This technical report discusses the added values of grid-connected solar photovoltaic systems. It provides an overview of solar PV technology and its characteristics. Grid-connected PV systems can provide various benefits to power utilities, Malaysia, and the public. For utilities, PV systems reduce financial risk and help meet peak energy demand. For Malaysia, PV supports sustainable development and energy security. And for the public, PV allows individuals to produce their own electricity safely and reliably.
FFM - Technical Brief - Migrating Your Data Center to Become Energy Efficient...Vince Garr
This document discusses how government agencies can migrate their data centers to become more energy efficient in order to save costs. It states that when data centers are migrated to an energy-efficient solution, agencies can save over $38 million per year in energy consumption costs alone. It provides examples of how virtualization and consolidation of servers and applications can significantly reduce energy usage and lower PUE ratios. Government drivers for energy efficiency like Executive Orders 13423 and 13514 are also summarized.
This document discusses the transition to an integrated grid that can accommodate high levels of distributed energy resources (DER) like solar and storage. As DER deployment increases, the traditional electric grid needs to be modernized and operations changed to integrate DER while maintaining reliability. Germany's experience integrating high amounts of solar and wind shows this is challenging without coordination. The document proposes collaboration on interconnection standards, advanced distribution technologies, planning processes that include DER, and policies that enable grid modernization and ensure costs are allocated fairly. EPRI will further study frameworks for assessing the costs and benefits of grid modernization options through an initial concept paper and later framework development project.
Influence of Emissions Trading Scheme on Electricity Markets and PricesNicola Asker
This document summarizes a student's research project investigating the influence of emissions trading schemes on electricity markets and prices using Benders decomposition. The student aimed to modify existing models to allow calculation of shadow prices for constraints in order to determine electricity prices. Due to time constraints, the student was unable to create a working program but provided code in an appendix that could be built upon. The document includes sections on problem formulation, generation scheduling, Benders decomposition, the software used, and conclusions.
IRJET- Comprehensive Analysis on Optimal Allocation and Sizing of Distributed...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates the optimal allocation and sizing of distributed generation (DG) units in a distribution system using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The objective is to minimize voltage deviation and total power loss. A 33-bus distribution network is used as a case study. The results show that allocating 3 DG units at buses 18, 14, and 17 with sizes of 1.7154 MW, 0.1908 MW, and 1.6159 MW respectively reduces voltage deviation at all buses and total power loss by 89.83%. The PSO technique effectively finds the optimal DG locations and sizes to improve the voltage profile and minimize losses in the distribution network.
This document summarizes a thesis project that evaluated the performance of a photovoltaic-solar assisted heat pump (PV-SAHP) system for domestic buildings in Greece. Various system configurations were tested using computer simulations under Greek climate conditions. An optimal design was identified that provided an average annual coefficient of performance of 4.4 and photovoltaic thermal efficiency of 57.3%. The proposed system was found to reduce electrical energy usage, CO2 emissions, and costs by 23% compared to a conventional electric domestic hot water system in Greece.
Tender Document for 1 MW Solar at DamanHeadway Solar
Tender Document for 1 MW Solar at Daman. Issued by Electricity Department of Daman and Diu.
This document is not a work of Headway Solar (http://headwaysolar.com/) and it has been released here for the benefit of the general public.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING STUDENT VACATION PLACEMENT REPORTLee Clark
Lee Clark completed a vacation placement with Ergon Energy from December 2011 to February 2012. As part of the Network Development and Forecasting team within the Asset Management unit, Lee's role involved assessing newly available load data from Ergon's SCADA system, updating related spreadsheets and databases, and integrating the data into Ergon's Energy Information Management system. Lee also produced a work procedure outlining the data integration process. Through this role, Lee gained experience working with essential software and database systems, and a better understanding of the roles and responsibilities of power engineers in managing electrical networks and forecasting load.
Optimization towards cost effective solar mini grids in bangladeshDipta Majumder
People living in remote rural areas e.g. islands of Bangladesh don’t have access to electricity due to financial and technical challenges. Solar Photovoltaic (PV)-Diesel based hybrid mini grids can be a way to electrify remote rural areas of Bangladesh. However, solar energy is costly compared to conventional energy sources. Hence, optimization is essential to ensure success of solar mini grids in remote rural areas. Optimization of mini grid plant capacity based on demand is discussed. Diesel consumption and excess electricity from plant are the key optimization parameters. A case at Paratoli, Narsingdi, Bangladesh is taken into consideration to validate the optimization. Data is further analyzed to find out the future requirements and effects after optimization.
FFM - Technical Brief - Migrating Your Data Center to Become Energy Efficient...Vince Garr
This document discusses how government agencies can migrate their data centers to become more energy efficient in order to save costs. It states that when data centers are migrated to an energy-efficient solution, agencies can save over $38 million per year in energy consumption costs alone. It provides examples of how virtualization and consolidation of servers and applications can significantly reduce energy usage and lower PUE ratios. Government drivers for energy efficiency like Executive Orders 13423 and 13514 are also summarized.
