The document discusses integrating renewable energies like photovoltaic (PV) solar panels and small wind turbines into a new housing development in West Yorkshire, England. It recommends installing PV solar panels on the roofs of housing blocks and above parking spaces to take advantage of Feed-in Tariffs and offset the development's electricity needs. The design calls for installing 160 solar panels totalling 48 kW to meet the development's estimated energy demand of 3.2 kWh per day per house. Small wind turbines are also proposed, with micro-scale turbines gaining popularity in the UK for sustainable power generation and CO2 reductions. The PV solar system is estimated to pay for itself in under 12 years and earn £40,000 profit over 25
Design and Development of Polycrystalline Silica Solar Concentrator for Power...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a polycrystalline silica solar concentrator for power generation. The concentrator uses polycrystalline photovoltaic cells fixed at the vertical edges of window panels on buildings to generate electricity from solar thermal energy. Experimental models were constructed with glass and polycrystalline solar cells. The models were tested outdoors at different orientations to analyze maximum possible efficiency and power generation. Solar radiation and temperature data was recorded over multiple days to evaluate the concentrator's performance.
The SAARC Grid:Policy, Regulatory, Infra-structure, Contractual Issues in C...IPPAI
The document discusses electricity needs in South Asia and opportunities for regional cooperation. It outlines Bangladesh's power sector goals to provide affordable, reliable electricity to all by 2021 through increasing generation, transmission, efficiency and regional interconnectivity. Coal will be a major source, supplying 50% of electricity by 2030. Ongoing initiatives and potential proposals for joint projects between Bangladesh, India, Bhutan and Nepal are described. Policy and regulatory frameworks to encourage regional power trade and private sector investment are also mentioned.
An overview of Energy & utilities industry. In the future, civilization will be forced to research and develop alternative energy sources. Our current rate of fossil fuel usage will lead to an energy crisis this century. In order to survive the energy crisis, many companies in the energy industry are inventing new ways to extract energy from renewable sources. While the rate of development is slow, mainstream awareness and government pressures are growing.
The deck talks about the needs of energy awareness and consumer education about the terminologies and technologies within the industry value chain so, energy can be consumed efficiently and smartly.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The document discusses a case study of rural electrification through solar photovoltaic systems on Sagar Island in West Bengal, India. It describes the 10 solar power stations that have been installed on the island between 1996-2006 by the West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency to provide electricity to over 2000 families for 6 hours per day. The study analyzes the rural electrification scenario through renewable energy on the isolated island and finds that solar power has benefited residents but that connecting the isolated renewable power plants to the grid presents challenges.
Design needs of a solar pv system for winton – queensland, australiaAlexander Decker
This academic article summarizes the design needs of a solar PV system for Winton, Queensland, Australia. It discusses installing a centralized solar PV and battery system to replace diesel generators and meet the town's electricity needs of 450MWh annually. The proposed system would include 1605 solar panels, 685 battery banks, and related equipment at an estimated total initial cost of $1.4 million. Financial analysis found the solar PV system would have a simple payback period of 6.7 years and be more cost effective over the 20-year project lifetime than continuing to use diesel generators.
The absence of electricity in rural areas is one of the major challenges faced by many developing countries like Algeria. This work has been devoted to the design of an off-grid renewable hybrid power system for a rural village in the region of Tindouf located in south Algeria. The main objective of this study is to determine the optimum size of the hybrid power system able to fulfill the requirements of 709 kWh/day primary load with 66 kW peak load for a remote area of 230 households. This study is based on simulation and optimization of a (PV-Diesel) and (PV-GPL) hybrid system with a technical-economic analysis. Simulation results showed that electrifying using a PV/GPL generator hybrid system is more advantageous when compared to the PV/diesel generator hybrid system as it has lower operating costs and emissions. The comparison is based on per unit cost of electrical energy production, operating cost of conventional fossil fuel-based energy sources and pollutants gases reduction.
A New Photovoltaic Energy Sharing System between Homes in Standalone Areas IJECEIAES
This document describes a new photovoltaic energy sharing system between homes in standalone areas. The system uses a switching matrix to automatically share photovoltaic panels between homes based on the state of charge of each home's electrical storage unit and its electrical power consumption. A monitoring system is connected to each home and manages energy use by assigning more energy to homes with higher consumption. This approach aims to reduce total energy lost by optimizing the distribution of solar energy between homes in real-time.
