A number of works have been carried out for the evaluation of a ultimate bearing capacity of shallow
foundation, supported by geogrid reinforced sand and subjected to centric load. Few experimental studies have
been made on the calculation of bearing capacity of shallow foundation on geogrid-reinforced sand under
eccentric loading. However these studies are for strip footings. This paper presents the behavior of ring footing
under eccentric loading on sand. The model tests have been conducted using ring footing with ring radii ratio
(Di/Do) = 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 for varring eccentricity ratio. Parametric studies have been made to find the impact of
eccentricity ratio, ring radii ratio and geogrid reinforcement on bearing capacity of the foundation.
EFFECT OF GEOGRID REINFORCEMENT ON LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF A COARSE SAND BEDIAEME Publication
A series of laboratory model tests was conducted to study the improvement in bearing capacity of coarse sands compacted to a relative density of 50%. A surface footing plate of diameter 60 mm was used as the shallow foundation. Circular geogrids of diameter 120 mm were used as horizontal reinforcement layers. The number of geogrids and the spacing between them were varied in the study. It was found that the bearing capacity of loose sand layers improved with introduction of horizontal geogrid reinforcement layer. Bearing capacity was found to improve further with increase in number of geogrid layers and with decrease in spacing between them. The depth to the geogrid layer from the base of the foundation was also varied in the study.
Effect of Bearing Capacity of Strip Footing on Reinforced Double Layer Soil S...IJERA Editor
This research was performed to investigate the effect of bearing capacity of strip footing on geogrid reinforced sand overlay on stabilized expansive soil (i.e. double layer soil system) and check the different parameters contributing to their performance using laboratory model tank tests. The parameters investigated in this study include H/B (thickness of top sandy layer to width of footing) u/B (location of the 1st layer of reinforcement to width of footing), h/B (vertical spacing between consecutive geogrid layers to width of footing), b/B (length of the geogrid layer to width of footing). The effect of different H/B ratios and geogrid reinforcement N values on the bearing capacity ration (BCR) and settlement reduction ratio (SRR) were also investigated. The results show that bearing capacity increases significantly with increasing the H/B ratio as well as number of geogrid layers. The bearing capacity for the soil increases with an average of 12.35% using H/B equal to0.5 and the bearing capacity increases with an average of 35.76%, 75.56% & 230.83% while using H/B equal to 1.0, 1.5 & 2.0. It also found that the use of sandy layers over flyash mixed clayey soil has a considerable effect on the bearing capacity characteristics and the use of geogrid layers in the granular overlay has remarkable effect on Bearing capacity ratio (BCR) & Settlement reduction ratio (SRR).
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Performance of square footing resting on laterally confined sandeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effect of encasement length on geosynthetic reinforced stone columnseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
EFFECT OF GEOGRID REINFORCEMENT ON LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF A COARSE SAND BEDIAEME Publication
A series of laboratory model tests was conducted to study the improvement in bearing capacity of coarse sands compacted to a relative density of 50%. A surface footing plate of diameter 60 mm was used as the shallow foundation. Circular geogrids of diameter 120 mm were used as horizontal reinforcement layers. The number of geogrids and the spacing between them were varied in the study. It was found that the bearing capacity of loose sand layers improved with introduction of horizontal geogrid reinforcement layer. Bearing capacity was found to improve further with increase in number of geogrid layers and with decrease in spacing between them. The depth to the geogrid layer from the base of the foundation was also varied in the study.
Effect of Bearing Capacity of Strip Footing on Reinforced Double Layer Soil S...IJERA Editor
This research was performed to investigate the effect of bearing capacity of strip footing on geogrid reinforced sand overlay on stabilized expansive soil (i.e. double layer soil system) and check the different parameters contributing to their performance using laboratory model tank tests. The parameters investigated in this study include H/B (thickness of top sandy layer to width of footing) u/B (location of the 1st layer of reinforcement to width of footing), h/B (vertical spacing between consecutive geogrid layers to width of footing), b/B (length of the geogrid layer to width of footing). The effect of different H/B ratios and geogrid reinforcement N values on the bearing capacity ration (BCR) and settlement reduction ratio (SRR) were also investigated. The results show that bearing capacity increases significantly with increasing the H/B ratio as well as number of geogrid layers. The bearing capacity for the soil increases with an average of 12.35% using H/B equal to0.5 and the bearing capacity increases with an average of 35.76%, 75.56% & 230.83% while using H/B equal to 1.0, 1.5 & 2.0. It also found that the use of sandy layers over flyash mixed clayey soil has a considerable effect on the bearing capacity characteristics and the use of geogrid layers in the granular overlay has remarkable effect on Bearing capacity ratio (BCR) & Settlement reduction ratio (SRR).
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Performance of square footing resting on laterally confined sandeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effect of encasement length on geosynthetic reinforced stone columnseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An experimental study of square footing resting on geo grid reinforced sandeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental and Analytic Study of the Uplift capacity of a horizontal plate ...Samirsinh Parmar
Plate anchors, Ground anchors, uplift capacity, reinforced soil, model study, Anchors in Reinforced soil, Analytical Study on anchors in reinforced soil.
