structure that describes the relationships between variables. The theoretical framework links the researcher's work with the theory on the basis of which the research has been carried out.
Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error.
English 102 Rhetorical Analysis Writing Project 2 R.docxSALU18
English 102 Rhetorical Analysis Writing Project 2
Relevant course readings:
Laura Bolin Carroll: “Backpacks vs. Briefcases: Steps toward Rhetorical Analysis” Kerry Dirk:
“Navigating Genres”
Keith GrantDavie: “Rhetorical Situations and Their Constituents”
Due dates:
Response draft (at least 1300 words for full credit) due: (one copy uploaded to Moodle; two hard
copies brought to class for exchange):
Feedback letters/response groups meet: (letters uploaded and brought to class):
Polished draft (at least 1600 words for full credit): (in hard copy, delivered in class):
For the second major writing project of the semester, you’ll produce a comparative rhetorical
analysis by choosing between two different options—scientific or political discourse—and
finding and comparing two instances of rhetorical discourse. Whatever option you select, you’ll
need to address the same questions as you develop your understanding of rhetorical discourse
and the way different discourses address differences in rhetorical situation:
1. The question of exigence: What is the discourse about? What need or purpose does the
discourse address? What fundamental values are at stake? What is the discourse trying to
accomplish—and how successful is it?
2. The question of the rhetor: Who is—or are—the rhetor or rhetors? Who is responsible for the
discourse? Who created it? Does the rhetor successfully establish ethos? Why or why not? How
does the discourse itself invoke a particular rhetor? Who sponsored the discourse, and how?
3. The question of audience: For whom is the discourse intended? To whom would this
discourse appeal? Who is the actual audience, and who is the audience invoked or imagined by
the discourse itself? Does the discourse invite the audience to adopt a new role, a new identity?
4. The question of constraints: What constraints did the rhetor have to take into account—what
factors outside of the discourse and beyond the rhetor’s control might influence the audience’s
response to the discourse? Are they negative or positive constraints? How did the rhetor
accommodate those constraints? Was the rhetor successful?
5. The question of genre: What is the genre of the text, and what purpose does this genre
typically serve? How do audience expectations of the genre contribute to our understanding of
the exigence, the intended audience, and the rhetor? What constraints does the genre
introduce?
These constituents of rhetorical situations aren’t an outline for your project; you won’t march
through each of them in succession in the body of your project. Rather, they’re your initial
research questions that will help you to analyze thoroughly the rhetorical dimensions of the texts
you select.
The form and structure of your project will depend, finally, on a refined research question that
will develop out of your research and your understanding of how your chosen texts work.
Project Options:
...
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Research Presentation instructions Research Question andCitation.docxdebishakespeare
Research Presentation instructions
Research Question andCitations
The Research Presentation begins with a research question and a bibliographic search. You should identify 2 to 4 studies that address the same research question. Please send your References to me with citations written in APA style --see APA Manual of Style, 6th ed. -- no later than the date listed in the Calendar. I will use your Research Question to peruse the titles to make sure they look like original reports of empirical studies that are all on the same research question, and I will do an APA check on one of your citations. No grade will be taken; however, part of your presentation grade depends on using appropriate articles and writing your References page in APA style. If you are in doubt about whether a study is an "original report of an empirical study," feel free to attach it to the Citations and RQ email. Please start early on this assignment and plan to spend several hours searching for the right kind of articles that are all on the same research question. If you need assistance with APA style, please consult the Kail and Cavanaugh text References for many examples of APA-style reference citations.
A sampling of possible topics is listed here, but please feel free to examine other topics of interest. It helps to define your topic in terms of the “effects of X on Y in Z population.” For example:
Effects of X...
...on Y...
...in Z population
Example Research Questions
pretend play, parenting conflict, violence, divorce, alcoholism, daycare, self-esteem, social isolation, untimely death of family member, homelessness, early reading, eating disorders
intelligence, creativity, school achievement, social well-being language development, attachment, identity, physical health, dating practices
preschoolers, elementary school students, children, high school students, infants, adolescents, seniors, young adults
1. What are the effects of pretend play on language development in preschoolers?
2. What are the effects of pretend play on school achievement in elementary school students.
3. What are the effects of family violence on social well-being in adolescents?
4. What are the effects of peer pressure on academic achievement in middle-schoolers?
NB: Please make sure that the items you choose for each "variable" in your research question work together sensibly.
