The current trend in automotive industry is to achieve compact, efficient, reliable systems. Engine timing drives
used in engines are one of the most critical systems. Timing belts are subjected to excessive elongation and
wear, while timing gears contribute excess mass and inertia in the system. Hence timing chains are preferred
widely, in various high performance engines. Chain drives are easy to assemble and adjust, highly efficient,
durable, reliable, compact and capable of attaining a wide range of power and speed capacities. In spite of these
advantages their complex dynamic behaviour is not well researched. With the improvement of the speed and
load of the automotive engine, and silent chain technology, as silent chain has a compact structure, high
transmitting efficiency, high reliability and high wear resistance, its vibration and noise is low, and the silent
chain have the advantage of life-long maintenance-free, it significant overcomes the gear drive and belt drive
performance, therefore, the silent chain is increasingly widely used in automotive engine timing system. In this
present review dynamic analysis as well as analysis of automotive engines timing silent chain system are
studied
This document describes an automatic transmission gearbox designed for light vehicles like motorbikes. It consists of three centrifugal clutches of varying spring tensions and a gear assembly with three different gear ratios. As engine speed increases, the clutches engage sequentially, connecting gears with higher ratios to maintain efficient power transfer at higher speeds. This overcomes issues with continuous variable transmissions by replacing belts and pulleys with a more compact and efficient centrifugal clutch and gear system. The transmission allows automatic shifting as speed increases without any driver input, making driving simpler and reducing accidents.
The document discusses automobile engines. It begins by classifying engines based on the type of fuel used, ignition type, operating cycle, number of strokes, valve location, design, cylinder arrangement, air intake, cooling type, and application. The main components of an internal combustion engine are then described, including the cylinder, cylinder head, piston, valves, manifolds, connecting rod, crank, flywheel, engine block, cam, piston rings, and crankcase. Four-stroke petrol and diesel engine cycles are illustrated and compared. Two-stroke petrol and diesel engines are also discussed and compared to four-stroke engines.
1. The document discusses the design of a new engine coolant testing rig built in association with ARAI to test materials under high pressure and temperature.
2. The old rig lacked safety features, automation, and had problems with leakage. The new rig addresses these issues with a touchscreen interface, alarms, automated readings, and improved piping and insulation.
3. The new rig is more compact and safe to operate while still providing accurate results according to industry standards. It aims to eliminate human intervention and downtime through the use of modern technologies.
This document provides an overview of different types of gear boxes used in automobiles. It discusses the necessity of a gear box in providing varying torque levels for starting, climbing hills, accelerating, and pulling loads. The main types described are epicyclic, progressive, and selective gear boxes. Selective gear boxes include constant mesh, synchromesh, and sliding mesh varieties. Constant mesh gear boxes are explained in detail, with all gears constantly engaged through a main shaft, while dog clutches select different gears.
IRJET- Fabrication of Organic Wastage Cutter and SprayerIRJET Journal
The document proposes a design for an organic waste cutter and sprayer machine that utilizes various mechanical components like a hopper, rotating plate, motor, chain drive, sprocket, and gear arrangement to cut and uniformly spray organic agricultural waste into the ground. It aims to build healthy soil by using organic fertilizers derived from waste materials as inputs. The design aims to help reduce waste and improve agricultural conditions in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner.
This document outlines the course details for an 8th semester Automobile Engineering class, including 6 modules covering topics like engines, transmissions, brakes, and electrical systems. Students will complete assignments, 8 experiments, and a written test as part of their term work and be evaluated based on a 3 hour theory exam worth 100 marks. The course aims to provide knowledge of automotive components and recent electronic control trends in the industry.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Braking System for Baja All-Terrain-VehicleIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of the braking system for an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) that will compete in Baja racing events. It discusses selecting components like the brake pedal, master cylinder, brake lines, disc brakes and rotors to create a system that is compact, lightweight, reliable and able to stop the vehicle under various conditions. Stainless steel is chosen as the material for the brake rotors because it has favorable properties like strength, weight and heat dissipation for enduring the high temperatures the brakes may experience during long races. The goal is to design an effective braking system while meeting the strict size and weight constraints of the competition.
This document provides an overview of different braking systems used in vehicles. It discusses mechanical, air/pneumatic, hydraulic, drum, disk, vacuum, and magnetic braking systems. Mechanical brakes use linkages to transfer brake force, while air/pneumatic, hydraulic, and vacuum brakes use air, brake fluid, or vacuum pressure respectively to transmit brake force over longer distances or with higher force. Drum brakes use pads that press outward against a rotating drum, while disk brakes use calipers to squeeze pads against a disk. Magnetic brakes generate braking through magnetic fields without friction.
This document describes an automatic transmission gearbox designed for light vehicles like motorbikes. It consists of three centrifugal clutches of varying spring tensions and a gear assembly with three different gear ratios. As engine speed increases, the clutches engage sequentially, connecting gears with higher ratios to maintain efficient power transfer at higher speeds. This overcomes issues with continuous variable transmissions by replacing belts and pulleys with a more compact and efficient centrifugal clutch and gear system. The transmission allows automatic shifting as speed increases without any driver input, making driving simpler and reducing accidents.
The document discusses automobile engines. It begins by classifying engines based on the type of fuel used, ignition type, operating cycle, number of strokes, valve location, design, cylinder arrangement, air intake, cooling type, and application. The main components of an internal combustion engine are then described, including the cylinder, cylinder head, piston, valves, manifolds, connecting rod, crank, flywheel, engine block, cam, piston rings, and crankcase. Four-stroke petrol and diesel engine cycles are illustrated and compared. Two-stroke petrol and diesel engines are also discussed and compared to four-stroke engines.
1. The document discusses the design of a new engine coolant testing rig built in association with ARAI to test materials under high pressure and temperature.
2. The old rig lacked safety features, automation, and had problems with leakage. The new rig addresses these issues with a touchscreen interface, alarms, automated readings, and improved piping and insulation.
3. The new rig is more compact and safe to operate while still providing accurate results according to industry standards. It aims to eliminate human intervention and downtime through the use of modern technologies.
This document provides an overview of different types of gear boxes used in automobiles. It discusses the necessity of a gear box in providing varying torque levels for starting, climbing hills, accelerating, and pulling loads. The main types described are epicyclic, progressive, and selective gear boxes. Selective gear boxes include constant mesh, synchromesh, and sliding mesh varieties. Constant mesh gear boxes are explained in detail, with all gears constantly engaged through a main shaft, while dog clutches select different gears.
IRJET- Fabrication of Organic Wastage Cutter and SprayerIRJET Journal
The document proposes a design for an organic waste cutter and sprayer machine that utilizes various mechanical components like a hopper, rotating plate, motor, chain drive, sprocket, and gear arrangement to cut and uniformly spray organic agricultural waste into the ground. It aims to build healthy soil by using organic fertilizers derived from waste materials as inputs. The design aims to help reduce waste and improve agricultural conditions in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner.
This document outlines the course details for an 8th semester Automobile Engineering class, including 6 modules covering topics like engines, transmissions, brakes, and electrical systems. Students will complete assignments, 8 experiments, and a written test as part of their term work and be evaluated based on a 3 hour theory exam worth 100 marks. The course aims to provide knowledge of automotive components and recent electronic control trends in the industry.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Braking System for Baja All-Terrain-VehicleIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of the braking system for an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) that will compete in Baja racing events. It discusses selecting components like the brake pedal, master cylinder, brake lines, disc brakes and rotors to create a system that is compact, lightweight, reliable and able to stop the vehicle under various conditions. Stainless steel is chosen as the material for the brake rotors because it has favorable properties like strength, weight and heat dissipation for enduring the high temperatures the brakes may experience during long races. The goal is to design an effective braking system while meeting the strict size and weight constraints of the competition.
This document provides an overview of different braking systems used in vehicles. It discusses mechanical, air/pneumatic, hydraulic, drum, disk, vacuum, and magnetic braking systems. Mechanical brakes use linkages to transfer brake force, while air/pneumatic, hydraulic, and vacuum brakes use air, brake fluid, or vacuum pressure respectively to transmit brake force over longer distances or with higher force. Drum brakes use pads that press outward against a rotating drum, while disk brakes use calipers to squeeze pads against a disk. Magnetic brakes generate braking through magnetic fields without friction.
This document describes a design for modifying a tractor to achieve zero or minimum turning radius. The key aspects are:
1. It replaces the tractor's transmission and braking system with a hydraulic circuit using two independent hydraulic motors to allow the wheels to rotate in opposite directions for zero-turning.
2. The design retains power steering for regular turns and adds hydraulic tie rods connected to the steering arms to enable extending the front wheels outward for zero-turning mode.
3. Detailed calculations are provided for the hydraulic system components including pumps, motors, cylinders and hoses to enable zero-turning operation within the constraints of the original tractor design.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Hybrid Go-KartIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a hybrid go-kart. The hybrid go-kart uses both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor to improve fuel efficiency. Testing showed the IC engine alone achieved 35km/liter, the electric motor alone achieved 15km on a full battery charge, and the hybrid system achieved 50km total. The hybrid go-kart was designed with a parallel hybrid configuration, using a 98cc 2-stroke gasoline engine and a 48V 1500W brushless DC electric motor. It was built with an open frame chassis and features such as disc brakes, a 3.75L fuel tank, and a 48V battery pack made of four 12V batteries. The hybrid system is
The document discusses timing belt and auxiliary drive systems used in modern automotive engines. It provides an overview of timing belt and chain systems, explaining the components and operation of manual and automatic timing belt tensioners. It also discusses the multi-V belt used to drive multiple engine accessories and the importance of the cooling system, specifically the water pump. The document focuses on technology and material changes that have increased the performance and lifespan of modern timing belt and auxiliary drive components.