This document discusses the transition to an integrated grid that can accommodate high levels of distributed energy resources (DER) like solar and storage. As DER deployment increases, the traditional electric grid needs to be modernized and operations changed to integrate DER while maintaining reliability. Germany's experience integrating high amounts of solar and wind shows this is challenging without coordination. The document proposes collaboration on interconnection standards, advanced distribution technologies, planning processes that include DER, and policies that enable grid modernization and ensure costs are allocated fairly. EPRI will further study frameworks for assessing the costs and benefits of grid modernization options through an initial concept paper and later framework development project.
Influence of Emissions Trading Scheme on Electricity Markets and PricesNicola Asker
This document summarizes a student's research project investigating the influence of emissions trading schemes on electricity markets and prices using Benders decomposition. The student aimed to modify existing models to allow calculation of shadow prices for constraints in order to determine electricity prices. Due to time constraints, the student was unable to create a working program but provided code in an appendix that could be built upon. The document includes sections on problem formulation, generation scheduling, Benders decomposition, the software used, and conclusions.
IRJET- Comprehensive Analysis on Optimal Allocation and Sizing of Distributed...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates the optimal allocation and sizing of distributed generation (DG) units in a distribution system using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The objective is to minimize voltage deviation and total power loss. A 33-bus distribution network is used as a case study. The results show that allocating 3 DG units at buses 18, 14, and 17 with sizes of 1.7154 MW, 0.1908 MW, and 1.6159 MW respectively reduces voltage deviation at all buses and total power loss by 89.83%. The PSO technique effectively finds the optimal DG locations and sizes to improve the voltage profile and minimize losses in the distribution network.
This document summarizes a thesis project that evaluated the performance of a photovoltaic-solar assisted heat pump (PV-SAHP) system for domestic buildings in Greece. Various system configurations were tested using computer simulations under Greek climate conditions. An optimal design was identified that provided an average annual coefficient of performance of 4.4 and photovoltaic thermal efficiency of 57.3%. The proposed system was found to reduce electrical energy usage, CO2 emissions, and costs by 23% compared to a conventional electric domestic hot water system in Greece.
Tender Document for 1 MW Solar at DamanHeadway Solar
Tender Document for 1 MW Solar at Daman. Issued by Electricity Department of Daman and Diu.
This document is not a work of Headway Solar (http://headwaysolar.com/) and it has been released here for the benefit of the general public.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING STUDENT VACATION PLACEMENT REPORTLee Clark
Lee Clark completed a vacation placement with Ergon Energy from December 2011 to February 2012. As part of the Network Development and Forecasting team within the Asset Management unit, Lee's role involved assessing newly available load data from Ergon's SCADA system, updating related spreadsheets and databases, and integrating the data into Ergon's Energy Information Management system. Lee also produced a work procedure outlining the data integration process. Through this role, Lee gained experience working with essential software and database systems, and a better understanding of the roles and responsibilities of power engineers in managing electrical networks and forecasting load.
Optimization towards cost effective solar mini grids in bangladeshDipta Majumder
People living in remote rural areas e.g. islands of Bangladesh don’t have access to electricity due to financial and technical challenges. Solar Photovoltaic (PV)-Diesel based hybrid mini grids can be a way to electrify remote rural areas of Bangladesh. However, solar energy is costly compared to conventional energy sources. Hence, optimization is essential to ensure success of solar mini grids in remote rural areas. Optimization of mini grid plant capacity based on demand is discussed. Diesel consumption and excess electricity from plant are the key optimization parameters. A case at Paratoli, Narsingdi, Bangladesh is taken into consideration to validate the optimization. Data is further analyzed to find out the future requirements and effects after optimization.
ENERGY EFFICIENT SCHEDULING FOR REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS WITH PRECEDENCE AN...IJCSEA Journal
Energy consumption is a critical design issue in real-time systems, especially in battery- operated systems. Maintaining high performance, while extending the battery life between charges is an interesting challenge for system designers. Dynamic Voltage Scaling and Dynamic Frequency Scaling allow us to adjust supply voltage and processor frequency to adapt to the workload demand for better energy management. Usually, higher processor voltage and frequency leads to higher system throughput while energy reduction can be obtained using lower voltage and frequency. Many real-time scheduling algorithms have been developed recently to reduce energy consumption in the portable devices that use voltage scalable processors. For a real-time application, comprising a set of real-time tasks with precedence and resource constraints executing on a distributed system, we propose a dynamic energy efficient scheduling algorithm with weighted First Come First Served (WFCFS) scheme. This also considers the run-time behaviour of tasks, to further explore the idle periods of processors for energy saving. Our algorithm is compared with the existing Modified Feedback Control Scheduling (MFCS), First Come First Served (FCFS), and Weighted scheduling (WS) algorithms that uses Service-Rate-Proportionate (SRP) Slack Distribution Technique. Our proposed algorithm achieves about 5 to 6 percent more energy savings and increased reliability over the existing ones.
A survey on dynamic energy management at virtualization level in cloud data c...csandit
Data centers have become indispensable infrastructure for data storage and facilitating the
development of diversified network services and applications offered by the cloud. Rapid
development of these applications and services imposes various resource demands that results
in increased energy consumption. This necessitates the development of efficient energy
management techniques in data center not only for operational cost but also to reduce the
amount of heat released from storage devices. Virtualization is a powerful tool for energy
management that achieves efficient utilization of data center resources. Though, energy
management at data centers can be static or dynamic, virtualization level energy management
techniques contributes more energy conservation than hardware level. This paper surveys
various issues related to dynamic energy management at virtualization level in cloud data
centers.