Examples of relevant journals at the ISU Cunningham Memorial Library include: Developmental Psychology, Human Development, Infancy, Adolescence, Child Development, Social Development, Childhood and Adolescence, Family and Community Health, Family Relations and Child Development, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, Journal of Educational Psychology, Journal of Child Language. There are many other journals that also publish empirical reports of studies on human development. Increasingly, reputable journals are available online. If you have a question about a given source, ...
This presentation has been made for those who intends to write their thesis or dissertation in the level of masters and Ph.D. I have done this only for the sake of Allah!
Theoretical framework, also called conceptual framework is an structure that describes the relationships between variables. The theoretical framework links the researcher's work with the theory on the basis of which the research has been carried out.
Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness to controlling sources of bias and error.
English 102 Rhetorical Analysis Writing Project 2 R.docxSALU18
English 102 Rhetorical Analysis Writing Project 2
Relevant course readings:
Laura Bolin Carroll: “Backpacks vs. Briefcases: Steps toward Rhetorical Analysis” Kerry Dirk:
“Navigating Genres”
Keith GrantDavie: “Rhetorical Situations and Their Constituents”
Due dates:
Response draft (at least 1300 words for full credit) due: (one copy uploaded to Moodle; two hard
copies brought to class for exchange):
Feedback letters/response groups meet: (letters uploaded and brought to class):
Polished draft (at least 1600 words for full credit): (in hard copy, delivered in class):
For the second major writing project of the semester, you’ll produce a comparative rhetorical
analysis by choosing between two different options—scientific or political discourse—and
finding and comparing two instances of rhetorical discourse. Whatever option you select, you’ll
need to address the same questions as you develop your understanding of rhetorical discourse
and the way different discourses address differences in rhetorical situation:
1. The question of exigence: What is the discourse about? What need or purpose does the
discourse address? What fundamental values are at stake? What is the discourse trying to
accomplish—and how successful is it?
2. The question of the rhetor: Who is—or are—the rhetor or rhetors? Who is responsible for the
discourse? Who created it? Does the rhetor successfully establish ethos? Why or why not? How
does the discourse itself invoke a particular rhetor? Who sponsored the discourse, and how?
3. The question of audience: For whom is the discourse intended? To whom would this
discourse appeal? Who is the actual audience, and who is the audience invoked or imagined by
the discourse itself? Does the discourse invite the audience to adopt a new role, a new identity?
4. The question of constraints: What constraints did the rhetor have to take into account—what
factors outside of the discourse and beyond the rhetor’s control might influence the audience’s
response to the discourse? Are they negative or positive constraints? How did the rhetor
accommodate those constraints? Was the rhetor successful?
5. The question of genre: What is the genre of the text, and what purpose does this genre
typically serve? How do audience expectations of the genre contribute to our understanding of
the exigence, the intended audience, and the rhetor? What constraints does the genre
introduce?
These constituents of rhetorical situations aren’t an outline for your project; you won’t march
through each of them in succession in the body of your project. Rather, they’re your initial
research questions that will help you to analyze thoroughly the rhetorical dimensions of the texts
you select.
The form and structure of your project will depend, finally, on a refined research question that
will develop out of your research and your understanding of how your chosen texts work.
Project Options:
...
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Graduate Writing Center
All types of writing
All stages of the writing process
One-on-one consultations (50 min)
Hours posted Fridays at 4pm
See brochure for scheduling information
3. Goals of the Workshop
To help you understand the purpose and basic
requirements of an effective literature review.
To help you critically assess research materials.
To develop strategies for inventing, organizing,
and drafting a literature review.
To help you cite sources appropriately.
4. Purpose of a Literature Review
The literature review is a critical look at the existing
research that is significant to the work that you are
carrying out.
To provide background information
To establish importance
To demonstrate familiarity
To “carve out a space” for further research
5. Characteristics of
Effective Literature Reviews
Outlining important research trends
Assessing the strengths and weaknesses of
existing research
Identifying potential gaps in knowledge
Establishing a need for current and/or future
research projects
6. Steps for Writing a Lit Review
Planning
Reading and Research
Analyzing
Drafting
Revising
8. Planning
Focus
What is the specific thesis, problem, or research
question that my literature review helps to define?