Recently, permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) having the diameter of 11inches was successfully developed and installed in electric scooter vehicle (ESV) for propulsion. It consists of segmented stators of 24 armature slots and 100 pieces of permanent magnet of 2 kg weight mounted on rotating rotor. Upon the huge amount of materials and permanent magnet used, PMSM produced 110Nm only. Looking at the size, this torque is low and could not sustain acceleration for long distance travels. To overcome the challenge of low torque, this paper presents a new machine type, flux switching motor (FSM) with 1 kg weight of permanent magnet flux source employing segmented outer rotor. Six ranges of split ratio of 0.80-0.85 for outer rotor 24slot-14pole FSPM motor configurations were designed and compared. The 2D-FEA by JMAG software version 14 is used to examine its performance in term of flux linkage, cogging torque, back-emf and average torque which the structure with split ratio of 0.85 took lead by securing highest torque profile of 209Nm. It also achieved low cogging torque to operate in safe region. In conclusion, appropriate split ratio significantly enhances high torque capability of permanent magnet flux switching motor for electric scooter propulsion.
This document describes the fabrication of a multipurpose dryer. It consists of a heating element, DC motor, blower, frame, battery, bearings, gears, and a heater control system. The blower blows hot air from the heating element to dry crops using the motor and gear system. The dryer can also be used as a room heater and is portable. It aims to provide a low-cost option for drying crops without using much energy.
IRJET- Individual Wheel Control and Hand Brake SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes an individual wheel control and hand brake system for vehicles. It begins with an abstract that outlines an innovative idea to replace the traditional brake lever with a switch-type hand braking system. This would help overcome issues like lever jamming. It then provides details on how the system works, which includes a brake pedal, master cylinder, brake drum, control switch, and brake lines. The control switch can control the pressure of brake oil passing through it to individually apply brakes to wheels. Advantages over traditional hand brakes include more effective braking ability and ability to brake individual wheels, such as if one is stuck in mud. The document also provides background information on hydraulic braking systems, master cylinders, and
The document discusses the design and function of an electro-mechanical power steering system. It provides details on the key components such as the electric motor, sensors, control unit, and how they work together to assist steering. The system aims to provide power assistance proportionate to driving conditions while conveying steering feedback to the driver.
Servomotor based electronic steering system in four wheeler vehicles by means...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In Olden Days Steering Mechanisms Developed To Turn A Vehicle At A Certain Radius While Negotiating A Turn Had A Greater
Steering Gear Ratio. For A Small Rotation Of The Steering Gear The Steering Wheel Had To Be Given A Greater Effort For
Larger Degree Of Rotation Than That Of The Steering Gear Inorder To Develop Torque For Turning The Vehicle. To Reduce The
Effort At The Steering Wheel, Power Steering Was Developed In The 18th Century. It Not Only Made Steering Easier But Also
Increased The Accuracy In Steering A Four Wheeled Vehicle. Precision Turning In Four Wheeled Vehicles Not Only Prevents The
Vehicle From Skidding But Also Prevents Road Accidents. Various Other Mechanisms Were Also Established For Reducing The
Steering Effort And Precision Turning Including Hydraulics As Well As Electronic Type. Taking Into Account The Various
Systems Of Steering As Well As Using A Bit Of Electronics And Microcontroller Application A Modern Technique Can Be
Developed Using A Servomotor, An Accelerometer And A Microprocessor For An Increased Precision In Steering Of A Vehicle
Which May Be Termed As The “Accelerometer Driven Servomotor Based Steering Gear” Or “A.S. Steering Gear”. In This
Paper, I Shall Discuss How To Use An Accelerometer To Control A Servomotor Inorder To Help In Steering Of A Vehicle By
Means Of Basic Microcontroller Applications And Programming.
Keywords— Servomotor, Accelerometer, Fundamental Law Of Correct Gearing, Steering Gear Ratio,
Microprocessor, Analog To Digital Conversion, Pulse Width Modulation, Rack And Pinion Assembly
This document analyzes materials for an automatic transmission gear in a BMW M4. It discusses dual clutch transmissions, gear stresses, and material properties to consider like strength, hardness, cost, elasticity, and density. Five materials are proposed for analysis: SAE 950X, SAE 4340H, SAE 4720H, XM023, and CFRP. SAE 950X is a high-strength, low-alloy steel with trace alloying elements to enhance properties without heat treatment.
This document describes modeling and simulation of a shock absorber test rig. It discusses the need to minimize vibrations in vehicles for improved comfort and handling. The objective is to design a universal process to measure shock absorber performance through mathematical modeling, FEM analysis, physical tests on a test rig, and Python analysis. The test rig was designed to test shock absorbers up to 3000kg with 40mm of displacement. Simulation results from Python analysis showed displacement and load values within 3-15% of physical test rig values, demonstrating the model's ability to simulate the rig. The conclusion is that this process can help evaluate damping system performance for research and development.
Design and Analysis of Drive System with Slip Ring Induction Motor for Electr...IJPEDS-IAES
The use of Squirrel Cage Motor for Traction has revolutionised the motive power of a Locomotive. The Asynchronous Motor is rugged, has high starting Torque, very smooth Voltage and Speed control as compared to a DC Series Motor. When looking at the Traction perspective, a Wound Rotor Induction Motor can be an alternative to the Squirrel Cage Motor as it has higher starting Torque at lower starting current and better efficiency than a Squirrel Cage Motor. The Slip Power Recovery scheme also plays a proactive role as there can be substantial savings of energy in case of a Wound Rotor Induction Motor as the Slip Power recovered can be used to drive the Auxiliary Loads of the Locomotive and also for powering the trailing Passenger Cars. A detailed design and analysis of a Drive System with Wound Rotor Induction Motor for Electric Traction is presented in this Research Paper.
IRJET- Analysis and Design of a Formula SAE PowertrainIRJET Journal
The document analyzes and designs the powertrain system for a Formula SAE race car. It discusses:
1. Choosing the Honda CBR250R single-cylinder engine over the CBR600RR four-cylinder engine due to its lighter weight, better fuel efficiency, and ability to stay in the power band longer.
2. Designing the intake system, including determining the optimal intake runner length of 250mm through simulation to achieve high volumetric efficiency. A 1L plenum was considered but removed due to weak throttle response and idling issues.
3. Replacing the stock camshafts with higher-duration cams to shift the power band higher, requiring adjusting the idle
The document discusses key principles related to vehicle braking systems, including:
1) Kinetic energy increases with mass and speed, requiring more powerful brakes for heavier and faster vehicles. Brakes convert kinetic energy into heat through friction.
2) Weight transfers forward during braking, increasing load on front brakes which provide most of the stopping power.
3) Levers provide mechanical advantage, increasing the force applied through the brake system. Common pedal ratios multiply force by 5.
4) Friction allows brakes to stop a vehicle, with coefficients affected by material type and surface finish/contact area.
IRJET- Survey on Gear Shifting Strategies in the VehiclesIRJET Journal
The document discusses gear shifting strategies in vehicles. It provides an overview of manual and automatic transmissions. For manual transmissions, the driver operates the clutch and shifts gears. Automatic transmissions electronically change gears based on speed without driver input. The document also reviews recent research on improving manual shift quality and developing automated manual transmissions. It describes how automated systems reduce effort and ensure smooth gear changes but are more complex than manual. Electromagnetic systems are presented as an alternative for situations requiring frequent shifting.
1) The document describes a student project to design a simplified hydraulic braking system for an electric vehicle due to congestion preventing a direct connection between the brake pedal and booster.
2) The proposed system uses a hydraulic transmitter and receiver to transmit the energy applied to the pedal to the master cylinder. A test model was built with supports to withstand forces and ensure proper alignment of components.
3) Testing showed the wheel could be fully braked by the system as it transmitted force applied to the pedal through hydraulic pressure to actuate the brake pads, providing an alternative solution for vehicles with space constraints.
The document discusses various ignition and fuel injection systems used in automobiles. It describes the basic components and functioning of magneto ignition systems, battery coil ignition systems, and electronic ignition systems. It also discusses ignition system components like the distributor, condenser, contact breaker, ignition coil, centrifugal and vacuum advance mechanisms, and spark plugs. For fuel injection systems, it introduces feedback carburetor systems and throttle body injection (TBI) systems, explaining how they use sensors and electronic control units to continuously monitor and adjust the air-fuel ratio to improve emissions and engine performance.
The document discusses different types of braking systems used in vehicles. It describes that brakes work by converting kinetic energy of a moving vehicle into heat energy through friction. The main types of brakes are mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, and electric brakes. Hydraulic brakes use liquid pressure in a closed system to apply braking force while pneumatic brakes use compressed air. Disc brakes and drum brakes are common brake types that use pads or shoes to create friction on a rotor or drum respectively to slow the vehicle.
The document discusses an emergency braking system for automobiles that uses infrared sensors and a pneumatic braking circuit to stop a vehicle traveling at 50 km/h within 2-3 seconds. It then provides details on the principles and components of braking systems, including types of brakes, factors that affect braking performance, and driver reaction time. Drum brakes are described as applying friction from stationary shoe(s) inside a rotating drum attached to the wheel.
Mathematical Model and Programming in VBA Excel for Package CalculationIJERA Editor
This document presents a mathematical model and programming in VBA Excel to automate the calculation of package selection for parts in a production process. It describes calculating the maximum number of parts that can fit in different package sizes and orientations to determine the best package based on factors like demand, economic order quantity, inventory levels, and weight limits. The model simplifies part shapes to parallelepipeds for calculation and uses formulas to quantify parts in packages by comparing dimensions. Graphical output shows how packages would be filled to validate the model, which is limited to parts where simplified dimensions do not exceed actual volumes by more than 15%. The automated process aims to increase efficiency in logistics planning.