Theoretical Behaviourof Soil Stability Using Geo Grids.ijceronline
The subgrade of any pavement plays an important role in load bearing and support of traffic in the form of foundation. The present scenario describes that use of geogrid is used to stabilize a soft soil of highway subgrade so that a firm working platform could be provided for pavement construction.It is found that geo-grids placed at 3/5 the distance from the base shows higher CBR value than when placed at 2/5 and 4/5 distances from the base.The first objective of the study is to be the evaluation of the soil properties like particle size, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index to identify as a soft soil. Second objective of the study is to, improve the bearing capacity of soft soil by using flyash, lime, lime/flyash as a admixture and geogrids as a reinforcement. California Baring Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compression (UCC) tests were conducted in the laboratory on the soil
Physical Modelling Of Improving Bearing Capacity For Foundations By Geo FabricsIOSR Journals
The objective of the research paper is to develop a new model by which we can improve the bearing
capacity of foundation by using geo fabrics. The primary design concerns for a foundation engineer are bearing
capacity and settlement. The soil reinforcement technique of the geo synthetic has been taken into account for
developing such a model that can be used to reduce excessive settlements on soft soils and prevent the
foundation from failing. Hence, this paper summarizes the physical and numerical simulation to verify the
results to enhance the performance of the foundation.
Bearing Capacity of Footing on Reinforced Flyash SlopeIJERA Editor
Fly ash is the waste from factories used in construction of slopes and highway embankment. The laboratory
model tests were conducted with and without reinforcement in fly ash to check the strength and stability of fly
ash slope. In this study fly ash was used as a filling material and geogrid is used as reinforcement to improve the
bearing capacity of slope. The square footing is rest at various position on steep slope of 600
and bearing
capacity is checked. From the experimental study, load and settlement were measured. For optimum
configuration the same test were conducted on circular footing.From test results it is observed that the load
carrying capacity of fly ash slope reinforced with geogrid is more than that of unreinforced slope.
Bearing Capacity of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Reinforced Sand Using Pl...IJERA Editor
The work presented here is a study to examine the improvement in bearing capacity of coastal sand of Trivandrum, Kerala, India using high density polyethylene (HDPE) /woven fabric as reinforcement in discrete layers. The bearing capacity was evaluated using plate load test. The effect of reinforcement configurations like sheet reinforcement (sanded with adhesive, with adhesive and sheet alone) and strip reinforcement (single and grid pattern) are investigated. The test parameters chosen for the present study are, depth of topmost layer of reinforcement layer below footing, compacted density and number of layers of reinforcement etc. From the tests, it has been observed that sheet reinforcement is more effective than sheet sanded with adhesive and strip reinforcements. It is found that the synthetic adhesive gives no binding action at the interface of the reinforcement and soil. But it is to be noted that the sheet with adhesive dried has a marked influence on the bearing capacity especially at lower densities. The strip reinforcements in single pattern is considered to be a favorable choice for minimum reinforcement. The strip reinforcement in single or grid pattern gives sufficient improvement in strength.
THE EFFECT OF IMPROVEMENT SURROUNDING SOIL ON BORED PILE FRICTION CAPACITY IAEME Publication
There is very close relation between the pile capacity and surrounding soil conditions. In cohesionless soil the bored pile effected on surround soil byloosen , deposits through a combination of pile volume replacement and exist of pile case used for installation of bored pile. .the pile foundation usually designed to exceed the weak soil to the firm deposit .in this study improvement of the weak soil surround the pile and observing the effect of improvement on pile capacity for bored pile. The improvement soil surround pile model was design to be as one block and kept this block will effect noticeably on pile load capacity results. the improvement suggested in this study is compacting and replacement for surrounding soil .
Adaptive Fuzzy PID Based Control Strategy For 3Phase 4Wire Shunt Active Filte...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a new control strategy for controlling the shunt active power filter to compensate reactive
power and to reduce the unwanted harmonics in the grid current. Shunt active filter act as a current source which
is connected in parallel with a non-linear load and controlled to produce the required compensating current. The
proposed control strategy is based on the fuzzy PID controller which is used for determining the reference
compensating currents of the three-phase shunt active power filters. Simulations are carried out using
MATLAB/SIMULINK to verify the performance of the proposed controller. The output shows the controller has
fast dynamic response high accuracy of tracking DC voltage reference and robust to load parameters variations
The Critical Flow back Velocity in Hydraulic-Fracturing Shale Gas WellsIJERA Editor
The loss of prop pant during the flow back process in hydraulic fracturing treatments has been a problem for
many years. The effectiveness of the fracture treatment is reduced. A well cleanup is often required to remove
the unwanted proppant from the wellbore to re-establish production. Among several techniques available to
reduce the prop pant loss, controlling flow back velocity within a critical range is an essential measure.
The objective of this study is to determine the critical flow back velocity under different confining pressures in
the propped fractures of different thicknesses. This objective is achieved based experimental studies conducted
in a specially designed apparatus.
For a fracture with a given width, the closure stress helps hold the proppant in place. This is due to the friction
force that is proportional to the normal force created by the closure stress. The critical flow back velocity
necessary to mobilize the proppant therefore increases with closure stress. However, the stress effect may be
influenced by the shape of solid particles and friction coefficient of solid. Under the condition of constant
closure stress, a narrow fracture holds proppant better than a wide fracture, resulting in increased critical flow
back velocity. This is interpreted to be due to the “tighter” packing of proppant in narrow fractures.
An experimental study of square footing resting on geo grid reinforced sandeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental and Analytic Study of the Uplift capacity of a horizontal plate ...Samirsinh Parmar
Plate anchors, Ground anchors, uplift capacity, reinforced soil, model study, Anchors in Reinforced soil, Analytical Study on anchors in reinforced soil.