The document discusses integrating renewable energies like photovoltaic (PV) solar panels and small wind turbines into a new housing development in West Yorkshire, England. It recommends installing PV solar panels on the roofs of housing blocks and above parking spaces to take advantage of Feed-in Tariffs and offset the development's electricity needs. The design calls for installing 160 solar panels totalling 48 kW to meet the development's estimated energy demand of 3.2 kWh per day per house. Small wind turbines are also proposed, with micro-scale turbines gaining popularity in the UK for sustainable power generation and CO2 reductions. The PV solar system is estimated to pay for itself in under 12 years and earn £40,000 profit over 25
IRJET- The Next Generation Green Data Center:Multi-Facetapproach to Reduc...IRJET Journal
This document discusses reducing the energy consumption of modern data centers and supercomputers. It begins by outlining how data centers are a major source of power usage and greenhouse gas emissions. The rest of the document then provides details on:
1) The structure and components of typical data centers, including servers, storage, networking equipment, cooling systems, and backup power supplies.
2) Describing the fastest supercomputer in India called "Pratyush" located at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, which has a maximum speed of 4 petaflops but high energy usage of around 1.4 megawatts.
3) Stating the research objectives to study energy consumption patterns of data centers
IRJET- Analysis of Demand Side Management of Distribution SystemsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes demand side management techniques in distribution systems using an IEEE 33 bus test system in DigSILent PowerFactory software. It implements different demand side management approaches like incorporating distributed energy sources, load shifting, and valley filling. The distributed energy sources used are distributed generators and batteries. Load shifting is done by shifting different percentages of load to off-peak hours. Valley filling is analyzed for different cases. The results of these demand side management techniques are compared to the base IEEE 33 bus system in terms of improvements to voltage profile and losses. The effectiveness of each technique is evaluated based on the losses.
Didit Kurniawan is an Indonesian electrical engineer with over 10 years of experience working on oil, gas, mining, fertilizer and power plant projects. He has extensive experience managing engineering, procurement, construction and commissioning processes. Some of his past projects include serving as the lead electrical engineer for a $561 million NH3 and urea plant in Indonesia as well as a $110 million coal boiler plant. He is proficient with engineering software like ETAP, AutoCAD and MS Office.
This document summarizes the status of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) applications in Malaysia. It discusses that between 1998-2002, Malaysia successfully completed several pilot BIPV projects totaling over 400kWp installed across various buildings. Key lessons learned included addressing issues like roof leakage and lightning protection that are prevalent in the tropical climate. While BIPV system costs in Malaysia have decreased significantly, costs remain relatively high compared to other countries due to components still being imported and lack of local market. The government is now working to further develop BIPV through new programs and a national steering committee on renewable technologies.
Electricity consumer dishonesty is a problem faced
by all power utilities. Finding efficient measurements for
detecting fraudulent electricity consumption has been an active
research area in recent years. This paper presents a new
approach towards (NTL) analysis for electric
utilities using a novel intelligence-based technique, Support
Vector Machine (SVM). The main motivation of this study is to
assist Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) in Malaysia to reduce its
NTLs in the distribution sector due to electricity theft. The
proposed model preselects suspected customers to be inspected
onsite for fraud based on irregularities and abnormal
consumption behavior. This approach provides a method of data
mining and involves feature extraction from historical customer
consumption data. The SVM based approach uses customer load
profile information to expose abnormal behavior that is known to
be highly correlated with NTL activities. The result yields
classification classes that are used to shortlist potential fraud
suspects for onsite inspection, based on significant behavior that
emerges due to irregularities in consumption. Simulation results
prove the proposed method is more effective compared to the
current actions taken by TNB in order to reduce NTL activities.
This paper presents a framework to identify and detect NTL
activities in the electric utility market i.e., customers with
irregular and abnormal consumption patterns indicating
fraudulent activities. An automatic feature extraction method
for load profiles with a combination of Support Vector
Machines (SVMs) is used to identify fraud customers. This
study uses historical customer consumption data collected
from TNBD. Customer consumption patterns are extracted
using data mining and statistical techniques, which represent
customer load profiles. Based on the assumption that load
profiles contain abnormalities when a fraud event occurs,
SVM classifies load profiles of customers for detection of
fraud suspects. There are several different types of fraud that
can occur, but our research concentrates only on scenarios
where abrupt changes appear in load profiles, indicating
fraudulent activities.
Line, value, shape, form, space, color, and texture are elements of art. Line is a mark with greater length than width that can be horizontal, vertical, diagonal, straight, curved, thick, or thin. Value refers to the lightness or darkness of a surface. Shape is a closed line that can be geometric or organic. Forms are three-dimensional shapes that express length, width, and depth. Space is the area between and around objects, and can refer to both physical and optical depth. Color has characteristics of hue, value, and intensity, and is created through mixing primary, secondary, and intermediate colors. Texture is the surface quality that can be seen and felt.