Adaptive Fuzzy PID Based Control Strategy For 3Phase 4Wire Shunt Active Filte...IJERA Editor
The document presents a new control strategy for controlling a shunt active power filter to compensate for reactive power and reduce current harmonics in a grid connected to a renewable energy based distribution system. The proposed control strategy uses a fuzzy PID controller to determine the reference compensating currents for a three-phase shunt active power filter. Simulations in MATLAB/Simulink show that the controller has fast dynamic response, accurately tracks the DC voltage reference, and is robust to load parameter variations. The fuzzy PID controller hybridizes classical PID and fuzzy control to exploit the benefits of both.
This document describes a design for modifying a tractor to achieve zero or minimum turning radius. The key aspects are:
1. It replaces the tractor's transmission and braking system with a hydraulic circuit using two independent hydraulic motors to allow the wheels to rotate in opposite directions for zero-turning.
2. The design retains power steering for regular turns and adds hydraulic tie rods connected to the steering arms to enable extending the front wheels outward for zero-turning mode.
3. Detailed calculations are provided for the hydraulic system components including pumps, motors, cylinders and hoses to enable zero-turning operation within the constraints of the original tractor design.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Hybrid Go-KartIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of a hybrid go-kart. The hybrid go-kart uses both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor to improve fuel efficiency. Testing showed the IC engine alone achieved 35km/liter, the electric motor alone achieved 15km on a full battery charge, and the hybrid system achieved 50km total. The hybrid go-kart was designed with a parallel hybrid configuration, using a 98cc 2-stroke gasoline engine and a 48V 1500W brushless DC electric motor. It was built with an open frame chassis and features such as disc brakes, a 3.75L fuel tank, and a 48V battery pack made of four 12V batteries. The hybrid system is
The document discusses timing belt and auxiliary drive systems used in modern automotive engines. It provides an overview of timing belt and chain systems, explaining the components and operation of manual and automatic timing belt tensioners. It also discusses the multi-V belt used to drive multiple engine accessories and the importance of the cooling system, specifically the water pump. The document focuses on technology and material changes that have increased the performance and lifespan of modern timing belt and auxiliary drive components.
Recently, permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) having the diameter of 11inches was successfully developed and installed in electric scooter vehicle (ESV) for propulsion. It consists of segmented stators of 24 armature slots and 100 pieces of permanent magnet of 2 kg weight mounted on rotating rotor. Upon the huge amount of materials and permanent magnet used, PMSM produced 110Nm only. Looking at the size, this torque is low and could not sustain acceleration for long distance travels. To overcome the challenge of low torque, this paper presents a new machine type, flux switching motor (FSM) with 1 kg weight of permanent magnet flux source employing segmented outer rotor. Six ranges of split ratio of 0.80-0.85 for outer rotor 24slot-14pole FSPM motor configurations were designed and compared. The 2D-FEA by JMAG software version 14 is used to examine its performance in term of flux linkage, cogging torque, back-emf and average torque which the structure with split ratio of 0.85 took lead by securing highest torque profile of 209Nm. It also achieved low cogging torque to operate in safe region. In conclusion, appropriate split ratio significantly enhances high torque capability of permanent magnet flux switching motor for electric scooter propulsion.
This document describes the fabrication of a multipurpose dryer. It consists of a heating element, DC motor, blower, frame, battery, bearings, gears, and a heater control system. The blower blows hot air from the heating element to dry crops using the motor and gear system. The dryer can also be used as a room heater and is portable. It aims to provide a low-cost option for drying crops without using much energy.
IRJET- Individual Wheel Control and Hand Brake SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes an individual wheel control and hand brake system for vehicles. It begins with an abstract that outlines an innovative idea to replace the traditional brake lever with a switch-type hand braking system. This would help overcome issues like lever jamming. It then provides details on how the system works, which includes a brake pedal, master cylinder, brake drum, control switch, and brake lines. The control switch can control the pressure of brake oil passing through it to individually apply brakes to wheels. Advantages over traditional hand brakes include more effective braking ability and ability to brake individual wheels, such as if one is stuck in mud. The document also provides background information on hydraulic braking systems, master cylinders, and
The document discusses the design and function of an electro-mechanical power steering system. It provides details on the key components such as the electric motor, sensors, control unit, and how they work together to assist steering. The system aims to provide power assistance proportionate to driving conditions while conveying steering feedback to the driver.
Servomotor based electronic steering system in four wheeler vehicles by means...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In Olden Days Steering Mechanisms Developed To Turn A Vehicle At A Certain Radius While Negotiating A Turn Had A Greater
Steering Gear Ratio. For A Small Rotation Of The Steering Gear The Steering Wheel Had To Be Given A Greater Effort For
Larger Degree Of Rotation Than That Of The Steering Gear Inorder To Develop Torque For Turning The Vehicle. To Reduce The
Effort At The Steering Wheel, Power Steering Was Developed In The 18th Century. It Not Only Made Steering Easier But Also
Increased The Accuracy In Steering A Four Wheeled Vehicle. Precision Turning In Four Wheeled Vehicles Not Only Prevents The
Vehicle From Skidding But Also Prevents Road Accidents. Various Other Mechanisms Were Also Established For Reducing The
Steering Effort And Precision Turning Including Hydraulics As Well As Electronic Type. Taking Into Account The Various
Systems Of Steering As Well As Using A Bit Of Electronics And Microcontroller Application A Modern Technique Can Be
Developed Using A Servomotor, An Accelerometer And A Microprocessor For An Increased Precision In Steering Of A Vehicle
Which May Be Termed As The “Accelerometer Driven Servomotor Based Steering Gear” Or “A.S. Steering Gear”. In This
Paper, I Shall Discuss How To Use An Accelerometer To Control A Servomotor Inorder To Help In Steering Of A Vehicle By
Means Of Basic Microcontroller Applications And Programming.
Keywords— Servomotor, Accelerometer, Fundamental Law Of Correct Gearing, Steering Gear Ratio,
Microprocessor, Analog To Digital Conversion, Pulse Width Modulation, Rack And Pinion Assembly
This document analyzes materials for an automatic transmission gear in a BMW M4. It discusses dual clutch transmissions, gear stresses, and material properties to consider like strength, hardness, cost, elasticity, and density. Five materials are proposed for analysis: SAE 950X, SAE 4340H, SAE 4720H, XM023, and CFRP. SAE 950X is a high-strength, low-alloy steel with trace alloying elements to enhance properties without heat treatment.
This document describes modeling and simulation of a shock absorber test rig. It discusses the need to minimize vibrations in vehicles for improved comfort and handling. The objective is to design a universal process to measure shock absorber performance through mathematical modeling, FEM analysis, physical tests on a test rig, and Python analysis. The test rig was designed to test shock absorbers up to 3000kg with 40mm of displacement. Simulation results from Python analysis showed displacement and load values within 3-15% of physical test rig values, demonstrating the model's ability to simulate the rig. The conclusion is that this process can help evaluate damping system performance for research and development.
Design and Analysis of Drive System with Slip Ring Induction Motor for Electr...IJPEDS-IAES
The use of Squirrel Cage Motor for Traction has revolutionised the motive power of a Locomotive. The Asynchronous Motor is rugged, has high starting Torque, very smooth Voltage and Speed control as compared to a DC Series Motor. When looking at the Traction perspective, a Wound Rotor Induction Motor can be an alternative to the Squirrel Cage Motor as it has higher starting Torque at lower starting current and better efficiency than a Squirrel Cage Motor. The Slip Power Recovery scheme also plays a proactive role as there can be substantial savings of energy in case of a Wound Rotor Induction Motor as the Slip Power recovered can be used to drive the Auxiliary Loads of the Locomotive and also for powering the trailing Passenger Cars. A detailed design and analysis of a Drive System with Wound Rotor Induction Motor for Electric Traction is presented in this Research Paper.
IRJET- Analysis and Design of a Formula SAE PowertrainIRJET Journal
The document analyzes and designs the powertrain system for a Formula SAE race car. It discusses:
1. Choosing the Honda CBR250R single-cylinder engine over the CBR600RR four-cylinder engine due to its lighter weight, better fuel efficiency, and ability to stay in the power band longer.
2. Designing the intake system, including determining the optimal intake runner length of 250mm through simulation to achieve high volumetric efficiency. A 1L plenum was considered but removed due to weak throttle response and idling issues.
3. Replacing the stock camshafts with higher-duration cams to shift the power band higher, requiring adjusting the idle
The document discusses key principles related to vehicle braking systems, including:
1) Kinetic energy increases with mass and speed, requiring more powerful brakes for heavier and faster vehicles. Brakes convert kinetic energy into heat through friction.
2) Weight transfers forward during braking, increasing load on front brakes which provide most of the stopping power.
3) Levers provide mechanical advantage, increasing the force applied through the brake system. Common pedal ratios multiply force by 5.
4) Friction allows brakes to stop a vehicle, with coefficients affected by material type and surface finish/contact area.
IRJET- Survey on Gear Shifting Strategies in the VehiclesIRJET Journal
The document discusses gear shifting strategies in vehicles. It provides an overview of manual and automatic transmissions. For manual transmissions, the driver operates the clutch and shifts gears. Automatic transmissions electronically change gears based on speed without driver input. The document also reviews recent research on improving manual shift quality and developing automated manual transmissions. It describes how automated systems reduce effort and ensure smooth gear changes but are more complex than manual. Electromagnetic systems are presented as an alternative for situations requiring frequent shifting.
1) The document describes a student project to design a simplified hydraulic braking system for an electric vehicle due to congestion preventing a direct connection between the brake pedal and booster.
2) The proposed system uses a hydraulic transmitter and receiver to transmit the energy applied to the pedal to the master cylinder. A test model was built with supports to withstand forces and ensure proper alignment of components.