Theoretical Behaviourof Soil Stability Using Geo Grids.ijceronline
The subgrade of any pavement plays an important role in load bearing and support of traffic in the form of foundation. The present scenario describes that use of geogrid is used to stabilize a soft soil of highway subgrade so that a firm working platform could be provided for pavement construction.It is found that geo-grids placed at 3/5 the distance from the base shows higher CBR value than when placed at 2/5 and 4/5 distances from the base.The first objective of the study is to be the evaluation of the soil properties like particle size, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index to identify as a soft soil. Second objective of the study is to, improve the bearing capacity of soft soil by using flyash, lime, lime/flyash as a admixture and geogrids as a reinforcement. California Baring Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compression (UCC) tests were conducted in the laboratory on the soil
Physical Modelling Of Improving Bearing Capacity For Foundations By Geo FabricsIOSR Journals
The objective of the research paper is to develop a new model by which we can improve the bearing
capacity of foundation by using geo fabrics. The primary design concerns for a foundation engineer are bearing
capacity and settlement. The soil reinforcement technique of the geo synthetic has been taken into account for
developing such a model that can be used to reduce excessive settlements on soft soils and prevent the
foundation from failing. Hence, this paper summarizes the physical and numerical simulation to verify the
results to enhance the performance of the foundation.
Bearing Capacity of Footing on Reinforced Flyash SlopeIJERA Editor
Fly ash is the waste from factories used in construction of slopes and highway embankment. The laboratory
model tests were conducted with and without reinforcement in fly ash to check the strength and stability of fly
ash slope. In this study fly ash was used as a filling material and geogrid is used as reinforcement to improve the
bearing capacity of slope. The square footing is rest at various position on steep slope of 600
and bearing
capacity is checked. From the experimental study, load and settlement were measured. For optimum
configuration the same test were conducted on circular footing.From test results it is observed that the load
carrying capacity of fly ash slope reinforced with geogrid is more than that of unreinforced slope.
Bearing Capacity of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Reinforced Sand Using Pl...IJERA Editor
The work presented here is a study to examine the improvement in bearing capacity of coastal sand of Trivandrum, Kerala, India using high density polyethylene (HDPE) /woven fabric as reinforcement in discrete layers. The bearing capacity was evaluated using plate load test. The effect of reinforcement configurations like sheet reinforcement (sanded with adhesive, with adhesive and sheet alone) and strip reinforcement (single and grid pattern) are investigated. The test parameters chosen for the present study are, depth of topmost layer of reinforcement layer below footing, compacted density and number of layers of reinforcement etc. From the tests, it has been observed that sheet reinforcement is more effective than sheet sanded with adhesive and strip reinforcements. It is found that the synthetic adhesive gives no binding action at the interface of the reinforcement and soil. But it is to be noted that the sheet with adhesive dried has a marked influence on the bearing capacity especially at lower densities. The strip reinforcements in single pattern is considered to be a favorable choice for minimum reinforcement. The strip reinforcement in single or grid pattern gives sufficient improvement in strength.
THE EFFECT OF IMPROVEMENT SURROUNDING SOIL ON BORED PILE FRICTION CAPACITY IAEME Publication
There is very close relation between the pile capacity and surrounding soil conditions. In cohesionless soil the bored pile effected on surround soil byloosen , deposits through a combination of pile volume replacement and exist of pile case used for installation of bored pile. .the pile foundation usually designed to exceed the weak soil to the firm deposit .in this study improvement of the weak soil surround the pile and observing the effect of improvement on pile capacity for bored pile. The improvement soil surround pile model was design to be as one block and kept this block will effect noticeably on pile load capacity results. the improvement suggested in this study is compacting and replacement for surrounding soil .
Adaptive Fuzzy PID Based Control Strategy For 3Phase 4Wire Shunt Active Filte...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a new control strategy for controlling the shunt active power filter to compensate reactive
power and to reduce the unwanted harmonics in the grid current. Shunt active filter act as a current source which
is connected in parallel with a non-linear load and controlled to produce the required compensating current. The
proposed control strategy is based on the fuzzy PID controller which is used for determining the reference
compensating currents of the three-phase shunt active power filters. Simulations are carried out using
MATLAB/SIMULINK to verify the performance of the proposed controller. The output shows the controller has
fast dynamic response high accuracy of tracking DC voltage reference and robust to load parameters variations
The Critical Flow back Velocity in Hydraulic-Fracturing Shale Gas WellsIJERA Editor
The loss of prop pant during the flow back process in hydraulic fracturing treatments has been a problem for
many years. The effectiveness of the fracture treatment is reduced. A well cleanup is often required to remove
the unwanted proppant from the wellbore to re-establish production. Among several techniques available to
reduce the prop pant loss, controlling flow back velocity within a critical range is an essential measure.
The objective of this study is to determine the critical flow back velocity under different confining pressures in
the propped fractures of different thicknesses. This objective is achieved based experimental studies conducted
in a specially designed apparatus.
For a fracture with a given width, the closure stress helps hold the proppant in place. This is due to the friction
force that is proportional to the normal force created by the closure stress. The critical flow back velocity
necessary to mobilize the proppant therefore increases with closure stress. However, the stress effect may be
influenced by the shape of solid particles and friction coefficient of solid. Under the condition of constant
closure stress, a narrow fracture holds proppant better than a wide fracture, resulting in increased critical flow
back velocity. This is interpreted to be due to the “tighter” packing of proppant in narrow fractures.