Design and Development of Polycrystalline Silica Solar Concentrator for Power...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a polycrystalline silica solar concentrator for power generation. The concentrator uses polycrystalline photovoltaic cells fixed at the vertical edges of window panels on buildings to generate electricity from solar thermal energy. Experimental models were constructed with glass and polycrystalline solar cells. The models were tested outdoors at different orientations to analyze maximum possible efficiency and power generation. Solar radiation and temperature data was recorded over multiple days to evaluate the concentrator's performance.
The SAARC Grid:Policy, Regulatory, Infra-structure, Contractual Issues in C...IPPAI
The document discusses electricity needs in South Asia and opportunities for regional cooperation. It outlines Bangladesh's power sector goals to provide affordable, reliable electricity to all by 2021 through increasing generation, transmission, efficiency and regional interconnectivity. Coal will be a major source, supplying 50% of electricity by 2030. Ongoing initiatives and potential proposals for joint projects between Bangladesh, India, Bhutan and Nepal are described. Policy and regulatory frameworks to encourage regional power trade and private sector investment are also mentioned.
An overview of Energy & utilities industry. In the future, civilization will be forced to research and develop alternative energy sources. Our current rate of fossil fuel usage will lead to an energy crisis this century. In order to survive the energy crisis, many companies in the energy industry are inventing new ways to extract energy from renewable sources. While the rate of development is slow, mainstream awareness and government pressures are growing.
The deck talks about the needs of energy awareness and consumer education about the terminologies and technologies within the industry value chain so, energy can be consumed efficiently and smartly.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The document discusses a case study of rural electrification through solar photovoltaic systems on Sagar Island in West Bengal, India. It describes the 10 solar power stations that have been installed on the island between 1996-2006 by the West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency to provide electricity to over 2000 families for 6 hours per day. The study analyzes the rural electrification scenario through renewable energy on the isolated island and finds that solar power has benefited residents but that connecting the isolated renewable power plants to the grid presents challenges.
Design needs of a solar pv system for winton – queensland, australiaAlexander Decker
This academic article summarizes the design needs of a solar PV system for Winton, Queensland, Australia. It discusses installing a centralized solar PV and battery system to replace diesel generators and meet the town's electricity needs of 450MWh annually. The proposed system would include 1605 solar panels, 685 battery banks, and related equipment at an estimated total initial cost of $1.4 million. Financial analysis found the solar PV system would have a simple payback period of 6.7 years and be more cost effective over the 20-year project lifetime than continuing to use diesel generators.
The absence of electricity in rural areas is one of the major challenges faced by many developing countries like Algeria. This work has been devoted to the design of an off-grid renewable hybrid power system for a rural village in the region of Tindouf located in south Algeria. The main objective of this study is to determine the optimum size of the hybrid power system able to fulfill the requirements of 709 kWh/day primary load with 66 kW peak load for a remote area of 230 households. This study is based on simulation and optimization of a (PV-Diesel) and (PV-GPL) hybrid system with a technical-economic analysis. Simulation results showed that electrifying using a PV/GPL generator hybrid system is more advantageous when compared to the PV/diesel generator hybrid system as it has lower operating costs and emissions. The comparison is based on per unit cost of electrical energy production, operating cost of conventional fossil fuel-based energy sources and pollutants gases reduction.
A New Photovoltaic Energy Sharing System between Homes in Standalone Areas IJECEIAES
This document describes a new photovoltaic energy sharing system between homes in standalone areas. The system uses a switching matrix to automatically share photovoltaic panels between homes based on the state of charge of each home's electrical storage unit and its electrical power consumption. A monitoring system is connected to each home and manages energy use by assigning more energy to homes with higher consumption. This approach aims to reduce total energy lost by optimizing the distribution of solar energy between homes in real-time.
IRJET- Feasibility Study and Design of Solar PV-Biomass Hybrid Power Gene...IRJET Journal
This document presents a feasibility study and design of a solar PV-biomass hybrid power generation system for rural areas in Ethiopia. It assesses the solar and biomass energy potential of the Ilu Aba Bora zone, located about 600km from Addis Ababa. The study estimates the energy demands of rural villages in the zone. It then designs an optimal hybrid renewable energy system to provide power to meet the estimated loads, through modeling and simulation. The findings and recommendations are presented for practical implementation of the hybrid system.