3) Testing showed the wheel could be fully braked by the system as it transmitted force applied to the pedal through hydraulic pressure to actuate the brake pads, providing an alternative solution for vehicles with space constraints.
The document discusses various ignition and fuel injection systems used in automobiles. It describes the basic components and functioning of magneto ignition systems, battery coil ignition systems, and electronic ignition systems. It also discusses ignition system components like the distributor, condenser, contact breaker, ignition coil, centrifugal and vacuum advance mechanisms, and spark plugs. For fuel injection systems, it introduces feedback carburetor systems and throttle body injection (TBI) systems, explaining how they use sensors and electronic control units to continuously monitor and adjust the air-fuel ratio to improve emissions and engine performance.
The document discusses different types of braking systems used in vehicles. It describes that brakes work by converting kinetic energy of a moving vehicle into heat energy through friction. The main types of brakes are mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, and electric brakes. Hydraulic brakes use liquid pressure in a closed system to apply braking force while pneumatic brakes use compressed air. Disc brakes and drum brakes are common brake types that use pads or shoes to create friction on a rotor or drum respectively to slow the vehicle.
The document discusses an emergency braking system for automobiles that uses infrared sensors and a pneumatic braking circuit to stop a vehicle traveling at 50 km/h within 2-3 seconds. It then provides details on the principles and components of braking systems, including types of brakes, factors that affect braking performance, and driver reaction time. Drum brakes are described as applying friction from stationary shoe(s) inside a rotating drum attached to the wheel.
Mathematical Model and Programming in VBA Excel for Package CalculationIJERA Editor
This document presents a mathematical model and programming in VBA Excel to automate the calculation of package selection for parts in a production process. It describes calculating the maximum number of parts that can fit in different package sizes and orientations to determine the best package based on factors like demand, economic order quantity, inventory levels, and weight limits. The model simplifies part shapes to parallelepipeds for calculation and uses formulas to quantify parts in packages by comparing dimensions. Graphical output shows how packages would be filled to validate the model, which is limited to parts where simplified dimensions do not exceed actual volumes by more than 15%. The automated process aims to increase efficiency in logistics planning.
Adaptive Fuzzy PID Based Control Strategy For 3Phase 4Wire Shunt Active Filte...IJERA Editor
The document presents a new control strategy for controlling a shunt active power filter to compensate for reactive power and reduce current harmonics in a grid connected to a renewable energy based distribution system. The proposed control strategy uses a fuzzy PID controller to determine the reference compensating currents for a three-phase shunt active power filter. Simulations in MATLAB/Simulink show that the controller has fast dynamic response, accurately tracks the DC voltage reference, and is robust to load parameter variations. The fuzzy PID controller hybridizes classical PID and fuzzy control to exploit the benefits of both.
Optimization and simulation of a New Low Density Parity-Check Decoder using t...IJERA Editor
The Low Density Parity-Check codes are one of the hottest topics in coding theory nowadays equipped with
very fast encoding and decoding algorithms, LDPC are very attractive both theoretically and practically.In this
article, we present a simulation of a work that has been accepted in an international journal. The newalgorithm
allows us to correct errors quickly and without iterations. We show that the proposed algorithm simulation can
be applied for both regular and irregular LDPC codes. First, we developed the design of the syndrome Block
Second, we generated and simulated the hardware description language source code using Quartus software
tools, and finally we show low complexity compared to the basic algorithm.
The Critical Flow back Velocity in Hydraulic-Fracturing Shale Gas WellsIJERA Editor
The loss of prop pant during the flow back process in hydraulic fracturing treatments has been a problem for
many years. The effectiveness of the fracture treatment is reduced. A well cleanup is often required to remove
the unwanted proppant from the wellbore to re-establish production. Among several techniques available to
reduce the prop pant loss, controlling flow back velocity within a critical range is an essential measure.
The objective of this study is to determine the critical flow back velocity under different confining pressures in
the propped fractures of different thicknesses. This objective is achieved based experimental studies conducted
in a specially designed apparatus.
For a fracture with a given width, the closure stress helps hold the proppant in place. This is due to the friction
force that is proportional to the normal force created by the closure stress. The critical flow back velocity
necessary to mobilize the proppant therefore increases with closure stress. However, the stress effect may be
influenced by the shape of solid particles and friction coefficient of solid. Under the condition of constant
closure stress, a narrow fracture holds proppant better than a wide fracture, resulting in increased critical flow
back velocity. This is interpreted to be due to the “tighter” packing of proppant in narrow fractures.
This project "VULNERABLE HUNTER" application main aim is to detect risk in our mobile applications. This
application contains modules like Fetch Application, Generate Score, Uninstall and Display Graph. Through this
application it detects risk so that this application is very useful to smart phone users Now-a-days so many people
are using smart phones and people are crazy about new apps. But by installing all the applications into our
mobile may reduce its performance. Some apps contain more risk. But user may not know the effects that are
caused by the app which is installed until the performance of mobile is reduced. With the prosperity of
the Android app economy, many apps have been published and sold in various markets. However, short
development applications and insufficient security development apps have led to many vulnerable apps. So to
reduce these type of problems Vulnerable Hunter is proposed. Through the proposed application user can see
which application is risky and then the user may uninstall that application. The main advantage of designing this
app is without internet also the users will use this application. Users also feel more convenient to work with
mobile apps.
Study of Key Factors Determinant Choice of Rail-Based Mass TransitIJERA Editor
Pursuant to regulations of the Ministry of Transportation in 2002 about the type of transport based on the city
size, the metropolis with a population of more than 1 million inhabitants are required to have the urban mass
transit. Nevertheless, until now not all city-scale population of more than 1 million have mass public transport,
either bus or rail-based. Especially for rail-based mass transit, indicated the existing regulations have not been
able to challenge the development of rail-based urban mass transit. Learning from the literature study and the
experience of countries that already have rail-based urban mass transit it has acquired nine main factors to be
taken into account in developing a rail-based urban public transportation. This study was conducted by using
Analytical Hierarchy Process method which was further validated through the implementation of the On Focus
Group Discussion in the Jakarta City Transportation Council (DTKJ) as well as in the City Development
Planning Board (Bappeko) Surabaya. Finally, the initial result shown five sequences determining factor for the
determinant choice of rail-based mass transit, namely: fiscal or economic capacity of the region and society,
transport policy, integrated public transport, land use, fare and travel time. Furthermore, the acquisition results
of this study can be applied to the selected cities to address the challenges to urban mass transit development.
An Experimental Investigation for Wear Rate Optimization on Different Gear Ma...IJERA Editor
An Experimental Investigation for Wear Rate Optimization on Different Gear Materials (EN8, 8620 & MILD
STEEL) Using Hardening.” mainly focuses on the mechanical design and analysis of gearbox as transmit the
power and live long life. Gears play an essential role in the performance of many products that we rely on in
our everyday lives. Gears are mainly used in lathes machines, automobiles and all torque transmitting units. The
improved mechanical properties achieved by hardening process. This research focuses on optimizing wear rate
of different gear materials using hardening process. The main Objective of this research is to find out the best
material for manufacturing gear by hardening process.
Radix-3 Algorithm for Realization of Discrete Fourier TransformIJERA Editor
In this paper, a new radix-3 algorithm for realization of discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of length N = 3m (m =
1, 2, 3,...) is presented. The DFT of length N can be realized from three DFT sequences, each of length N/3. If
the input signal has length N, direct calculation of DFT requires O (N
2
) complex multiplications (4N
2
real
multiplications) and some additions. This radix-3 algorithm reduces the number of multiplications required for
realizing DFT. For example, the number of complex multiplications required for realizing 9-point DFT using the
proposed radix-3 algorithm is 60. Thus, saving in time can be achieved in the realization of proposed algorithm.
Hybridization of Meta-heuristics for Optimizing Routing protocol in VANETsIJERA Editor
The goal of VANET is to establish a vehicular communication system which is reliable and fast which caters to
road safety and road safety. In VANET where network fragmentation is frequent with no central control, routing
becomes a challenging task. Planning an optimal routing plan for tuning parameter configuration of routing
protocol for setting up VANET is very crucial. This is done by defining an optimization problem where
hybridization of meta-heuristics is defined. The paper contributes the idea of combining meta-heuristic
algorithm to enhance the performance of individual search method for optimization problem.
Distributed Large Dataset Deployment with Improved Load Balancing and Perform...IJERA Editor
Cloud computing is a prototype for permitting universal, appropriate, on-demand network access. Cloud is a
method of computing where enormously scalable IT-enabled proficiencies are delivered „as a service‟ using
Internet tools to multiple outdoor clients. Virtualization is the establishment of a virtual form of something such
as computing device or server, an operating system, or network devices and storage device. The different names
for cloud data management are DaaS Data as a service, Cloud Storage, and DBaaS Database as a service. Cloud
storage permits users to store data, information in documents formats. iCloud, Google drive, Drop box, etc. are
most common and widespread cloud storage methods. The main challenges connected with cloud database are
fault tolerance, scalability, data consistency, high availability and integrity, confidentiality and many more.
Load balancing improves the performance of the data center. We propose an architecture which provides load
balancing to the cloud database. We introduced a load balancing server which calculates the load of the data
center using our proposed algorithm and distributes the data accordingly to the different data centers.
Experimental results showed that it also improve the performance of the cloud system.
Development of Recycled Aggregates In The Implementation ofthe Concrete:Liter...IJERA Editor
Civil engineering is rapidly evolving with the natural, political and environmental development. Due to
a shortage of natural resources, to sustainable development and environmental certificationsrequirements,
recycling of aggregates is increasingly valued.Research is done everywhere in the world (in 2016, more
than a hundred doctoral subjects were proposed in this sense) in order to normalize the use of recycled aggregates,
specify the domain and restrictionsof using concrete constructions design protocols based on recycled
aggregates.Since the 80s, researches are based on the type of the recycled (concrete aggregates,
remains aggregates , glass, rubbers…) and the percentage of it compared to natural aggregates to
study the influence on the basic characteristics of concrete..