Dhana Raj Markandu: Evolution of the PI System in Tenaga's Power Generation F...Dhana Raj Markandu
The document summarizes Tenaga Nasional Berhad's evolution with the PI data infrastructure system. It deployed PI across its diverse power generation fleet to unify real-time plant data previously locked in isolated control systems. This provided visibility and analytics to improve performance. Tenaga benefited from cost savings and revenue from internal PI system management and external deployment services. It continues enhancing PI usage and skills to further optimize operations.
El documento resume las principales infecciones de transmisión sexual, incluyendo bacterias como Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae y virus como el VPH y VIH. Describe los síntomas, signos, diagnóstico y tratamiento de uretritis/cervicitis, vaginitis, ulceras genitales como el herpes y la sífilis, así como otras infecciones como el chancro blando, linfogranuloma venéreo y granuloma inguinal.
The document provides an overview of mechanical and electrical systems in building and land development projects. It discusses the roles of M&E engineers in the initial design process and obtaining necessary approvals from authorities. The document then covers several topics in more depth including: [1] the design of power distribution systems in buildings; [2] principles and goals of electrical system design; [3] low voltage distribution schemes; [4] statutory regulations; and [5] TNB supply schemes and maximum demand levels. It also provides introductions to mechanical systems including air conditioning, cold water, and building transportation systems.
Building Service 2 Report on Tesco ExtraKellyann Hiew
Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (Honours)
Building Services 2 Report
Tesco Extra at Mutiara Damansara
Members:
Abang Azrin Bin Abang Affandi
Chua Jia Cheng
Goh Jeng Jhieh
Jake Sia Chyi Sern
Kellyann Hiew Yau Mei
Muhammad Aiman Bin Zainul Abidin
Rachel Emma Betty Ernesta
This document discusses short circuit calculations for electrical systems. It explains that short circuits can be caused by insulation failures, flashovers, physical damage or human error. Symmetrical and asymmetrical faults are described. Short circuit calculations should be performed at protective devices to determine device ratings and settings, cable sizes, and motor starting capabilities. A 6-step process for short circuit calculations is outlined, involving drawing diagrams, applying a power base, calculating impedances, and determining fault currents. Equations for converting three-phase values to single-phase are provided. An example cable calculation and fault current determination is shown.
The document discusses the goals and principles of designing electrical installation and power distribution systems. It aims to 1) ensure safety, 2) minimize initial investment, and 3) maximize service continuity, flexibility, efficiency and power quality. The design considers factors like load locations and characteristics, sources of power, utility requirements and voltage levels. Low voltage distribution systems typically use star or bus topologies in a three-level scheme. Regulations in Malaysia govern aspects like supply voltage ranges and schemes based on maximum demand levels.
Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (Honours)
Building Services 2 Presentation
Tesco Extra at Mutiara Damansara
Members:
Abang Azrin Bin Abang Affandi
Chua Jia Cheng
Goh Jeng Jhieh
Jake Sia Chyi Sern
Kellyann Hiew Yau Mei
Muhammad Aiman Bin Zainul Abidin
Rachel Emma Betty Ernesta
This document provides an overview of various building service systems, including mechanical ventilation, air conditioning, electrical supply, fire protection, and mechanical transportation systems. It includes literature reviews of each system that describe their functions and key components. Diagrams and case studies of each system from a building in Malaysia are also presented. The document aims to document and analyze different building service systems.
This document discusses short circuits, open circuits, and transformer tests. It explains that a short circuit allows current along an unintended path with little resistance, while an open circuit lacks a complete path for current flow. Transformer tests include open circuit and short circuit tests. The open circuit test determines core losses and shunt branch parameters, while the short circuit test determines copper losses and approximate circuit parameters. Instruments are connected and measurements recorded to evaluate losses and parameters from the tests.
ENERGY EFFICIENT SCHEDULING FOR REAL-TIME EMBEDDED SYSTEMS WITH PRECEDENCE AN...IJCSEA Journal
Energy consumption is a critical design issue in real-time systems, especially in battery- operated systems. Maintaining high performance, while extending the battery life between charges is an interesting challenge for system designers. Dynamic Voltage Scaling and Dynamic Frequency Scaling allow us to adjust supply voltage and processor frequency to adapt to the workload demand for better energy management. Usually, higher processor voltage and frequency leads to higher system throughput while energy reduction can be obtained using lower voltage and frequency. Many real-time scheduling algorithms have been developed recently to reduce energy consumption in the portable devices that use voltage scalable processors. For a real-time application, comprising a set of real-time tasks with precedence and resource constraints executing on a distributed system, we propose a dynamic energy efficient scheduling algorithm with weighted First Come First Served (WFCFS) scheme. This also considers the run-time behaviour of tasks, to further explore the idle periods of processors for energy saving. Our algorithm is compared with the existing Modified Feedback Control Scheduling (MFCS), First Come First Served (FCFS), and Weighted scheduling (WS) algorithms that uses Service-Rate-Proportionate (SRP) Slack Distribution Technique. Our proposed algorithm achieves about 5 to 6 percent more energy savings and increased reliability over the existing ones.
A survey on dynamic energy management at virtualization level in cloud data c...csandit
Data centers have become indispensable infrastructure for data storage and facilitating the
development of diversified network services and applications offered by the cloud. Rapid
development of these applications and services imposes various resource demands that results
in increased energy consumption. This necessitates the development of efficient energy
management techniques in data center not only for operational cost but also to reduce the
amount of heat released from storage devices. Virtualization is a powerful tool for energy
management that achieves efficient utilization of data center resources. Though, energy
management at data centers can be static or dynamic, virtualization level energy management
techniques contributes more energy conservation than hardware level. This paper surveys
various issues related to dynamic energy management at virtualization level in cloud data
centers.