Link Reliability based Detection and Predecessor base Route Establishment for...IJERA Editor
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is consists of mobile hosts or sensor nodes proficient of functioning in
absence of infrastructure. Such networks should be capable of self forming, self organizing, self managing, self
recovering, and able to operate under dynamic conditions. The multi-hop communication phenomenon is used
to sending information to receiver. To attain this, each mobile node depends on its neighbor or range node to
forward the data packet to the destination. In fact, most of previous studies on MANET have implicitly assumed
that nodes are cooperative such as node cooperation becomes a very important issue in MANET. The attacker in
dynamic network are easily affected the routing performance and data receiving ratio is affected as compared to
normal performance of network as well as dropping of data is enhanced. The packets percentage is degrades is
the confirmation of attacker misbehavior. The characteristics of wormhole attack is to making the tunnel and
reply the positive acknowledgement of destination at time of route request and drop all the data deliver through
tunnel. The attacker is identified by the past and current data receiving and forwarding in MANET. The
proposed IPS (Intrusion Detection and Prevention System) provides the security on the basis of link reliability.
In this work, we proposed new link reliability based security through Predecessor based Route Establishment of
detecting routing misbehavior of wormhole attack for prevention in MANET. The attacker is blocked through
the broadcasting scheme used by proposed prevention scheme from their actual identification to neighbors. The
security provider nodes are blocking the communication of attacker and provide the secure communication
among the mobile nodes. The performance of proposed scheme is evaluated through performance metrics like
PDR and throughput.
Study of Key Factors Determinant Choice of Rail-Based Mass TransitIJERA Editor
Pursuant to regulations of the Ministry of Transportation in 2002 about the type of transport based on the city
size, the metropolis with a population of more than 1 million inhabitants are required to have the urban mass
transit. Nevertheless, until now not all city-scale population of more than 1 million have mass public transport,
either bus or rail-based. Especially for rail-based mass transit, indicated the existing regulations have not been
able to challenge the development of rail-based urban mass transit. Learning from the literature study and the
experience of countries that already have rail-based urban mass transit it has acquired nine main factors to be
taken into account in developing a rail-based urban public transportation. This study was conducted by using
Analytical Hierarchy Process method which was further validated through the implementation of the On Focus
Group Discussion in the Jakarta City Transportation Council (DTKJ) as well as in the City Development
Planning Board (Bappeko) Surabaya. Finally, the initial result shown five sequences determining factor for the
determinant choice of rail-based mass transit, namely: fiscal or economic capacity of the region and society,
transport policy, integrated public transport, land use, fare and travel time. Furthermore, the acquisition results
of this study can be applied to the selected cities to address the challenges to urban mass transit development.
Hybridization of Meta-heuristics for Optimizing Routing protocol in VANETsIJERA Editor
The goal of VANET is to establish a vehicular communication system which is reliable and fast which caters to
road safety and road safety. In VANET where network fragmentation is frequent with no central control, routing
becomes a challenging task. Planning an optimal routing plan for tuning parameter configuration of routing
protocol for setting up VANET is very crucial. This is done by defining an optimization problem where
hybridization of meta-heuristics is defined. The paper contributes the idea of combining meta-heuristic
algorithm to enhance the performance of individual search method for optimization problem.
Radix-3 Algorithm for Realization of Discrete Fourier TransformIJERA Editor
In this paper, a new radix-3 algorithm for realization of discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of length N = 3m (m =
1, 2, 3,...) is presented. The DFT of length N can be realized from three DFT sequences, each of length N/3. If
the input signal has length N, direct calculation of DFT requires O (N
2
) complex multiplications (4N
2
real
multiplications) and some additions. This radix-3 algorithm reduces the number of multiplications required for
realizing DFT. For example, the number of complex multiplications required for realizing 9-point DFT using the
proposed radix-3 algorithm is 60. Thus, saving in time can be achieved in the realization of proposed algorithm.
This project "VULNERABLE HUNTER" application main aim is to detect risk in our mobile applications. This
application contains modules like Fetch Application, Generate Score, Uninstall and Display Graph. Through this
application it detects risk so that this application is very useful to smart phone users Now-a-days so many people
are using smart phones and people are crazy about new apps. But by installing all the applications into our
mobile may reduce its performance. Some apps contain more risk. But user may not know the effects that are
caused by the app which is installed until the performance of mobile is reduced. With the prosperity of
the Android app economy, many apps have been published and sold in various markets. However, short
development applications and insufficient security development apps have led to many vulnerable apps. So to
reduce these type of problems Vulnerable Hunter is proposed. Through the proposed application user can see
which application is risky and then the user may uninstall that application. The main advantage of designing this
app is without internet also the users will use this application. Users also feel more convenient to work with
mobile apps.
Optimization and simulation of a New Low Density Parity-Check Decoder using t...IJERA Editor
The Low Density Parity-Check codes are one of the hottest topics in coding theory nowadays equipped with
very fast encoding and decoding algorithms, LDPC are very attractive both theoretically and practically.In this
article, we present a simulation of a work that has been accepted in an international journal. The newalgorithm
allows us to correct errors quickly and without iterations. We show that the proposed algorithm simulation can
be applied for both regular and irregular LDPC codes. First, we developed the design of the syndrome Block
Second, we generated and simulated the hardware description language source code using Quartus software
tools, and finally we show low complexity compared to the basic algorithm.
Determination of Stress Concentration factor in Linearly Elastic Structures w...IJERA Editor
Stress concentration is the localization of stress around stress raisers. Sudden changes in the geometry of
structures give rise to stress values that are higher than those obtained by elementary equations of solid
mechanics. Therefore the evaluation of stress state at such locations needs specialized techniques such as Finite
Element Method (FEM).The finite element method is a numerical procedure that can be used to obtain solution
to a large variety of engineering problems such as structural, thermal, heat transfer, electromagnetism and fluid
flow.