The main characteristics studied are the porosity of the concrete, the tensile strength and the compressive
strength. In comparison with natural aggregates, concrete based on recycled aggregates has
lower resistance values of approximately 20% but has better thermal characteristics than about 5% .These
characteristics are basic for the dimensioning especially of the carrier elements so they are demanding
bettertechnical and experimental studies to determine the optimum proportion of recycled aggregates for use in
the preparation of concrete.
In Morocco, recycled aggregates, does not have any specific standards, and is used mainly in roads
and pavements construction. Even if it’s not normalized this use is not recent, in 1999 during the rehabilitation
of the expressway road from Casablanca which was severely damaged on both channels,
the authorities have opted for the reuse of aggregates instead of reloading the existing pavement with
a new one.
The chosen alternative combinesthe replacement of existing material by a bituminous mixture and a
cold instead reprocessing depending of differences of damage and requirement on the structural capacity for
slow and fast lanes.This paper, part of my doctoral research, discusses different aspects of the problem beginning
with a brief description of the advantages of recycling in all of the levels: social, economic… and a review
of the international and national standards in terms of construction and demolition waste generated, recycled
aggregates producedand their utilization in concrete. It also gives a benchmarking of the engineering properties
of recycled aggregates and concludes by proposing some market opportunities and development paths and potential
uses of recycled aggregates
A Novel Feature Extraction Scheme for Medical X-Ray ImagesIJERA Editor
X-ray images are gray scale images with almost the same textural characteristic. Conventional texture or color
features cannot be used for appropriate categorization in medical x-ray image archives. This paper presents a
novel combination of methods like GLCM, LBP and HOG for extracting distinctive invariant features from Xray
images belonging to IRMA (Image Retrieval in Medical applications) database that can be used to perform
reliable matching between different views of an object or scene. GLCM represents the distributions of the
intensities and the information about relative positions of neighboring pixels of an image. The LBP features are
invariant to image scale and rotation, change in 3D viewpoint, addition of noise, and change in illumination A
HOG feature vector represents local shape of an object, having edge information at plural cells. These features
have been exploited in different algorithms for automatic classification of medical X-ray images. Excellent
experimental results obtained in true problems of rotation invariance, particular rotation angle, demonstrate that
good discrimination can be achieved with the occurrence statistics of simple rotation invariant local binary
patterns.
Determination of Stress Concentration factor in Linearly Elastic Structures w...IJERA Editor
Stress concentration is the localization of stress around stress raisers. Sudden changes in the geometry of
structures give rise to stress values that are higher than those obtained by elementary equations of solid
mechanics. Therefore the evaluation of stress state at such locations needs specialized techniques such as Finite
Element Method (FEM).The finite element method is a numerical procedure that can be used to obtain solution
to a large variety of engineering problems such as structural, thermal, heat transfer, electromagnetism and fluid
flow.
In the present investigation, focus has been kept on the finite element modeling and determination of stress
concentration factor (SCF) in linearly elastic structures with different stress-raisers such as circular and elliptical
holes and double semicircular notch at different locations in a finite plate. The results obtained from FEM are
compared with those obtained by analytical relations as given in literature. A commercially available finite
element solver ANSYS has been used for the modeling and analysis in the investigation. Throughout the
investigation, plane82, which is an eight node two-dimensional element is used for the discretization.
Contemporary Trends for the Development of the Production ZonesIJERA Editor
The basic concept for the construction of such zones is to create conditions for concentration the existing
procedures in one place and contribute to discovering, developing and creating the new ones. Contributions are
very heterogeneous, starting from planning and development of common infrastructure to creation of the new
jobs. Except this, industrial zones promote modern entrepreneurship, which is based in a modern structure and
has the opportunity for permanent development and introduction of advanced technologies. The trend of
increasing number of international companies working on Macedonian market, as well as the positive
development of Macedonian businesses companies, will contribute to increase investments in industrial
property.
Eccentrically Loaded Small Scale Ring Footing on Resting on Cohesionless SoilIJERA Editor
A number of works have been carried out for the evaluation of a ultimate bearing capacity of shallow
foundation, supported by geogrid reinforced sand and subjected to centric load. Few experimental studies have
been made on the calculation of bearing capacity of shallow foundation on geogrid-reinforced sand under
eccentric loading. However these studies are for strip footings. This paper presents the behavior of ring footing
under eccentric loading on sand. The model tests have been conducted using ring footing with ring radii ratio
(Di/Do) = 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 for varring eccentricity ratio. Parametric studies have been made to find the impact of
eccentricity ratio, ring radii ratio and geogrid reinforcement on bearing capacity of the foundation.
Link Reliability based Detection and Predecessor base Route Establishment for...IJERA Editor
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is consists of mobile hosts or sensor nodes proficient of functioning in
absence of infrastructure. Such networks should be capable of self forming, self organizing, self managing, self
recovering, and able to operate under dynamic conditions. The multi-hop communication phenomenon is used
to sending information to receiver. To attain this, each mobile node depends on its neighbor or range node to
forward the data packet to the destination. In fact, most of previous studies on MANET have implicitly assumed
that nodes are cooperative such as node cooperation becomes a very important issue in MANET. The attacker in
dynamic network are easily affected the routing performance and data receiving ratio is affected as compared to
normal performance of network as well as dropping of data is enhanced. The packets percentage is degrades is
the confirmation of attacker misbehavior. The characteristics of wormhole attack is to making the tunnel and
reply the positive acknowledgement of destination at time of route request and drop all the data deliver through
tunnel. The attacker is identified by the past and current data receiving and forwarding in MANET. The
proposed IPS (Intrusion Detection and Prevention System) provides the security on the basis of link reliability.
In this work, we proposed new link reliability based security through Predecessor based Route Establishment of
detecting routing misbehavior of wormhole attack for prevention in MANET. The attacker is blocked through
the broadcasting scheme used by proposed prevention scheme from their actual identification to neighbors. The
security provider nodes are blocking the communication of attacker and provide the secure communication
among the mobile nodes. The performance of proposed scheme is evaluated through performance metrics like
PDR and throughput.
Design and Implementation of Fixed Point Arithmetic UnitIJERA Editor
This document summarizes the design and implementation of a fixed point arithmetic unit. The unit was designed using Verilog HDL and incorporates an adder, multiplier, and subtractor. It represents real numbers in Qn.m format, where n is the number of bits before the binary point and m is the number of bits after. Simulation and synthesis were performed using ModelSim, Cadence IUS, and RTL Compiler. The physical design targeted a 180nm technology node in Cadence SoC Encounter. The synthesized design consumed 1.524mW of power and required an area of 20823.26um^2.
FT-IR and FT-Raman spectral analysis of 2-amino – 4,6- dimethylpyrimidineIJERA Editor
Normal coordinate calculations of 2-amino-4,6-dimetylpyrimidine have been carried out using wilson’s FG
matix mechanism on the basis of General valence force field (GVFF) for both in-plane and out-of-plane
vibrations. The potential energy constants obtained in this study are refined using numerical methods.
Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer from Two Different Cylinders in Tand...IJERA Editor
A two dimensional technique has been studied numerically to predict the heat transfer from two different cylinders
in tandem arrangement (one is circular and the other is elliptical) using finite element technique with RNG k-ε turbulent
model, taking into consideration the effect of gap ratio (L/Deq ) and Reynolds number , where the distance between
the centers of cylinders is L (L=30 mm and 37 mm), the equivalent diameter of cylinder is Deq=22.5mm and
the range of Reynolds number is 2x103
< Reeq < 21x103 .The commercial CFD software FLUENT was used to get
the thermofluid characteristics (temperature, velocity, kinetic energy and pressure contours ,coefficient of friction ,
heat transfer coefficient , Stanton number …… etc) of the flow around cylinders. The dependency of the heat transfer
coefficient, Stanton number (Sta), pressure drop, and friction factor for circular and elliptical cylinders on the gap
ratio is clear from the results. Results show that, for circular cross section, the heat transfer coefficient is increased as
velocity, and gap ratio increase. On the other hand Sta decreased as velocity increase. The pressure drop and hence
the friction factor increase for circular cylinder as gap ratio increases. For elliptical tube the heat transfer and Sta are
relatively equal to that for circular one at the same gap ratio, but the overall power consumption and friction factor
for elliptical tube is lower than that of circular one. As the elliptical cylinder fixed on the second position the heat
transfer and Sta
increase, on the other hand the pressure drop and hence the friction factor decreases. For all studied
arrangements the highest heat transfer is observed for the arrangement of circular-first and elliptical-second cylinder
and the minimum pressure drop and hence the friction factor are for the elliptical one
This document provides information about a machine dynamics course taught by Dr. Muhammad Wasif. It discusses v-belts and their advantages such as transmitting power over long distances and absorbing shock. V-belts can transmit more power than flat belts due to their wedging action but are less efficient for a single belt. The document also covers v-belt limitations, applications, calculations, examples, timing belts, and references.
IRJET-Springless Type Magnetic SuspensionIRJET Journal
This document describes a springless magnetic suspension system. Some key points:
- It uses permanent magnets arranged in a repulsion configuration to levitate and support a pipe without physical contact.
- The suspension has two main parts - the magnet assembly and a frame. Links connect the magnet assembly to a lever on the frame.
- Testing showed the suspension's stiffness could be varied from 1.3-2.6 N/mm depending on the applied load, providing cushioning.