Identifying a focus that allows you to:
Sort and categorize information
Eliminate irrelevant information
Type
What type of literature review am I conducting?
Theory; Methodology; Policy; Quantitative;
Qualitative
9. Planning
Scope
What is the scope of my literature review?
What types of sources am I using?
Academic Discipline
What field(s) am I working in?
10. Reflection
Take a moment to answer each of the questions in
the “Planning” section of your packet about a
literature review you are currently working on or
plan to work on.
How many of the questions could you answer?
What questions did this short exercise raise for
you?
12. Reading and Researching
Collect and read material.
Summarize sources.
Who is the author?
What is the author's main purpose?
What is the author’s theoretical perspective? Research
methodology?
Who is the intended audience?
What is the principal point, conclusion, thesis, contention, or
question?
How is the author’s position supported?
How does this study relate to other studies of the problem or
topic?
What does this study add to your project?
Select only relevant books and articles.
14. Analyzing Sources
A literature review is never just a list of
studies—it always offers an argument about a
body of research
Analysis occurs on two levels:
Individual sources
Body of research
15. Four Analysis Tasks of the
Literature Review
TASKS OF
LITERATURE
REVIEW
SUMMARIZE SYNTHESIZE CRITIQUE COMPARE
16. Summary and Synthesis
In your own words, summarize and/or
synthesize the key findings relevant to your
study.
What do we know about the immediate area?
What are the key arguments, key characteristics,
key concepts or key figures?
What are the existing debates/theories?
What common methodologies are used?
17. Sample Language for
Summary and Synthesis
Normadin has demonstrated…
Early work by Hausman, Schwarz, and Graves
was concerned with…
Elsayed and Stern compared algorithms for
handling…
Additional work by Karasawa et. al, Azadivar,
and Parry et. al deals with…
18. Example: Summary and Synthesis
Under the restriction of small populations, four
possible ways [to avoid premature convergence]
were presented. The first one is to revise the gene
operators. . . .Griffiths and Miles applied advanced
two-dimensional gene operators to search the
optimal cross-section of a beam and significantly
improve results. The second way is to adjust gene
probability. Leite and Topping adopted a variable
mutation probability and obtained an outperformed
result.
19. Example: Summary and Synthesis
Piaget’s theory of stages of cognitive development
and Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
are commonly used for educational psychology
courses (Borich & Tombari, 1997; LeFrancois,
1997; Slavin, 1997). Piaget described characteristic
behaviors, including artistic ones such as drawing,
as evidence of how children think and what children
do as they progress beyond developmental
milestones into and through stages of development.
20. Comparison and Critique
Evaluates the strength and weaknesses of the
work:
How do the different studies relate? What is new, different,
or controversial?
What views need further testing?
What evidence is lacking, inconclusive, contradicting, or
too limited?
What research designs or methods seem unsatisfactory?
21. Sample Language for
Comparison and Critique
In this ambitious but flawed study, Jones and
Wang…
These general results, reflecting the stochastic
nature of the flow of goods, are similar to those
reported by Rosenblatt and Roll…
22. Example: Comparison and Critique
The critical response to the poetry of Phillis Wheatley often
registers disappointment or surprise. Some critics have
complained that the verse of this African American slave is
insecure (Collins 1975, 78), imitative (Richmond 1974, 54-
66), and incapacitated (Burke 1991, 33, 38)—at worst, the
product of a “White mind” (Jameson 1974, 414-15). Others,
in contrast, have applauded Wheatley’s critique of Anglo-
American discourse(Kendrick 1993,222-23), her revision of
literary models…
23. Example: Comparison and Critique
The situationist model has also received its share
of criticism. One of the most frequently cited
shortcomings of this approach centers around the
assumption that individuals enter into the work
context tabula rasa.
25. Analyzing: Putting It All Together
Once you have summarized, synthesized, compared,
and critiqued your chosen material, you may
consider whether these studies
Demonstrate the topic’s chronological development.
Show different approaches to the problem.
Show an ongoing debate.
Center on a “seminal” study or studies.
Demonstrate a “paradigm shift.”
26. Analyzing: Putting It All Together
What do researchers KNOW about this field?