In the present investigation, focus has been kept on the finite element modeling and determination of stress
concentration factor (SCF) in linearly elastic structures with different stress-raisers such as circular and elliptical
holes and double semicircular notch at different locations in a finite plate. The results obtained from FEM are
compared with those obtained by analytical relations as given in literature. A commercially available finite
element solver ANSYS has been used for the modeling and analysis in the investigation. Throughout the
investigation, plane82, which is an eight node two-dimensional element is used for the discretization.
Numerical Investigation of Heat Transfer from Two Different Cylinders in Tand...IJERA Editor
A two dimensional technique has been studied numerically to predict the heat transfer from two different cylinders
in tandem arrangement (one is circular and the other is elliptical) using finite element technique with RNG k-ε turbulent
model, taking into consideration the effect of gap ratio (L/Deq ) and Reynolds number , where the distance between
the centers of cylinders is L (L=30 mm and 37 mm), the equivalent diameter of cylinder is Deq=22.5mm and
the range of Reynolds number is 2x103
< Reeq < 21x103 .The commercial CFD software FLUENT was used to get
the thermofluid characteristics (temperature, velocity, kinetic energy and pressure contours ,coefficient of friction ,
heat transfer coefficient , Stanton number …… etc) of the flow around cylinders. The dependency of the heat transfer
coefficient, Stanton number (Sta), pressure drop, and friction factor for circular and elliptical cylinders on the gap
ratio is clear from the results. Results show that, for circular cross section, the heat transfer coefficient is increased as
velocity, and gap ratio increase. On the other hand Sta decreased as velocity increase. The pressure drop and hence
the friction factor increase for circular cylinder as gap ratio increases. For elliptical tube the heat transfer and Sta are
relatively equal to that for circular one at the same gap ratio, but the overall power consumption and friction factor
for elliptical tube is lower than that of circular one. As the elliptical cylinder fixed on the second position the heat
transfer and Sta
increase, on the other hand the pressure drop and hence the friction factor decreases. For all studied
arrangements the highest heat transfer is observed for the arrangement of circular-first and elliptical-second cylinder
and the minimum pressure drop and hence the friction factor are for the elliptical one
Contemporary Trends for the Development of the Production ZonesIJERA Editor
The basic concept for the construction of such zones is to create conditions for concentration the existing
procedures in one place and contribute to discovering, developing and creating the new ones. Contributions are
very heterogeneous, starting from planning and development of common infrastructure to creation of the new
jobs. Except this, industrial zones promote modern entrepreneurship, which is based in a modern structure and
has the opportunity for permanent development and introduction of advanced technologies. The trend of
increasing number of international companies working on Macedonian market, as well as the positive
development of Macedonian businesses companies, will contribute to increase investments in industrial
property.
An Experimental Investigation for Wear Rate Optimization on Different Gear Ma...IJERA Editor
An Experimental Investigation for Wear Rate Optimization on Different Gear Materials (EN8, 8620 & MILD
STEEL) Using Hardening.” mainly focuses on the mechanical design and analysis of gearbox as transmit the
power and live long life. Gears play an essential role in the performance of many products that we rely on in
our everyday lives. Gears are mainly used in lathes machines, automobiles and all torque transmitting units. The
improved mechanical properties achieved by hardening process. This research focuses on optimizing wear rate
of different gear materials using hardening process. The main Objective of this research is to find out the best
material for manufacturing gear by hardening process.
A Novel Feature Extraction Scheme for Medical X-Ray ImagesIJERA Editor
X-ray images are gray scale images with almost the same textural characteristic. Conventional texture or color
features cannot be used for appropriate categorization in medical x-ray image archives. This paper presents a
novel combination of methods like GLCM, LBP and HOG for extracting distinctive invariant features from Xray
images belonging to IRMA (Image Retrieval in Medical applications) database that can be used to perform
reliable matching between different views of an object or scene. GLCM represents the distributions of the
intensities and the information about relative positions of neighboring pixels of an image. The LBP features are
invariant to image scale and rotation, change in 3D viewpoint, addition of noise, and change in illumination A
HOG feature vector represents local shape of an object, having edge information at plural cells. These features
have been exploited in different algorithms for automatic classification of medical X-ray images. Excellent
experimental results obtained in true problems of rotation invariance, particular rotation angle, demonstrate that
good discrimination can be achieved with the occurrence statistics of simple rotation invariant local binary
patterns.
Development of Recycled Aggregates In The Implementation ofthe Concrete:Liter...IJERA Editor
Civil engineering is rapidly evolving with the natural, political and environmental development. Due to
a shortage of natural resources, to sustainable development and environmental certificationsrequirements,
recycling of aggregates is increasingly valued.Research is done everywhere in the world (in 2016, more
than a hundred doctoral subjects were proposed in this sense) in order to normalize the use of recycled aggregates,
specify the domain and restrictionsof using concrete constructions design protocols based on recycled
aggregates.Since the 80s, researches are based on the type of the recycled (concrete aggregates,
remains aggregates , glass, rubbers…) and the percentage of it compared to natural aggregates to
study the influence on the basic characteristics of concrete..
The main characteristics studied are the porosity of the concrete, the tensile strength and the compressive
strength. In comparison with natural aggregates, concrete based on recycled aggregates has
lower resistance values of approximately 20% but has better thermal characteristics than about 5% .These
characteristics are basic for the dimensioning especially of the carrier elements so they are demanding
bettertechnical and experimental studies to determine the optimum proportion of recycled aggregates for use in
the preparation of concrete.