- Magnetic suspension offers advantages over traditional springs like less vibration and flexibility to adjust damping for different needs. It provides a smoother, more comfortable ride than other suspension types.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Chain Drive Power Transmission from Station...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a chain drive power transmission system that can transmit power from a stationary source to oscillating devices. The system uses a modified chain with conical teeth that can automatically slide and lock into conical sockets on a driven wheel as the wheel oscillates between -45° and +45°. The design includes a chain section, driver section, and driven section. An analysis of the chain section was conducted using ANSYS software to evaluate stresses and ensure optimal performance. The results show this alternating transmission system can replace machines using multiple drives with a single drive and has applications where power needs to be transmitted to oscillating mechanisms.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Design & Installation of Hydraulically operated clutchIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and installation of a hydraulically operated clutch for a motorcycle. It discusses the advantages of a hydraulic clutch over a mechanical clutch, including reduced effort required for gear changes, smoother shifting, and increased clutch life. The methodology section outlines the components used, including a clutch lever, master cylinder, slave cylinder, and hydraulic lines. It also includes a diagram of the system. The working of the hydraulic clutch is then explained, noting how pressure is transferred via fluid to disengage the clutch plates. Calculations are shown for the design of the master cylinder to meet the force requirements. The installation on a Honda Stunner motorcycle is described and testing found the hydraulic clutch required less effort to operate with
This document summarizes research on continuously variable transmissions (CVTs). It discusses the basic components and operation of belt-driven and chain-driven CVTs. The document outlines the history and development of CVTs. It notes advantages like improved fuel efficiency and performance over traditional transmissions. Challenges in earlier CVT designs are described, such as belt slipping. The document discusses ongoing research focused on CVT control systems to optimize performance and efficiency. Different types of CVT control strategies, including ratio control and classical vs advanced control, are also summarized.
IRJET- Optimization Technique of Epicyclic Gear Train and Failure of Gears: A...IRJET Journal
This document reviews optimization techniques for epicyclic gear trains and common failures of gears. It discusses how finite element analysis and optimization tools can be used to optimize gearbox design and reduce weight. Some key points:
- Epicyclic gear trains have advantages like high torque capacity, compact size, and efficiency, but also have challenges like high bearing loads.
- Common gear failures include surface wear, cracking, pitting, and corrosion due to factors like loading, lubrication issues, and material defects.
- Optimization techniques aim to minimize weight and number of components while improving load capacity and efficiency. This includes using finite element analysis to optimize housing design.
- Proper design, material selection, lubrication
IRJET- Design Optimization and Analysis of a One Piece Composite Drive Shaft ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design optimization and analysis of a composite drive shaft for the rear wheel of a vehicle. Finite element analysis was conducted on a one-piece composite drive shaft modelled in ANSYS to analyze stresses, deformations, natural frequencies and fatigue life. Static analysis showed that a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) drive shaft had lower weight, stresses and deformation compared to steel and aluminum alternatives. Modal analysis determined the first six natural frequencies. Fatigue life estimation using the Goodman diagram predicted a life of over 1 million cycles for the CFRP drive shaft. The conclusion is that CFRRP is the best material among the alternatives due to its lower weight and improved performance, though it has a higher cost.
Self Power Generating Electrical BicycleIRJET Journal
This document describes a design for a self-power generating electrical bicycle. The bicycle generates its own power through a dynamo connected to the rear wheel and flywheel. This powers a motor that drives the rear wheel, eliminating the need for external charging. The system includes a DC generator, permanent magnet DC motor, flywheel for storing rotational energy, housing to connect components, and multi-crank freewheel to drive the rear wheel from the motor. This design aims to overcome limitations of electric bicycles that have a limited range from external battery charging.
Design & Fabrication of Automatic Pneumatic VehicleIRJET Journal
The document summarizes the design and fabrication of an automatic pneumatic vehicle. The vehicle is intended to reduce pollution by using compressed air instead of combustion fuels for industrial material handling. It uses pneumatic actuators powered by compressed air stored in a reservoir to drive the rear wheels. A primary actuator moves the wheels half a revolution while a back-fill actuator refills the primary actuator and moves the wheels the other half revolution. The components were designed and analyzed using CAD software. The pneumatic vehicle was designed to carry 60kg of load up to 15-20 meters on a single air filling, making it suitable for industrial transportation applications.
This document describes the design, analysis, and performance evaluation of a mechanical gyrator vehicle. A mechanical gyrator is a three-wheeled vehicle with two large outer wheels and an inner frame that can oscillate. The document outlines the subsystems of the gyrator such as the wheels, chassis, transmission, seat, and electrical system. It discusses the material selection, modeling, and analysis done to optimize the design. The goal was to develop an efficient personal transportation vehicle for disabled individuals that is stable, easy to operate, and has a low turning radius.
Design, analysis and performance evaluation of a mechanical gyratorIjrdt Journal
The project focuses on the development of an efficient and safe system for navigation for disabled people. Such a system should enable the user to control with minimum effort and should be stable in all practical situations. A gyrator is neither a motorcycle nor a four wheeler. It is a vehicle made up of an inner frame which is encompassed and supported by two large coaxially aligned wheels. The inner frame is supported by a common axle as a result, is free to oscillate back and forth relative to outer wheels. The inherent instability has limited its potential as a commercially available vehicle. But by reducing this oscillation to an optimum value by incorporating internal braking, we could make a very stable navigation system. In order to achieve motion, a shift in the centre of gravity of the inner frame is required. Two independent electric motors provide the driving torque to gearbox which drives the large outer wheels. This unique design gives the vehicle a clear advantage over conventional 4wheeled and 2wheeled vehicles as it has zero turning radius. Key word:- Inflation Pressure, Pressure switch ,Pressure guage, Solenoid control valve, DC Compressor.
Manufacturing And Development Of Tricycle DriveIRJET Journal
This document describes the development of a tricycle drive system to improve efficiency. The system uses a chain and sprocket drive connected to fixed and moving magnets. When power is applied through pedaling, the chain and sprocket transmit motion to a shaft connected to the magnets. The moving magnet rotates due to repulsion from the fixed magnet, allowing the tricycle to maintain motion with less input torque. Testing showed revolutions increased from 55 to 65 RPM while torque decreased from 1.5 to 1.5 kW with the magnetic flywheel adjustment. The system aims to reduce human effort needed for tricycle operation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.t
The document describes a proposed combination of a single helical gear with a flat belt system for a ball mill machine. Helical gears arranged vertically would allow the system to attain higher gear ratios and speeds. A flat belt made of polyamide rubber was chosen because it does not require grooves, preventing energy loss and longer wear time. Calculations using specifications of the proposed pulleys, flat belt, and C45 steel helical gear showed the system could meet the ball mill's torque and speed requirements. The combination was proposed to address issues like scoring and tooth breaking in conventional ball mill gear systems.
Unit-II chain drives transmission mechanics of machinesamy709581
Chain drives transmit power through connected links of a chain running over two sprockets. They are suitable for transmitting power over short center distances up to around 3 meters. Chain drives maintain a constant velocity ratio and do not slip like belts, making them well-suited for applications requiring precision. Common uses of chain drives include in bicycles, motorcycles, conveyors, machine tools, and agricultural equipment. The three main types are hoisting/hauling, conveyor, and power transmission chain drives, which are selected based on the chain speed and application.
IRJET-Design and Analysis Of Shock AbsorberIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design and analysis of a shock absorber. It discusses:
1) Designing the shock absorber components like the upper mount, bottom mount, oil pad, and rod in CATIA.
2) Conducting structural and modal analysis in ANSYS to determine stresses and displacements using different spring materials - titanium alloy, phosphor bronze, beryllium copper, and spring steel.
3) The results show titanium alloy has the least stress intensity and maximum displacement, making it the best material for the spring. Modifying the design by reducing the spring diameter further lowers stresses and displacements.
This document describes the design and analysis of a shock absorber. It discusses modeling a shock absorber in CATIA V5 and performing structural and modal analyses in ANSYS. Calculations are shown for designing a helical spring for the shock absorber. The shock absorber components are designed, including the upper mount, bottom mount, oil pad, and rod. Different materials are considered for the spring, including spring steel, phosphor bronze, beryllium copper, and titanium alloy. The model is analyzed in ANSYS by applying loads and boundary conditions to determine stresses, displacements, and natural frequencies. The results are compared to select the best material for the spring in the shock absorber.
IRJET-An Overview of Blockchain TechnologyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that models a Wankel engine using CAD software and performs thermal and structural analysis on the engine cylinder. Key points:
- A Wankel engine's four-stroke cycle occurs in the space between a three-sided rotor and oval-shaped housing, delivering smooth high-rpm power.
- The rotor and cylinder were modeled using CATIA V5 software. Thermal analysis using ANSYS found temperature distributions from 2000-2240°C with structural steel.
- Structural analysis determined stresses and deformations were lowest for gray cast iron compared to structural steel. Gray cast iron was concluded to be the best material for the cylinder.
Modeling of Wankle Engine and Steady State Thermal Analysis on CylinderIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that models a Wankel rotary engine in CAD software and performs thermal and structural analysis on the engine cylinder. Key points:
- A Wankel engine's four-stroke cycle occurs in the space between a three-sided rotor and oval-shaped housing, delivering smooth high-rpm power.
- The rotor and cylinder were modeled in CATIA V5. Thermal analysis using ANSYS found temperature distributions from 2000-2240°C with structural steel.
- Structural analysis determined deformation and stresses with structural steel and gray cast iron, concluding gray cast iron better resists stresses.
This document summarizes a student research project that designed an electromagnetic braking system. The system uses two electromagnets powered by an electrical circuit. A metal wheel attached to an electric motor rotates when power is supplied. A metal bar placed near the electromagnets and wheel produces eddy currents when the electromagnets are activated, stopping the rotating wheel. The system aims to provide braking without friction for potential use in vehicles. It was found to successfully stop the wheel's rotation using electromagnetic forces.