What do researchers NOT KNOW?
Why should we (further) study this topic?
What will my study contribute?
27. Exercise 1:
Balancing Summary and Analysis
Look at the first example on p. 8 of your packet.
What strategies might the author use to better synthesize this
information?
Compare this example to the example below.
How does the second example improve some of the
problems of the first?
29. Drafting: An Overview
To help you approach your draft in a
manageable fashion, this section addresses
the following topics:
Exigency
Thesis Statement
Organization
Introduction and conclusion
Citations
30. Thesis Statements
The thesis statement offers an argument about
the literature. It may do any of or a
combination of the following:
Offer an argument and critical assessment of the literature
(i.e. topic + claim).
Provide an overview of current scholarly conversations.
Point out gaps or weaknesses in the literature.
Relate the literature to the larger aim of the study.
31. Examples: Thesis Statements
1) In spite of these difficulties we believe that preservice elementary art
teachers and classroom teachers need some knowledge of stage
theories of children’s development…[then goes on to review theories
of development]
2) Research on the meaning and experience of home has proliferated
over the past two decades, particularly within the disciplines of
sociology, anthropology, psychology, human geography, history,
architecture and philosophy. . . . Many researchers now understand
home as a multidimensional concept and acknowledge the presence
of and need for multidisciplinary research in the field. However, with
the exception of two exemplary articles by Després (1991) and
Somerville (1997) few have translated this awareness into genuinely,
interdisciplinary studies of the meaning of home.
32. Examples: Thesis Statements
3) Polyvalency refers to the simultaneous binding of multiple ligands on
one entity to multiple receptors on another. Polyvalent interactions are
ubiquitous in nature, with examples including the attachment of
viruses to target cells, bacteria to cells, cells to other cells, and the
binding of antibodies to pathogens. . . . In this article, I review recent
developments in polyvalency and discuss the numerous opportunities
for chemical engineers to make contributions to this exciting field,
whose applications include drug discovery, tissue engineering, and
nanofabrication.
4) In this article, we review and critique scholarship on place-based
education in order to consider the ingredients of a critical place-based
pedagogy for the arts and humanities. . . We begin by reviewing
ecohumanism's call for a more locally responsive education in light of
the marginalization of place and community…
33. Organization
Five common approaches to organizing the
body of your paper include:
Topical
Distant to close
Debate
Chronological
Seminal Study
34. Topical: Characteristics
Most common approach
Breaks the field into a number of subfields,
subject areas, or approaches
Discusses each subsection individually, sometimes
with critiques of each
Most useful for organizing a large body of
literature that does not have one or two studies
that stand out as most important or a clear
chronological development
35. Topical: Typical Language
Three important areas of this field have received
attention: A, B, C.
A has been approached from two perspectives F
and G.
The most important developments in terms of B
have been…
C has also been an important area of study in this
field.
36. Distant to Close: Characteristics
A type of topical organization, with studies
grouped by their relevance to current research.
Starts by describing studies with general
similarities to current research and ends with
studies most relevant to the specific topic.
Most useful for studies of methods or models.
37. Distant to Close: Typical Language
Method/Model M (slightly similar to current
research) addresses …
Drawing upon method/model N (more similar to
current research) can help . . .
This study applies the procedure used in
method/model O (most similar to current research)
to . . .
38. Debate: Characteristics
Another type of topical approach, with a
chronological component.
Emphasizes various strands of research in which
proponents of various models openly criticize one
another.
Most useful when clear opposing positions are
present in the literature.
39. Debate: Typical Language
There have been two (three, four, etc.) distinct
approaches this problem.
The first model posits…
The second model argues that the first model is
wrong for three reasons. Instead, the second model
claims…
40. Chronological: Characteristics
Lists studies in terms of chronological
development
Useful when the field displays clear
development over a period of time
Linear progression
Paradigm shift
41. Chronological: Typical Language
This subject was first studied by X, who
argued/found…
In (date), Y modified/extended/contradicted X’s
work by…
Today, research by Z represents the current state
of the field.
42. Seminal Study: Characteristics
Begins with detailed description of extremely
important study.
Later work is organized using another pattern.
Most useful when one study is clearly most
important or central in laying the groundwork for
future research.
43. Seminal Study: Typical Language
The most important research on this topic was the
study by X in (date).