This document discusses how wind energy can help Europe address its energy challenges and turn energy into a competitive advantage. Wind power production in Europe is increasing and can meet up to 20% of electricity demand without technical issues. With the right policies and investment, wind energy could supply 14-17% of Europe's electricity by 2020, up from around 5% today. Wind energy provides a stable, indigenous source that can help improve Europe's energy security and meet climate goals in a cost-effective way. Europe has a competitive advantage in wind power technology and the sector can provide economic and employment benefits if supported properly.
IRJET- Planning and Designing of Zero Energy Residential BuildingIRJET Journal
The document discusses the planning and design of a zero energy residential building in India. It aims to produce enough electricity through solar panels to meet the building's annual energy needs. The proposed building's energy consumption is calculated to be 9,930 watts per day. Based on this, the design includes installing 8 solar panels totaling 1,986 watts to meet the building's daily needs. Additional system components like batteries, inverters, and their costs are presented. The analysis estimates it will take 5.5 years for the solar energy system costs to be recovered through electricity savings. Advantages of zero energy buildings include reducing environmental impacts and long-term cost savings, while disadvantages include high upfront costs and dependence on weather conditions
Session1 introduction to solar thermal applications (gerhard stryi hipp, ise,...RCREEE
This document discusses the status and potential of solar thermal energy. It makes three key points:
1) Solar thermal energy is an important renewable energy source that can help address issues of energy security, climate change, and finite fossil fuel resources. Global installed solar thermal capacity was over 17 GW in 2006, led by China.
2) Solar thermal technology is increasingly used for domestic hot water and space heating in Europe. Countries like Germany, Austria, and France have seen rising adoption of solar combisystems. Large-scale solar thermal is also growing for applications like district heating, swimming pools, and process heat.
3) There is significant potential to further increase the use of solar thermal energy by 2030 through innovations
The document summarizes the key aspects of the German Renewable Energy Act of 2009, including:
1) It sets a goal of renewable energy sources accounting for 30% of energy production in Germany by 2020.
2) It establishes a system of feed-in tariffs where renewable energy producers are guaranteed prices for the electricity they provide to the grid over 20 years.
3) The costs of these tariffs are passed on to consumers through a renewable energy surcharge added to electricity bills.
Energy Efficiency - A future Market for Electrical Engineers and ContractorsLeonardo ENERGY
The document discusses energy efficiency as a future market for electrical engineers and contractors. It covers topics such as the present market situation with rising energy prices and environmental concerns driving demand for energy consulting. Basic calculation rules for energy flows are presented along with examples of energy efficient system solutions that can save 40-90% of energy usage. The document introduces the ARC (Avoid, Reduce, Combine) concept for finding economical energy saving solutions and emphasizes the need for an interdisciplinary approach and understanding customer needs to maximize energy efficiency in building retrofits.
Performance and Energy Saving Analysis of Grid Connected Photovoltaic in West...IAES-IJPEDS
The paper presents performance and energy saving analysis of 1.25 kWp grid
connected photovoltaic system under difference weather condition in West
Sumatera. The measured data were performed during weather data that often
occur in West Sumatra i.e. sunny, overcast, raining and cloudy.
The synchronizing process successfully done even bad weather conditions
when sunlight was low automatically. Photovoltaic in average start
producing power from 7:00 AM to 6:00 PM for normal or clear sky, however
under overcast, raining and cloudy weather, the PV power decreased and
disconnected earlier before sunset. During intermittent raining, overcast and
cloud covered the PV power output show an irregular profile. The PV energy
saving performed for three residential connection cases: 1300 VA, 900 VA
with subsidized and 900 VA without subsidized. The solar PV installation
have more benefits and energy saving for 1300 VA, 900 VA without
subsidized with payback period around 8.5 years. However, the 900 VA with
subsidized take longer 20.8 years, but still in PV lifespan 25 years. In the
future, household subsidies may be reduced or eliminated, the solar energy
will be viable alternative of energy resources when it can produce electricity
at a cost equivalent to utility grid PLN rate.