The document discusses integrating renewable energies like photovoltaic (PV) solar panels and small wind turbines into a new housing development in West Yorkshire, England. It recommends installing PV solar panels on the roofs of housing blocks and above parking spaces to take advantage of Feed-in Tariffs and offset the development's electricity needs. The design calls for installing 160 solar panels totalling 48 kW to meet the development's estimated energy demand of 3.2 kWh per day per house. Small wind turbines are also proposed, with micro-scale turbines gaining popularity in the UK for sustainable power generation and CO2 reductions. The PV solar system is estimated to pay for itself in under 12 years and earn £40,000 profit over 25
IRJET- The Next Generation Green Data Center:Multi-Facetapproach to Reduc...IRJET Journal
This document discusses reducing the energy consumption of modern data centers and supercomputers. It begins by outlining how data centers are a major source of power usage and greenhouse gas emissions. The rest of the document then provides details on:
1) The structure and components of typical data centers, including servers, storage, networking equipment, cooling systems, and backup power supplies.
2) Describing the fastest supercomputer in India called "Pratyush" located at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, which has a maximum speed of 4 petaflops but high energy usage of around 1.4 megawatts.
3) Stating the research objectives to study energy consumption patterns of data centers
IRJET- Analysis of Demand Side Management of Distribution SystemsIRJET Journal
This document analyzes demand side management techniques in distribution systems using an IEEE 33 bus test system in DigSILent PowerFactory software. It implements different demand side management approaches like incorporating distributed energy sources, load shifting, and valley filling. The distributed energy sources used are distributed generators and batteries. Load shifting is done by shifting different percentages of load to off-peak hours. Valley filling is analyzed for different cases. The results of these demand side management techniques are compared to the base IEEE 33 bus system in terms of improvements to voltage profile and losses. The effectiveness of each technique is evaluated based on the losses.
Didit Kurniawan is an Indonesian electrical engineer with over 10 years of experience working on oil, gas, mining, fertilizer and power plant projects. He has extensive experience managing engineering, procurement, construction and commissioning processes. Some of his past projects include serving as the lead electrical engineer for a $561 million NH3 and urea plant in Indonesia as well as a $110 million coal boiler plant. He is proficient with engineering software like ETAP, AutoCAD and MS Office.
This document summarizes the status of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) applications in Malaysia. It discusses that between 1998-2002, Malaysia successfully completed several pilot BIPV projects totaling over 400kWp installed across various buildings. Key lessons learned included addressing issues like roof leakage and lightning protection that are prevalent in the tropical climate. While BIPV system costs in Malaysia have decreased significantly, costs remain relatively high compared to other countries due to components still being imported and lack of local market. The government is now working to further develop BIPV through new programs and a national steering committee on renewable technologies.
Electricity consumer dishonesty is a problem faced
by all power utilities. Finding efficient measurements for
detecting fraudulent electricity consumption has been an active
research area in recent years. This paper presents a new
approach towards (NTL) analysis for electric
utilities using a novel intelligence-based technique, Support
Vector Machine (SVM). The main motivation of this study is to
assist Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) in Malaysia to reduce its
NTLs in the distribution sector due to electricity theft. The
proposed model preselects suspected customers to be inspected
onsite for fraud based on irregularities and abnormal
consumption behavior. This approach provides a method of data
mining and involves feature extraction from historical customer
consumption data. The SVM based approach uses customer load
profile information to expose abnormal behavior that is known to
be highly correlated with NTL activities. The result yields
classification classes that are used to shortlist potential fraud
suspects for onsite inspection, based on significant behavior that
emerges due to irregularities in consumption. Simulation results
prove the proposed method is more effective compared to the
current actions taken by TNB in order to reduce NTL activities.
This paper presents a framework to identify and detect NTL
activities in the electric utility market i.e., customers with
irregular and abnormal consumption patterns indicating
fraudulent activities. An automatic feature extraction method
for load profiles with a combination of Support Vector
Machines (SVMs) is used to identify fraud customers. This
study uses historical customer consumption data collected
from TNBD. Customer consumption patterns are extracted
using data mining and statistical techniques, which represent
customer load profiles. Based on the assumption that load
profiles contain abnormalities when a fraud event occurs,
SVM classifies load profiles of customers for detection of
fraud suspects. There are several different types of fraud that
can occur, but our research concentrates only on scenarios
where abrupt changes appear in load profiles, indicating
fraudulent activities.
Line, value, shape, form, space, color, and texture are elements of art. Line is a mark with greater length than width that can be horizontal, vertical, diagonal, straight, curved, thick, or thin. Value refers to the lightness or darkness of a surface. Shape is a closed line that can be geometric or organic. Forms are three-dimensional shapes that express length, width, and depth. Space is the area between and around objects, and can refer to both physical and optical depth. Color has characteristics of hue, value, and intensity, and is created through mixing primary, secondary, and intermediate colors. Texture is the surface quality that can be seen and felt.