Similar to Literature Review on Simulation and Analysis of Timing Chain of an Automotive Engine (20)
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Literature Review on Simulation and Analysis of Timing Chain of an Automotive Engine
1. Aniket V. Mulik. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 8, ( Part -1) August 2016, pp.17-21
www.ijera.com 17|P a g e
Literature Review on Simulation and Analysis of Timing Chain of
an Automotive Engine
Aniket V. Mulik*, Dr. A. J. Gujar**
*(M.E. (Mechanical-Production) Student, Mechanical Department, AMGOI, Vathar, Kolhapur, Maharashtra,
India.)
** (Professor, Mechanical Department, AMGOI, Vathar, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India.)
ABSTRACT
The current trend in automotive industry is to achieve compact, efficient, reliable systems. Engine timing drives
used in engines are one of the most critical systems. Timing belts are subjected to excessive elongation and
wear, while timing gears contribute excess mass and inertia in the system. Hence timing chains are preferred
widely, in various high performance engines. Chain drives are easy to assemble and adjust, highly efficient,
durable, reliable, compact and capable of attaining a wide range of power and speed capacities. In spite of these
advantages their complex dynamic behaviour is not well researched. With the improvement of the speed and
load of the automotive engine, and silent chain technology, as silent chain has a compact structure, high
transmitting efficiency, high reliability and high wear resistance, its vibration and noise is low, and the silent
chain have the advantage of life-long maintenance-free, it significant overcomes the gear drive and belt drive
performance, therefore, the silent chain is increasingly widely used in automotive engine timing system. In this
present review dynamic analysis as well as analysis of automotive engines timing silent chain system are
studied.
Keywords: Chain drive, Cylindrical contact, Contact force, Tensioner, Chain stiffness.
I. INTRODUCTION
The auto industry is one of the important
sector of the Indian economy. The industry is
fulfilled of automobiles and auto components, spare
parts sectors and in business of commercial vehicles,
passenger cars, two wheelers and three wheelers.
From past two decades optimum vehicle design is a
prime concern in front of automobile industry. So
now a day‟s creativity in this sector is increasing day
by day. To accomplish this objective various
techniques are developed to carry out design of
engines, transmission system and entire vehicles.
Modern computer based design and modelling,
mathematical modelling and computerised FEA
analysis is providing new approach in designing and
manufacturing field of auto industry.
The timing drive system is one of the most
critical system of an engine .The function of a timing
drive is to transfer the rotation of crankshaft to
camshaft and Fuel Injection Pump (FIP) and other
connected accessories so as to achieve proper timing
at valves and the timing for fuel injection. Timing
drive consisting of timing belts, timing chains and
timing gear drives.
When the engine is in motion, the dynamic
forces like normal reaction forces, frictional forces,
impact forces on the timing chain may cause
considerable effect on the function of the camshaft
and FIP shaft & hence on valve & fuel injection
timing.
The effect is prominent when the engine is
at high speed. It was noted from the literatures that,
for diesel engines, speeds ranging from 0-1500 RPM
are considered as low speeds, those between 1500-
2500 RPM are medium speeds and those above 2500
RPM are considered as high speeds. Dynamics of
the timing chain drive system becoming worse as the
engine speed increases and causes serious durability
issues for high speed diesel engines. The dynamic
analysis of timing chain gives the idea of the
behaviour of different components during motion &
at specified conditions of working. Dynamic
analysis includes computation of the forces coming
on the chain, chain guides, sprockets, Plunger of
tensioner.
Now a days, chain drives are most
dominantly used over timing belts and timing gear
drive systems. This is because of advantages of
chain drives over other timing drive systems. Chains
are more durable, compact and more efficient than
other timing drive systems. At the same time,
optimised chain layouting and dynamics is of prime
importance. If dynamics consisting of contact
stresses, contact forces between various chain drive
components exceeding beyond acceptable limits, it
leads to saviour vibrations, improper valve and fuel
injection timings. Important customer demand of the
diesel passenger cars is less Noise, Vibration and
Harshness (NVH) and maximum comfort. As chain
dynamics is the leading source of aggregating Noise,
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Aniket V. Mulik. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 8, ( Part -1) August 2016, pp.17-21
www.ijera.com 18|P a g e
Vibration and Harshness (NVH) issues. If designed
valve and injection timings are not achieved, it cause
reduction in volumetric efficiency of the engine and
affects overall vehicle performance and fuel
economy. All together for better volumetric
efficiency and vehicle performance, optimised chain
system design and layouting is of prime importance.
Optimised chain dynamics minimises Noise,
Vibration and Harshness (NVH) issues of engine
and hence vehicle.
II. CHAIN DRIVES
Chain drives are widely used in a variety of
mechanical systems for transmission of power. Their
popularity is rapidly expanding, especially in the
automotive industries, because of their numerous
advantages. The advantages of chain drive systems
are as follows:
1. Negligible stretch, allowing chains to carry
heavy loads.
2. Long operating life expectancy because flexure
and friction contact occur between hardened
bearing surfaces separated by an oil film.
3. Operates in hostile environments such as high
temperatures, high moisture or oily areas, dusty,
dirty, and corrosive atmospheres, etc., especially
if high alloy metals and other special materials
are used.
4. Long shelf life because metal chain ordinarily
doesn‟t deteriorate with age and is unaffected by
sun, reasonable ranges of heat, moisture, and
oil.
5. Certain types can be replaced without disturbing
other components mounted on the same shafts
as sprockets.
6. No slippage between chain and sprocket teeth.
Drawbacks of the chain drive systems:
1. Noise is usually higher than with belts or gears,
but silent chain drives are relatively quiet.
2. Chain drives can elongate due to wearing of link
and sprocket teeth contact surfaces.
3. Chain flexibility is limited to a single plane
whereas some belt drives are not.
4. Sprockets usually should be replaced because of
wear when worn chain is replaced. Timing
belts‟ sheaves exhibit very low wear.
With the requirement of lighter weight and
higher speed chain drives within the automotive
industry, the dynamic analysis of timing chain
systems is becoming important. In order to further
optimize their design, a more comprehensive
knowledge of the system contact forces and impacts
is desired.
1) Chain terminology
Pitch of chain: - It is the distance between the hinge
centre of a link and the corresponding hinge centre
of the adjacent link, as shown in Figure1 and Figure
2. It is usually denoted by „p‟.
Pitch circle diameter of chain sprocket: - It is the
diameter of the circle on which the hinge centres of
the chain lie, when the chain is wrapped round a
sprocket as shown in Figure 1. The points A, B, C,
and D are the hinge centres of the chain and the
circle drawn through these centres is called pitch
circle and its diameter (D) is known as pitch circle
diameter.
Fig. 1: Chain terminology
2) Length of Chain and Centre Distance
An open chain drive system connecting the
two sprockets is shown in Figure 3.
Let,
T1 = Number of teeth on the smaller sprocket,
T2 = Number of teeth on the larger sprocket,
p = Pitch of the chain, and
x = Centre distance.
Fig
. 2: Distance between sprocket and length of chain
The length of the chain (L) must be equal to
the product of the number of chain links (K) and the
pitch of the chain (p). Mathematically,
L = K * p
The number of chain links may be obtained
from the following expression, i.e.
3. Aniket V. Mulik. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 8, ( Part -1) August 2016, pp.17-21
www.ijera.com 19|P a g e
The value of K as obtained from the above
expression must be approximated to the nearest even
number.
The centre distance is given by,
3) Engine timing systems
An engine timing system transfers the
motion from crankshaft to camshaft, Fuel injection
Pump, balancer shaft etc. at proper velocity ratio so
that the valve opening and closing as well as the fuel
injection should occur correctly.
There are three types of engine timing systems.
1. Timing belt system
2. Timing gear system
3. Timing chain system
We have adopted Timing chain system for the
following advantages.
• Longer life than Timing belts i.e. Durable(Over
150,000 miles life).
• Resistant to High Temperature and wear
• Not too light as belts and not unnecessarily
heavy like gears.
4) Timing chain drive system
Figure 3given below shows a timing chain
system. In any internal combustion engine, fuel and
oxygen are combined in a combustion process to
produce the power to turn the crankshaft of the
engine. To produce useful work, the combustion
must take place at the end of the compression stroke
of the engine cycle. Following the power stroke the
exhaust valve must be opened to clear the cylinder
of spent exhaust gases. The job of the timing system
is to ensure the opening and closing of valves as well
as the Fuel injection to occur in the correct sequence
at the correct time.
Fig. 3: Timing chain system
The timing system consists of several
mechanical components. The main drive sprocket is
attached to the engine crankshaft outside the
crankcase on the front of the engine. The chain runs
around the driver sprocket and the driven sprockets.
The arrangement is exactly like the chain on a
bicycle, motorbike etc. from the pedals to the rear
wheel. A tensioner is provided to keep the chain in
tension.
III. LITERATURE SURVEY FORM
TECHNICAL RESEARCH PAPERS
Pavel NOVOTNÝ and Václav PÍŠTĚK
[1], they discussed about the dynamics of the chain
driving system. The paper focuses on simulation of
dynamics of the timing chain drive with the use of a
multi-body system. A mass-produced four cylinder
in-line engine with two camshafts and two valves
per cylinder has been used as a computational
model. Virtual prototypes of the timing chain drive
are being created as higher-level computational
models based on a multi-body system dynamics.
These enable a detailed solution of the timing chain
drive dynamics and can find weaknesses of the
design before first prototypes are made. They will
speed up the development of the timing chain drive
with better technical and economic parameters.
Dynamic analysis performed in proposed
dissertation work will be compared with results
available in this paper.