Opportunities and challenges for renewable energy policy in IndiaPallav Purohit
Renewable Energy in India provides opportunities and challenges. India has significant renewable energy potential from sources like solar, wind, biomass and small hydro. The country is focused on developing renewable energy to reduce emissions, energy imports and power shortages. Key policies support renewable energy development through preferential tariffs, renewable purchase obligations and other regulations. However, intermittent sources, transmission infrastructure and high costs remain challenges to large scale renewable energy adoption in India.
This document summarizes the status of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) applications in Malaysia. It discusses that between 1998-2002, Malaysia successfully completed several pilot BIPV projects totaling over 400kWp installed across various buildings. Key lessons learned included addressing issues like roof leakage and lightning protection that are prevalent in the tropical climate. While BIPV system costs in Malaysia have decreased significantly, costs remain relatively high compared to other countries due to components still being imported and lack of local market. The government is now working to further develop BIPV through new programs and a national steering committee on renewable technologies.
This document describes the design calculations and cost estimates for a 30 kW parabolic trough solar thermal electrification system for a model village in Myanmar. Key details include:
- The system would use 194 m2 of parabolic trough collectors to generate the required 30 kW of power.
- Calculations were done to determine the absorbed solar flux, useful heat gain, and exit temperature of the working fluid (molten salt) for the system in April and December.
- 9 collectors would be connected in series and 11 in parallel to meet the 30 kW capacity.
- Daily load consumption for the village was calculated to be 28 kW, with separate supply for day (14.7 kWh)
GC energy & environmental newsletter April 2012generalcarbon
The Perform-Achieve-Trade (PAT) scheme was launched by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency to improve energy efficiency in large industries, with 478 companies designated to reduce energy consumption by certain percentages between 2012-2015; accelerated depreciation benefits for wind power projects were removed, which could impact investment; and lower emissions in the EU may reduce demand and prices for carbon credits if no market interventions occur.
The Prime Minister launched the INR 45,000-crore Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS) to strengthen power distribution networks and ensure 24x7 power supply across India by 2022. As part of the scheme, sub-transmission and distribution systems will be expanded, including metering and solar panel provisions. Currently, some remote areas only receive power for 4-6 hours daily, but the goal is to provide 24x7 access nationwide by 2022. Additional funds are being provided for projects in Varanasi.
The document summarizes the results of a 203 person survey conducted at Dollar Academy, Scotland about attitudes towards renewable energy. Key findings include:
- 117 respondents believed climate change has been caused by human activities.
- Wind power was viewed as having the least negative environmental impact and producing the most energy, but solar was seen as the best value.
- 75 respondents thought wind power will be the most important renewable energy source in the future in their country.
- 140 respondents could not see a wind farm from their home/school, but of those that could, 97 had a positive or didn't mind attitude towards wind farms.
Team Solaris is designing a solar power generation system using a parabolic dish concentrator and Stirling engine. The dish will focus sunlight onto the Stirling engine to produce heat and generate electricity. The requirements are for the system to produce at least 1 kW of electricity, track the sun throughout the day, and reset itself at night for under $5000. A work breakdown structure and schedule were created to plan and organize the project.
Impact of compressed air energy storage system into diesel power plant with w...IJECEIAES
The wind energy plays an important role in power system because of its renewable, clean and free energy. However, the penetration of wind power (WP) into the power grid system (PGS) requires an efficient energy storage systems (ESS). compressed air energy storage (CAES) system is one of the most ESS technologies which can alleviate the intermittent nature of the renewable energy sources (RES). Nyala city power plant in Sudan has been chosen as a case study because the power supply by the existing power plant is expensive due to high costs for fuel transport and the reliability of power supply is low due to uncertain fuel provision. This paper presents a formulation of security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) of diesel power plant (DPP) with the integration of CAES and PW. The optimization problem is modeled and coded in MATLAB which solved with solver GORUBI 8.0. The results show that the proposed model is suitable for integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into PGS with ESS and helpful in power system operation management.
NiSource Inc. is an energy holding company that provides natural gas, electricity, and other energy products and services. In 2003:
- Net income was $85.2 million, compared to $372.5 million in 2002 and $216.2 million in 2001.