In Morocco, recycled aggregates, does not have any specific standards, and is used mainly in roads
and pavements construction. Even if it’s not normalized this use is not recent, in 1999 during the rehabilitation
of the expressway road from Casablanca which was severely damaged on both channels,
the authorities have opted for the reuse of aggregates instead of reloading the existing pavement with
a new one.
The chosen alternative combinesthe replacement of existing material by a bituminous mixture and a
cold instead reprocessing depending of differences of damage and requirement on the structural capacity for
slow and fast lanes.This paper, part of my doctoral research, discusses different aspects of the problem beginning
with a brief description of the advantages of recycling in all of the levels: social, economic… and a review
of the international and national standards in terms of construction and demolition waste generated, recycled
aggregates producedand their utilization in concrete. It also gives a benchmarking of the engineering properties
of recycled aggregates and concludes by proposing some market opportunities and development paths and potential
uses of recycled aggregates
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Deep foundations, including driven piles, are used to support vertical loads of structures and lateral forces. Typical structures subjected to lateral loads include bridge abutments, transmission tower, sand offshore platforms. Traffic, wind, wave, and seismic forces are common types of lateral loads subjected to pile foundations. The present work is focused on understanding the lateral load capacity of vertical piles located near crest of the slope and subjected to the lateral and inclined loads. The experimental investigation was carried out to study the effect of reinforcing an earth slope on the inclined loading behavior of a single vertical pile located near the slope. Layers of geogrid were used to reinforce a sandy slope of 1V:2H. The parametric studies were performed by varying the length of pile(L), angle of inclination of load (θ), number of geogrid reinforcement (Nr) and crest distance. It was observed that the lateral load capacity of pile depends upon these parameters. The lateral load capacity of pile increases with increase in inclination of load, length of pile(L), number of geogrid reinforcement (Nr) and crest distance.
Behaviour of Single Pile in Reinforced Slope Subjected to Inclined LoadIJERA Editor
Deep foundations, including driven piles, are used to support vertical loads of structures and lateral forces. Typical structures subjected to lateral loads include bridge abutments, transmission tower, sand offshore platforms. Traffic, wind, wave, and seismic forces are common types of lateral loads subjected to pile foundations. The present work is focused on understanding the lateral load capacity of vertical piles located near crest of the slope and subjected to the lateral and inclined loads. The experimental investigation was carried out to study the effect of reinforcing an earth slope on the inclined loading behavior of a single vertical pile located near the slope. Layers of geogrid were used to reinforce a sandy slope of 1V:2H. The parametric studies were performed by varying the length of pile(L), angle of inclination of load (θ), number of geogrid reinforcement (Nr) and crest distance. It was observed that the lateral load capacity of pile depends upon these parameters. The lateral load capacity of pile increases with increase in inclination of load, length of pile(L), number of geogrid reinforcement (Nr) and crest distance
Performance Study of Square Footing Resting Over Geo-Grid Reinforced SandIJERA Editor
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Stabilization of Marine Clays with Geotextile Reinforced Stone Columns Using ...ijceronline
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Improving the load carrying capacity of square footing resting on reinforced ...eSAT Journals
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Eccentrically Loaded Small Scale Ring Footing on Resting on Cohesionless Soil
1. Dr. A. I. Dhatrak Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 8, ( Part -3) August 2016, pp.55-59
www.ijera.com 55 | P a g e
Eccentrically Loaded Small Scale Ring Footing on Resting on
Cohesionless Soil
Dr. A. I. Dhatrak1
, Poonam Gawande2
1
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering Amravati,
Maharashtra, India
2
P.G. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Engineering Amravati, Maharashtra,
India
Abstract
A number of works have been carried out for the evaluation of a ultimate bearing capacity of shallow
foundation, supported by geogrid reinforced sand and subjected to centric load. Few experimental studies have
been made on the calculation of bearing capacity of shallow foundation on geogrid-reinforced sand under
eccentric loading. However these studies are for strip footings. This paper presents the behavior of ring footing
under eccentric loading on sand. The model tests have been conducted using ring footing with ring radii ratio
(Di/Do) = 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 for varring eccentricity ratio. Parametric studies have been made to find the impact of
eccentricity ratio, ring radii ratio and geogrid reinforcement on bearing capacity of the foundation.
Keywords: Ultimate Bearing Capacity, Reinforced Sand Bed, Eccentric Loading
I. Introduction
For any load-based structure, the foundation
is very important and has to be strong to support the
entire structure. For the foundation to be strong, the
soil around it plays a very critical role. The
performance of a structure mostly depends on the
performance of foundation. Since it is a very
important part, so it should be designed properly. The
ring foundations are more suitable and economical to
provide support for axi-symmetric structures such as
bridge piers, underground stops, water-tower
structures, transmission towers, TV antennas, silos,
chimneys, and storage tanks. With the increasing use
of these foundations in many important projects,
interest in their behavior has intensified. This behavior
includes the load-displacement response and the
ultimate bearing capacity.
This paper is organized as follows. Section II
describes previous similar work done by various
researchers. The material used for the test and the test
procedure is given in Section III. Section IV presents
experimental results. Finally, Section V presents
conclusions.
II. Related Work
Several experimental, analytical and
numerical analyses were performed on eccentrically
loaded footing resting on soil which is unreinforced
and reinforced by various authors.