Dhana Raj Markandu: Evolution of the PI System in Tenaga's Power Generation F...Dhana Raj Markandu
The document summarizes Tenaga Nasional Berhad's evolution with the PI data infrastructure system. It deployed PI across its diverse power generation fleet to unify real-time plant data previously locked in isolated control systems. This provided visibility and analytics to improve performance. Tenaga benefited from cost savings and revenue from internal PI system management and external deployment services. It continues enhancing PI usage and skills to further optimize operations.
El documento resume las principales infecciones de transmisión sexual, incluyendo bacterias como Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae y virus como el VPH y VIH. Describe los síntomas, signos, diagnóstico y tratamiento de uretritis/cervicitis, vaginitis, ulceras genitales como el herpes y la sífilis, así como otras infecciones como el chancro blando, linfogranuloma venéreo y granuloma inguinal.
The document provides an overview of mechanical and electrical systems in building and land development projects. It discusses the roles of M&E engineers in the initial design process and obtaining necessary approvals from authorities. The document then covers several topics in more depth including: [1] the design of power distribution systems in buildings; [2] principles and goals of electrical system design; [3] low voltage distribution schemes; [4] statutory regulations; and [5] TNB supply schemes and maximum demand levels. It also provides introductions to mechanical systems including air conditioning, cold water, and building transportation systems.
Building Service 2 Report on Tesco ExtraKellyann Hiew
Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (Honours)
Building Services 2 Report
Tesco Extra at Mutiara Damansara
Members:
Abang Azrin Bin Abang Affandi
Chua Jia Cheng
Goh Jeng Jhieh
Jake Sia Chyi Sern
Kellyann Hiew Yau Mei
Muhammad Aiman Bin Zainul Abidin
Rachel Emma Betty Ernesta
This document discusses short circuit calculations for electrical systems. It explains that short circuits can be caused by insulation failures, flashovers, physical damage or human error. Symmetrical and asymmetrical faults are described. Short circuit calculations should be performed at protective devices to determine device ratings and settings, cable sizes, and motor starting capabilities. A 6-step process for short circuit calculations is outlined, involving drawing diagrams, applying a power base, calculating impedances, and determining fault currents. Equations for converting three-phase values to single-phase are provided. An example cable calculation and fault current determination is shown.
The document discusses the goals and principles of designing electrical installation and power distribution systems. It aims to 1) ensure safety, 2) minimize initial investment, and 3) maximize service continuity, flexibility, efficiency and power quality. The design considers factors like load locations and characteristics, sources of power, utility requirements and voltage levels. Low voltage distribution systems typically use star or bus topologies in a three-level scheme. Regulations in Malaysia govern aspects like supply voltage ranges and schemes based on maximum demand levels.
Bachelor of Quantity Surveying (Honours)
Building Services 2 Presentation
Tesco Extra at Mutiara Damansara
Members:
Abang Azrin Bin Abang Affandi
Chua Jia Cheng
Goh Jeng Jhieh
Jake Sia Chyi Sern
Kellyann Hiew Yau Mei
Muhammad Aiman Bin Zainul Abidin
Rachel Emma Betty Ernesta
This document provides an overview of various building service systems, including mechanical ventilation, air conditioning, electrical supply, fire protection, and mechanical transportation systems. It includes literature reviews of each system that describe their functions and key components. Diagrams and case studies of each system from a building in Malaysia are also presented. The document aims to document and analyze different building service systems.
This document discusses short circuits, open circuits, and transformer tests. It explains that a short circuit allows current along an unintended path with little resistance, while an open circuit lacks a complete path for current flow. Transformer tests include open circuit and short circuit tests. The open circuit test determines core losses and shunt branch parameters, while the short circuit test determines copper losses and approximate circuit parameters. Instruments are connected and measurements recorded to evaluate losses and parameters from the tests.
Kuching | Jan-15 | Micro Grid - Renewable Energy TNB Experiences Towards Rura...Smart Villages
The keynote speech discusses Malaysia's rural electrification efforts through renewable micro grids. It provides background on Malaysia's rural development journey since independence, outlining various national policies to improve rural infrastructure including electrification. TNB's perspective is presented, highlighting its extensive experience providing renewable micro grids using solar hybrid, mini hydro and biomass systems across rural and island communities in Malaysia since the 1970s. Challenges and the benefits of micro grids for reliable and cost-effective rural electrification are discussed.
open circuit and short circuit test on transformerMILAN MANAVAR
This document describes open circuit and short circuit tests performed on transformers. The open circuit test is done to measure iron losses by connecting meters to the primary side with the secondary open. The short circuit test is done to measure copper losses by shorting the secondary and applying a small voltage to the primary side. These tests allow determining key transformer parameters like losses and efficiency without actual loading and are economical and convenient.
This document is an advertisement for an air conditioner sale from Panasonic and installation services from Iceberg Engineers. It provides pricing details for 1 ton, 1.5 ton, and 2 ton Panasonic air conditioner models along with installation offers. It also includes recipes for yogurt fruity and cucumber mango bisque. The final section provides brief descriptions of the medicinal values of apricots, pineapples, and papayas.