Following X’s study, research fell into two camps
(extended X’s work, etc.)
44. Exercise 2:
Organizational Patterns
Review the four examples on p. 10-11 of your
packet and answer the following questions:
Can you identify the organizational pattern for
each of the four samples?
Do you recognize these from your field?
Which one are you most likely to use?
45. Introductions
Indicate scope of the literature review.
Provide some background to the topic.
Demonstrate the importance or need for
research.
Make a claim.
Offer an overview/map of the ensuing
discussion.
46. Example: Introduction
There is currently much controversy over how nonhuman primates
understand the behavior of other animate beings. On the one hand, they
might simply attend to and recall the specific actions of others in particular
contexts, and therefore, when that context recurs, be able to predict their
behavior (Tomasello & Call, 1994, 1997). On the other hand, they might
be able to understand something of the goals or intentions of others and
thus be able to predict others’ behaviors in a host of novel circumstances.
Several lines of evidence (e.g., involving processes of social learning;
Tomasello, 1997) and a number of anecdotal observations (e.g., Savage-
Rumbaugh, 1984) have been adduced on both sides of the question, but
few studies directly address the question: Do nonhuman primates
understand the intentions of others?
47. Conclusions
Summarize the main findings of your
review.
Provide closure.
Explain “so what?”
Implications for future research.
OR
Connections to the current study.
48. Example: Conclusion
In summary, although there is some suggestive evidence that
chimpanzees may understand others’ intentions, there are also negative
findings (e.g., Povinelli et al., 1998) and a host of alternative
explanations. As a consequence, currently it is not clear whether
chimpanzees (or other nonhuman primates) distinguish between
intentional and accidental actions performed by others. In contrast,
there are several studies indicating that children as young as 14 months
of age have some understanding of others’ intentions, but the lack of
comparative studies makes it difficult to know how children compare
to apes. This study is the first to directly compare children,
chimpanzees, and orangutans with the use of a nonverbal task in which
the subjects were to discriminate between the experimenter’s
intentional and accidental actions.
49. Citing Sources
If it’s not your own idea (and not common
knowledge)—DOCUMENT IT!
Paraphrase key ideas.
Use quotations sparingly.
Introduce quotations effectively.
Use proper in-text citation to document the source of ideas.
Maintain accurate bibliographic records.
50. Citing Sources: Things to Avoid
Plagiarism
Irrelevant quotations.
Un-introduced quotations.
51. Examples: Citing Sources
Quoting: Despite pleasant depictions of home life in art, the fact
remains that for most Seventeenth-century Dutch women, the home
represented a curtailment of some degree of independence. Art
historian Laurinda Dixon writes that “for the majority of women,
however, home was a prison, though a prison made bearable by love
and approval” (1995, p. 136 ).
Paraphrasing: Despite pleasant depictions of home life in art, the fact
remains that for most Seventeenth-century Dutch women, the home
represented a curtailment of some degree of independence. Art
historian Laurinda Dixon argues that the home actually imprisoned
most women. She adds that this prison was made attractive by three
things: the prescriptions of doctors of the day against idleness, the
praise given diligent housewives, and the romantic ideal based on love
and respect (1995, p. 136).
53. Some Tips on Revising
Title: Is my title consistent with the content of my paper?
Introduction: Do I appropriately introduce my review?
Thesis: Does my review have a clear claim?
Body: Is the organization clear? Have I provided headings?
Topic sentences: Have I clearly indicated the major idea(s)
of each paragraph?
Transitions: Does my writing flow?
Conclusion: Do I provide sufficient closure? (see p. 10)
Spelling and Grammar: Are there any major spelling or
grammatical mistakes?
54. Writing a Literature Review:
In Summary
As you read, try to see the “big picture”—your literature
review should provide an overview of the state of research.
Include only those source materials that help you shape
your argument. Resist the temptation to include everything
you’ve read!
Balance summary and analysis as you write.
Keep in mind your purpose for writing:
How will this review benefit readers?
How does this review contribute to your study?
Be meticulous about citations.
55. Thank You For Joining Us!
Please feel welcome to visit us for an individual
consultation on your literature review or other
writing project. To schedule an appointment, see
the URL listed on the front page of your packet.
Please return the evaluation
as you leave.