Pavel NOVOTNÝ and Václav PÍŠTĚK
[2], there is a clear trend to use chain or belt drives
for the design of timing drives. Computational
simulation of these drives has not been developing
too long due to high demands on the computational
technology. They focused on simulation of dynamics
of the timing chain drive with the use of a multibody
system. A mass-produced four cylinder in-line
engine with two camshafts and two valves per
cylinder has been used as a computational model. It
will help in improving the design parameters from
both technical and economic point of view.
Sine Leergaard Pedersen [3], in this work
simulation and analysis of large roller chain drive
systems, such as e.g. used in marine diesel engines is
done. A novel formulation for the simulation of the
dynamics of roller chain drives using a continuous
contact force method is developed in their work. The
model of the contact surface between the rollers and
sprocket has shown to be an important issue
regarding the numerical stability of the simulation
program and a model with a real tooth profile proves
superior to other applied models. With this model it
is possible to perform a dynamic simulation of large
marine engine chain drives. Through the application
of this method, it is shown that the interrelated
dynamics of the elements in the chain drive system
is captured and the contact problem is characterized.
The chain drive model is compared with simplified
analytical results, while the necessary experimental
validation is left for future studies.
4. Aniket V. Mulik. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 8, ( Part -1) August 2016, pp.17-21
www.ijera.com 20|P a g e
James C. Conwell and G. E. Johnson [4],
this work is related to the design and manufacturing
of a new test machine configuration that will offer
some advantages over thecurrently developed model.
The new designed machine provides more realistic
chain loading and allow link tension and roller-
sprocket impact monitoring during normal operation.
This new machine features offers new advantages
and allow more data collection options.
C. Pereira et al. [5], in this work, a
multibody methodology was used to address the
kinematic and dynamic effects of roller chain drives
was presented. The chain itself was modelled as a
collection of rigid bodies, connected to each other by
revolute clearance joints. Each clearance revolute
joint, representing the connection between pair of
links, was made up of the pin link/bushing link plus
the bushing link/roller pairs, if the chain is a roller
chain. Furthermore, the problem of contact
initialization and its coordination with the numerical
integration procedures is taken into account by
controlling the time step size of the numerical
integration algorithm in the vicinity of the impact.
This methodology is demonstrated through its
application to the study of a bicycle roller-chain
drive being the methodological assumptions
discussed in the process.
MotoyasuSakaguchiet al. [6], in this work
a method for reducing friction loss in the engine
timing chain was investigated using multi-body
dynamics simulation. The method known as the link-
by-link model was employed in the simulation to
enable representation of the behaviour of each single
link of the chain and its friction due to contact. In
order to predict the friction under actual engine
operating conditions, a model that takes camshaft
torque fluctuation and crankshaft rotational speed
fluctuation into account was created. This simulation
was used to verify the detailed distribution of
friction in each part of the chain system as well as
the changes of friction in the time domain.
Simulation was used to verify the predicted effects
of these measures, with the result that reducing the
moment of inertia of the camshaft and reducing the
initial load on the chain tensioner were confirmed to
reduce friction loss.
R. S. Dwyer-Joyce et al. [7], a photoelastic
stress analysis technique has been used to determine
the contact stresses in an automotive chain drive
tensioner. The tensioner in normal operation is
subject to high magnitude, short duration impact
stresses. These stresses are known to cause surface
damage, wear, and surface pitting. In order to
adequately design the drive system layout, a means
for stress quantification is needed. A replica
tensioner was made from epoxy resin and tested in a
variety of configurations. A simple model has been
created to relate the chain link load to the resulting
tensioner subsurface stress field. This model has
been used to correlate the observed and predicted
location of isochromatic fringes, and hence to
evaluate the chain link load from the photoelastic
fringe pattern. Once the load was determined the
contact model was used to determine the magnitude
and location of the resultant peak stresses. Measured
impact stresses were found to be several times
higher than those which would have been calculated
from a static analysis
C. Weber et al. [8], in this work the new
test method developed to facilitates the direct
measurement of the real timing chain load under all
engine conditions. The measuring principle is based
on a strain gauged chain link in combination with a
telemetric transducer system. It guarantees the
continuous observation of the link force during the
complete chain revolution in order to identify
significant dynamic effects, which are responsible
for noise, wear and incorrect valve timing. In this
paper, an experimental investigation of the dynamic
behaviour of an engine timing chain drive system
has been performed.
Kevin Maileet al. [9], in this work a design
for reliability methodology based on the Design for
Six Sigma(DfSS) Define – Characterize – Optimize
- Verify (DCOV) process, applied to the
development of a cost effective timing chain drive
for a four cylinder diesel engine. CAE model for the
timing chain drive was used to study the distribution
of the chain loads, which provided an essential input
both for the concept selection stage and for the
development of a reliability model for the timing
chain. Design of Experiment (DoE) study on the
CAE model aimed at investigating the significant
factors for chain load variability lead to a reliability
improvement achieved by reducing the variability in
the chain load through revising the tolerances for the
sprocket tooth profile. This work demonstrates the
efficiency of the process and the usefulness of
computer simulation in achieving reliability and
robustness enhancement while reducing design and
development time and costs. In this paper, CAE
tools and FEA techniques are used for computing
chain loads. The study of the manufacturing process
showed that this variability could be considerable
reduced by tightening the tolerances.
Hiroshi Takagishi and Atsushi Nagakubo
[10], in this work, on the longitudinal model the load
prediction accuracy was inadequate. Accordingly, a
link-by-link model was created, allowing transversal
vibration to be taken into account. As a result, the
features of a chain system using a blade tensioner
were clarified, thus enabling the chain load and
behaviour to be predicted with a higher degree of
accuracy than before. The results shows that it was
possible to predict the behaviour of the chain and the
chain load more realistically and with higher
5. Aniket V. Mulik. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 8, ( Part -1) August 2016, pp.17-21
www.ijera.com 21|P a g e
accuracy, clarifying the features and limitation of a
chain system that uses a blade tensioner
IV. CONCLUSION
Study of layouting and dynamics behaviour
of timing drive system is having prime importance
during design of IC engine. Failure of the timing
drive system or non-tolerable dynamics of the timing
drive system finally leads to failure of IC engine. It
causes improper valve timings, fuel injection timings
and non-acceptable level of vibrations in engine.
Detailed solution of the timing chain drive dynamics
before first prototypes of engines and vehicles is
required for avoiding durability issues in engines.
Literature survey shows study of dynamics and
performance of the timing chain drive system is
performed in commercially available software‟s.
Timing drive test rigs are designed and
manufactured for testing the performance of the
chain drive systems before actually assembled in
engine and before engine getting productionized.
This helps in optimizing and finalising chain system
design. FEA models of the timing chain drive
system is compared with dynamic results of the
system measured from actual experimentation.
REFERENCES
[1]. NOVOTNÝ, P.; PÍŠTĚK, V., “Dynamics
of Chain Timing Drive”, In
Opotřebeníspolehlivostdiagnostika 2008, 1.
Brno: Vydavatelskéoddělení UO, Brno,
2008, pp.137-143.J. Breckling, Ed., The
Analysis of Directional Time Series:
Applications to Wind Speed and Direction,
ser. Lecture Notes in Statistics. Berlin,
Germany: Springer, 1989, vol. 61.
[2]. Pavel NOVOTNÝ and Václav PÍŠTĚK,
“Virtual Prototype of Timing Chain
Drive”,Engineering MECHANICS, Vol. 16
(2), 2009, pp. 123–130
[3]. Sine Leergaard Pedersen, “Simulation and
Analysis of Roller Chain Drive Systems”,
Ph.D. thesis, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Solid Mechanics, Technical
University of Denmark, August 2004.
[4]. James C. Conwell, G.E. Johnson, “Design,
construction and instrumentation of a
machine to measure tension and impact
forces in roller chain drives”, Mechanism
and Machine Theory, Vol.31(4), May 1996,
pp.525-531.
[5]. C. Pereira, J. Ambrósio, A. Ramalho.
“Contact Mechanics in A Roller Chain
Drive Using a Multibody Approach”, 13th
World Congress in Mechanism and
Machine Science, Guanajuato, México, 19-
25 June, 2011.
[6]. MotoyasuSakaguchi, Shinji Yamada,
Masao Seki, YojiroKoiwa, Takahiro
Yamauchi and Tomohiro Wakabayashi,
“Study on Reduction of Timing Chain
Friction Using Multi-Body Dynamics”,
SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-0412, doi:
10.4271/2012- 01-0412.
[7]. R. S. Dwyer-Joyce, R. Lewis, A. Ward and
E. A. Patterson, “Determination of Impact
Stresses in an Automotive Chain Drive
Component”, SAE Technical Paper 2006-
01- 0766, April 3-6, 2006,
doi:10.4271/2006-01-0766.
[8]. C. Weber, W. Herrmann and J. Stadtmann,
“Experimental Investigation into the
Dynamic Engine Timing Chain
Behaviour”, SAE Technical Paper 980840,
February 23-26, 1998, doi:
10.4271/980840.
[9]. Kevin Maile, FelicianCampean and
Andrew Day, “Design for Reliability of an
Engine Timing Chain”, SAE Technical
Paper 2009-01-0206, doi: 10.4271/2009-
01-0206.
[10]. Hiroshi Takagishi and Atsushi Nagakubo,
“Multi-Body Dynamic Chain System
Simulation Using a Blade Tensioner”, SAE
Technical Paper 2006-32-0067, November
13-16, 2006, doi: 2006-32-0067.
[11]. H.Y. Isaac Du, Xiangming Fang, Jia-Shiun
Chen, Keith D. Moss and William C.
Prescott, “Modelling and Simulation of
Torsional Vibration of the Compliant
Sprocket in Balance Chain Drive Systems”,
SAE International Journal of Fuels
Lubrication, Vol. 1(1) 2008, doi:
104271/2008-01-1529.