So Cal Edison Smart Grid Strategyand Roadmapbrucetotty
This document provides Southern California Edison's (SCE) updated smart grid strategy and roadmap. It discusses the need for a smarter grid to meet policy goals around climate change, energy independence, and infrastructure security. A smarter grid is needed to integrate more renewable energy, enable customer participation, and ensure continued reliability. SCE developed its first smart grid roadmap in 2007 and this updated roadmap summarizes SCE's activities and plans for developing and implementing a smarter grid through 2030 using a methodology of customer-focused engineering, open innovation, scenario planning, standards development, and technology evaluation.
Lee Clark completed a vacation student role with Powerlink Queensland from November 2014 to February 2015. The role involved developing analytical reports and spreadsheet tools to help Powerlink's Digital Asset Strategies team assess and plan maintenance for secondary systems assets across Powerlink's electricity network. Lee created reports on topics like Allen-Bradley programmable logic controllers and intelligent electronic devices. A major task was improving an asset condition assessment tool used to evaluate secondary systems equipment and produce health indexes for individual sites. The role provided Lee with valuable insights into managing digital assets and how different engineering and business areas collaborate at a transmission network service provider.
This document provides background information on photovoltaic systems and projects. It describes the key components of PV systems, including PV modules, batteries, power conditioning equipment, generators, and pumps. It discusses the main PV application markets of on-grid, off-grid, and water pumping systems. The RETScreen PV project model calculates solar irradiance, PV array output, and system sizing for on-grid, off-grid, and water pumping applications. It was validated by comparing results to an hourly simulation model.
This master's thesis develops a mathematical index called the Γ-index to quantify the technological flexibility of dispatchable power generation units. The Γ-index is calculated as the normalized integral of weighted flexibility terms over time. These terms evaluate dynamic features like ramp rates and minimum run times, as well as static features such as maximum step changes and reliability. The Γ-index is tested by evaluating the flexibility of different power plant technologies. The results show diesel engines and gas turbines are most flexible, followed by combined cycle plants, then steam plants, with nuclear ranked as least flexible. The Γ-index could help quantify the value of flexible generation and inform decisions around power system planning and policymaking.
The document presents a group project report for designing a solar powered Stirling engine system to pump water for rural homes. It includes an introduction to Stirling engines and the project objectives. The team divided the work, developing several design iterations. Components were selected and analyzed, including a Stirling engine, heat collector, pump, and safety considerations. The system is intended to provide off-grid water pumping using renewable solar energy.
Case Studies in Highly-Energy Efficient DatacentersMichael Searles
New tools, designs and services have emerged to help datacenter operators improve the energy efficiency of IT and facilties. This report examines the use of these technologies and techniques in real deployments.
The document provides details on sustainable design strategies for the Sherwood Substation project, including stormwater management, material strategies, control enclosure optimization, electric vehicle charging integration, and public education. For stormwater management, a sustainable design uses grass and gravel pavers to decrease the graveled surface area within the substation by 52% compared to a traditional design. The sustainable design meets or exceeds stormwater performance while minimizing site disturbance. For material strategies, the document discusses implementing a construction waste management plan to reduce waste and maximize recycling and reuse of demolition materials from the existing house on the site.
The document provides an overview of PV module reliability testing and results from the 2016 PV Module Reliability Scorecard. It discusses aging mechanisms for PV modules in the field and limitations of existing certification standards. Laboratory tests are described that aim to understand module degradation within a commercially reasonable timeframe. Results are presented from various reliability tests conducted on modules from multiple manufacturers through the Product Qualification Program. Overall most manufacturers performed well with few failures, though laboratory results do not precisely predict long-term field performance.
This document discusses using fault tree analysis to evaluate the safety and reliability of autonomous virtual power plants (AVPPs) in an energy grid simulation called the EnergyGrid. It introduces AVPPs as self-organizing groups of power plants that autonomously plan power supply and demand. A new "safety metric" is proposed to assess an AVPP's ability to meet power needs during the structuring process. The document outlines how fault tree analysis could be applied, including constructing the fault tree to account for common failures of weather-dependent power sources, qualitative and quantitative evaluation algorithms, and using importance measures to calculate the safety metric. The goal is to improve the AVPP formation process and provide a reliable measure of quality.
This document presents the design and testing of several prototypes for a switching power amplifier intended to drive piezoelectric transducers. The initial through-hole prototype achieved the power and frequency specifications but had low efficiency. Revision 2 improved efficiency but failed due to heat issues. Revision 3 addressed this with a thermally enhanced design, achieving the highest efficiency. An isolated gate driver was also developed to allow testing higher voltages safely. Overall the work progressed from non-isolated to isolated amplifier designs with improvements in efficiency, voltage handling, and reliability at each stage.
Lessons Learned in ICFMP Project for Verification and Validation of Computer ...Dr. Monideep Dey
This report presents a synthesis of the technical and programmatic “lessons learned” in the International collaborative Fire Model Project (ICFMP) that was conducted from 1999 to 2008. A synthesis of ICFMP results has been conducted as a project of Deytec, Inc. to benefit public safety and the scientific community. The verification and validation
(V&V) process in the ICFMP project was developed to examine the capabilities and limitations of fire models for nuclear plant fire safety and risk analysis, and to determine the predictive errors of the models. Although current models can reliably predict global parameters in nuclear plant compartment fires such as hot gas temperature and interface height, they are limited and need to be improved for predicting important parameters like the heat flux to cable targets. The development of V&V process provided experience in the conduct of blind exercises; however, it was not possible to determine the true
predictive errors of the models due to issues related to model input data and procedures for blind exercises. These issues could be addressed and the V&V process can be improved. The experience in the ICFMP has formed the basis of a V&V process for the evaluation of fire models for nuclear plant applications.