Zhu (1998)1
conducted a centrifuge
modelling and numerical analysis of bearing capacity
of ring foundations on sand to investigate the bearing
capacity of ring footings on a dense sand under
vertical loads. It was found that for eccentrically
loaded ring footings, the bearing capacity decreases
with load increase in eccentricity.
Mehrjardi (2008)2
studied on Bearing
Capacity and settlement of ring footings. The behavior
of ring footing with circular footing are compared and
presented its design method.
Sawwaf and Nazir (2012)3
presented an
experimental study of the behavior of an eccentrically
loaded model ring footing resting on a compacted
replaced layer of sand that overlies an extended layer
of loose sand. Test results indicate that the behavior of
an eccentrically loaded ring footing significantly
improves with an increase in the depth and the relative
density of the replaced compacted sand layer.
However, the inclusion of soil reinforcement not only
leads to a significant reduction in the depth of the
replaced sand layer but also causes a considerable
increase in the bearing capacities of the eccentrically
loaded rings, leading to the cost-effective design of the
footings.
Albusoda and Hussein (2013)4
presents an
experimental study to dertermine Bearing Capacity of
Eccentrically Loaded Square Foundation on
Compacted Reinforced Dune Sand over Gypseous
Soil. It was found that Bearing capacity increases to
(2.5-3.0) time after replacement and reinforcement of
gypseous soil. For eccentric loads, the load carrying
capacity decreases with the increase of eccentricity
value.
Atalar et.al (2013)5
presented the paper on
Bearing capacity of shallow foundation under
eccentrically inclined load. The results of a number of
laboratory model tests conducted to determine the
ultimate bearing capacity of a strip foundation
supported by sand and subjected to an eccentrically
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Dr. A. I. Dhatrak Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 8, ( Part -3) August 2016, pp.55-59
www.ijera.com 56 | P a g e
inclined load with an embedment ratio varying from
zero to one have been reported.
Dhar et al. (2013)6
conducted a study on
Behavior of Rigid Footing under Inclined and
Eccentric loading. It was found that with increase of
eccentricity of applied loading whether vertical or
inclined, load carrying capacity also decrease.
Irrespective of eccentricity the load carrying capacity
of footing decreases with increase in the angle of
inclination of loading.
Algin (2014)7
conducted the study on Elastic
Settlement under Eccentrically Loaded Rectangular
Surface Footings on Sand Deposits. The analytical
closed form solutions and the resulting influence
factors were presented for estimating the elastic
settlement under eccentrically loaded footing. The
equations are also developed for the theoretical cases
where the location of incompressible soil layer is
infinitely deep
Geetha and Sreekumar (2014)8
presents
Behaviour of eccentrically loaded small scale
ring footing resting on cohesionless soil. It was
found that, bearing capacity of ring footing is found
to be maximum at a radius ratio of 0.4 and bearing
capacity decreases as eccentricity increases.
Alam (2014)9
conducted a study on bearing
capacity of rectangular footing resting over geogrid
reinforced sand under eccentric loading. It was
concluded that the ultimate bearing capacity of the
foundation for un-reinforced and reinforced soil
decreases with the increase in eccentricity ratio i.e.
e/B and the ultimate bearing capacity of the
foundation increases with the increase in number of
reinforcement layer.
Sawwaf (2015)10
conducted a parametric
study on the behavior of an eccentrically loaded strip
footing resting on geosynthetic reinforced sand
experimentally and analytically. Test results indicate
that the footing performance could be appreciably
improved by the inclusion of layers of geogrid leading
to an economic design of the footing. However, the
efficiency of the sand-geogrid system is dependent on
the load eccentricity ratio and reinforcement
parameters.
III. Methodology
The main objective of experiment is to study
the behavior of eccentrically loaded small-scale ring
footings resting on reinforced soil.
1. Test Material and their Properties
Test Sand
For the model tests, cohesionless, washed,
dried, and sorted by particle size was used as the
foundation material. It was composed of rounded to
sub-rounded particles, as shown in fig.1.
Figure 1: Sand
The geotechnical and engineering properties
of sand such as Bulk density, specific gravity,
coefficient of uniformity, etc. are shown in table1.
Table 1: Properties of Sand
Model Footing
The model ring was fabricated by using mild
steel plate. Model footing consists of ring footing of
100 mm outer diameter and different inner diameters
was considered. The inner diameters 40 mm, 60 mm,
80 mm were considered.
Reinforcement
Commercially available continuous biaxial
geogrid was used for reinforcing the sand bed. It is
usually made from polymer materials, such as
polypropylene, polyethylene or polyester. The size of
biaxial geogrid reinforcement used was four times the
size of the footing. The top surface of the sand was
leveled and the biaxial geogrid reinforcement was
placed. The geogrid used for the test is as shown in
Fig. 2.
Figure 2: Geogrid
3. Dr. A. I. Dhatrak Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 8, ( Part -3) August 2016, pp.55-59
www.ijera.com 57 | P a g e
The various properties of geogrid such as
ultimate tensile strength, elongation at break, aperture
size etc., are mention in table 2.
Table 2: Properties of Geogrid
2. Procedure for Test Setup
The detailed test procedure adopted for
experimental investigation is explained below-
Preparation of Sand Bed
The tank of 600 mm x 600 mm x 450 mm
was filled with the dry sand of 2 mm passing and
retaining on 450 µ sieve up to a depth of 100 mm tank
by using the sand raining technique (hopper method).
Prior to that, the side walls of the tank was made
smooth by coating with a lubricating gel to reduce the
boundary effects. Whenever the sand is deposited up
to the location of the desired layer of reinforcement,
the top surface of the sand was leveled and the geogrid
reinforcement was placed. The length of
reinforcement(L) was taken as four times the outer
diameter of footing (4Do). The number of reinforcing
layer (N) was taken as 3. The spacing of reinforcing
layer (s) and the depth of top layer of reinforcement (u)
adopted was 0.3 times the outer diameter of footing
(0.3 Do).
Figure 3: Test Arrangement
Model Plate Load Test Procedure
For the experimental work, the model plate
load tests were conducted on sand as per IS 15284
(Part 1): 2003 to evaluate the bearing capacity and
settlement. After preparation of sand bed, the model
footing was placed at the centre of the tank. Then two
dial gauges placed on the flanges of the footing. The
load was applied on the footing with the help of screw
jack in increments. Each load increment was
approximately equal to 1/5th
of the expected ultimate
load. The load transferred to the footing was measured
through proving ring placed between the footing and
screw jack. Footing settlements was measured through
two dial gauges placed on either side of the centre line
of the footing. The footing settlement was reported as
the average value of the readings taken at the two
different points. The experimental test setup is shown
in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Equipment Setup
where, e = Eccentricity
P = Load intensity
Di = Inner diameter of footing
Do = Outer diameter of footing
h= Depth of sand
B = Width of tank
H = Height of tank
Di/Do= Inner to outer diameter ratio (Ring
radii ratio)
e/Do = Eccentricity to outer diameter ratio.
IV. Experimental Results
The various parameters for study include
inner to outer diameter ratio, and eccentricity of
loading and length of reinforcement. The details of
parameters study is given in table3.
Table 3: Details of Size of Model Footing
Sr. No. Outer
Diameter
(Do)
Inner
Diameter
(Di)
1 100 mm -
2 100 mm 40 mm
3 100 mm 60 mm
4 100 mm 80 mm
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 8, ( Part -3) August 2016, pp.55-59
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The test was conducted on circular footing
and ring footing of different ring radii ratios (Di/Do)
0.4, 0.6, 0.8 with different ratio of eccentricity e/Do =
0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 on unreinforced as well as reinforced
sand. The corresponding load settlement graph is
drawn. The results obtained from these are briefly
discussed below:
4.2.1 Effect of Ring Radii Ratio of Ring Footing
The results are obtained for the bearing
capacity improvement for circular footing and
different ring radius ratios of ring footing for
reinforced and unreinforced sand. These ring radii
ratio (Di/Do) are 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8. Figure 4.2.1.1
shows load intensity of footing corresponding to
different ring radii ratio of footing.
Figure 4.2.1.1: Variation of ring radii ratio for
Various Load Eccentricity on Sand Bed
When the effect of the ring radius ratio of
ring footing was taken in to account it was found that
as ring radii ratio of footing increases, failure load
increases up to certain value thereafter it goes on
decreasing. Bearing capacity of ring footing of ring
radii ratio 0.4 was slightly more than the circular
footing.
4.2.2 Effect of Load Eccentricity on Footing
To study the effects of load eccentricity on
Circular footing and ring footing resting over
unreinforced and reinforced sand bed, the results from
load tests for circular footing were compared using
B.C.R factor. Figure 4.2.2.1 shows the variation of
load intensity for various load eccentricity on
reinforced sand for circular as well as ring footing.
Figure 4.2.2.1: Variation of Load Eccentricity for
Various Ring Radii Ratio on Sand Bed
From figure, it was observed that, as the
eccentricity ratio (e/Do) increases the failure load
decreases. Failure load decreases with increase in ring
radii ratio from 0.4 to 0.8. Table 4.2.2.1 shows
percentage decrease in failure load for different
eccentricity ratio.
Table 4.2.2.1: Percentage Decrease in Failure Load
for Different Eccentricity Ratio
The result from the table shows that as the
eccentricity ratio increases the failure load goes on
decreasing. The unequal settlement of footing
increases with increase in load eccentricity. The
unequal settlement causes tilting effects of the footing.
The tilting effects may cause failure of the footing.
4.2.3 Effect of Length of Reinforcement
The results obtained from tests conducted
were used to study the effects of length of
reinforcement on footing resting over unreinforced
and reinforced sand bed ring footing of ring radii ratio
0.4. Fig. 4.2.3.1 shows the variation of load intensity
for various length of reinforcement at different load
eccentricity on reinforced sand bed.
Figure 4.2.3.1: Variation of Length of Reinforcement
Ratio for Various Load
Eccentricity on Sand Bed
The result shows that the failure load
increases as the length of reinforcement ratio (Lr/Do)
increases from 3 to 5. But there is marginal increment
in failure load for different length of reinforcement
ratio. Table 4.2.3.1 show percentage increase in load
intensity for different length of reinforcement.
5. Dr. A. I. Dhatrak Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
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Table 4.2.3.1: Percentage Increase in Load Intensity
for Different Length of Reinforcement.
V. Conclusion
Based on experimental investigation the
following conclusions can be drawn-
Bearing capacity of ring footing at ring radii ratio
of 0.4 is found to be optimum, and its bearing
capacity is greater than that of circular footing
with similar properties on sand.
The bearing capacity of circular and ring footing
decreases as eccentricity of load increases for
unreinforced and reinforced soil.
The bearing capacity of ring footing increases as
the length of reinforcement to diameter ratio
(Lr/Do) increases, however the effect is not
significant.
As the eccentricity ratio increases settlement of
ring and circular footing decreases.
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