The team designed a 3MWe biomass power plant with the following key features:
- Wood chips with 20% moisture content are combusted to generate steam at 800 psi and 840°F.
- The plant has an overall efficiency of 27.89% and a cost of $179 million.
- Steam drives a turbine connected to an electric generator to produce 3MWe of power.
- Flue gases from combustion are used to dry the wood chips before being released.
From nwokolo eric onyekachi(mini project 492)Eric Brendan
The document discusses applications of high temperature superconductors in power system transmission and their benefits. It provides an overview of superconductor materials and their special properties. Some key applications of HTS cables discussed are increasing transmission capacity without raising system voltages. HTS cables have much higher power density than copper cables and can be installed more compactly. They also have virtually zero resistance and can help stabilize power flows. Overall, the document examines how HTS technology can help address issues with aging power grid infrastructure and increasing demand.
As huge energy consumers, datacenters find their environmental performance under intense scrutiny. This report provides an overview of current environmental issues most relevant to the datacenter industry and its suppliers, including legislation, standards, metrics and other topics.
This application note discusses using ideal diode controllers to improve efficiency in battery input protection and power supply ORing applications compared to conventional schottky diodes or P-channel MOSFETs. It highlights limitations of traditional solutions, describes ideal diode controller operation, and provides examples of using ideal diode controllers for reverse battery protection, automotive transient protection, and ORing multiple power supplies. The note concludes that ideal diode controllers can improve efficiency and performance over traditional approaches.
GREEN CHARGE: MANAGING RENEWABLE ENERGY IN SMART BUILDING’SIRJET Journal
This document discusses a system for managing renewable energy in smart buildings using solar power. It proposes using a microcontroller connected to a solar panel, boost converter, battery, and other components. The microcontroller monitors and compares the voltage from the solar panel to the battery. It charges the battery from the grid if the solar voltage is low. A LED and LCD display are used to demonstrate operation. The system aims to maximize current extraction from the solar panel to charge the battery regardless of irradiation or duty cycle. It concludes that as solar panel and battery prices decrease, such green energy systems could provide a good return on investment.
IRJET- Hybrid Renewable Energy Based Micro GridIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed hybrid renewable energy microgrid system. It discusses the design of the microgrid, which integrates solar and wind energy sources along with an energy storage system. The microgrid is intended to provide power reliably while reducing dependence on fossil fuels. The document outlines the various components of the microgrid, including the renewable energy sources, energy storage, power electronics for integration and control. It also provides simulation results of the microgrid operating over 24 hours and meeting varying electricity demands. The microgrid design aims to demonstrate coordinated control of distributed energy resources to power homes and critical loads efficiently using hybrid renewable sources.
Renewable Energy Driven Optimized Microgrid System: A Case Study with Hybrid ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study on designing an optimized hybrid microgrid system to meet the thermal and electrical demands of a building in a cost-effective way. The microgrid integrates solar PV, battery energy storage, and thermal energy storage. It was designed to reduce the building's energy consumption and carbon footprint. A case study of a campus in India analyzed reducing cooling loads by 50% using efficient chilled water and thermal energy storage. Shifting night cooling loads to daytime using thermal energy storage helped maximize solar energy use and reduce needed battery storage. The optimized microgrid design met the campus's total annual electrical load of 770,000 kWh through efficiency measures and renewable energy integration.
This document is the final thesis report submitted by four students for their Bachelor's degree in Computer and Electrical Engineering. It documents their design project titled "Demand Side Load Management to Match Solar Power Generation". The project aims to manage household loads by prioritizing them and turning off less important loads when solar power generation drops, in order to match supply and demand. It uses an Arduino microcontroller connected to sensors to monitor battery voltage and current, and control relays that switch loads on and off. The report describes the design, components, calculations, code, and implementation of the system to automatically manage household loads powered by a solar generator during periods of low solar power generation.
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Added Values of
Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic System
A Technical Report for
A Pilot Project to Study the Performance of
Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic System in Malaysia
TNB Research Sdn. Bhd.
RESEARCH (A wholly owned subsidiary of TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD)
Contract No. TNB 973/97 & PTM 3/99
Filename (Word file) ahh-pv benefits
Prepared by
Ahmad Hadri Haris
Project Leader
Checked & Approved by
TNBR Project Director
Hj Azmi Omar
Senior General Manager
Generation, Environment & QA
Release status FINAL
Date 30th
November 2002 / 24th
March 2003
Distribution list 1. Chief Co-ordinator, Education & Research, TNB
2. Tenaga Nasional Berhad (Corporate Affairs)
3. TNB Distribution Sdn Bhd (TNBD)
4. Electricity Supply Industry Trust Account (MESITA)
5. Suruhanjaya Tenaga (ST)
6. Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (PTM)
7. TNBR Managing Director
8. TNBR Contract Administration Executive
9. TNBR Project File
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