- Operating income was $1,116.3 million in 2003, $1,152.2 million in 2002, and $967.9 million in 2001.
- The main business segments are gas distribution, gas transmission and storage, and electric operations.
Why It's Time to Invest in eCommerce; A Conversation for Ektron CustomersLuminos Labs
You’ve been on Ektron for years now. But, you know that in order to move the business forward, it’s time to look at an upgrade to have a significant impact on your business.
In this webinar, experts from Episerver and Techromix Solutions take a close look at how an improved eCommerce platform can give you complete control of the online buyer’s experience and make you the new company hero.
Key takeaways include:
The business drivers for ecommerce initiatives
How Episerver is making eCommerce happen for Ektron customers
Get access to a technical diagram that shows how Episerver and Ektron can be integrated saving migration efforts and costs.
View an infographic that determines whether or not your business model is a fit for commerce.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las transacciones con bancos rusos clave y la prohibición de la venta de aviones y equipos a Rusia. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
A crise de refugiados é o trágico resultado de uma política criminosa de guerras e de intervenções militares para mudança de regime, implementadas pelos Estados Unidos e pela União Europeia no Afeganistão, no Iraque, no Sudão, na Líbia e, acima de tudo, na Síria. O que o mundo testemunha hoje, com os milhares de refugiados desesperados na tentativa de chegar à Europa, é efeito desta política, mantida desde então pelas grandes potências ocidentais. Em mais de uma década, as guerras do Afeganistão e do Iraque, travadas com o pretexto de serem "contra o terrorismo", e justificadas com mentiras infames sobre "armas iraquianas de destruição em massa", devastaram sociedades inteiras e mataram centenas de milhares de homens, mulheres e crianças. A estas guerras seguiu-se a guerra por mudança de regime – liderada pelos Estados Unidos e OTAN – que derrubou o governo de Muammar Gaddafi e transformou a Líbia em um arremedo de país, praticamente sem governo, arruinado pela luta contínua entre milícias rivais. Seguiu-se a guerra civil na Síria – alimentada, armada e financiada pelo governo norte-americano e seus aliados europeus, com o objetivo de derrubar Bashar Al-Assad e substituí-lo por um fantoche obediente às potências ocidentais.
IRJET- Feasibility Study and Design of Solar PV-Biomass Hybrid Power Gene...IRJET Journal
This document presents a feasibility study and design of a solar PV-biomass hybrid power generation system for rural areas in Ethiopia. It assesses the solar and biomass energy potential of the Ilu Aba Bora zone, located about 600km from Addis Ababa. The study estimates the energy demands of rural villages in the zone. It then designs an optimal hybrid renewable energy system to provide power to meet the estimated loads, through modeling and simulation. The findings and recommendations are presented for practical implementation of the hybrid system.
This document discusses how wind energy can help Europe address its energy challenges and turn energy into a competitive advantage. Wind power production in Europe is increasing and can meet up to 20% of electricity demand without technical issues. With the right policies and investment, wind energy could supply 14-17% of Europe's electricity by 2020, up from around 5% today. Wind energy provides a stable, indigenous source that can help improve Europe's energy security and meet climate goals in a cost-effective way. Europe has a competitive advantage in wind power technology and the sector can provide economic and employment benefits if supported properly.
IRJET- Planning and Designing of Zero Energy Residential BuildingIRJET Journal
The document discusses the planning and design of a zero energy residential building in India. It aims to produce enough electricity through solar panels to meet the building's annual energy needs. The proposed building's energy consumption is calculated to be 9,930 watts per day. Based on this, the design includes installing 8 solar panels totaling 1,986 watts to meet the building's daily needs. Additional system components like batteries, inverters, and their costs are presented. The analysis estimates it will take 5.5 years for the solar energy system costs to be recovered through electricity savings. Advantages of zero energy buildings include reducing environmental impacts and long-term cost savings, while disadvantages include high upfront costs and dependence on weather conditions
Session1 introduction to solar thermal applications (gerhard stryi hipp, ise,...RCREEE
This document discusses the status and potential of solar thermal energy. It makes three key points:
1) Solar thermal energy is an important renewable energy source that can help address issues of energy security, climate change, and finite fossil fuel resources. Global installed solar thermal capacity was over 17 GW in 2006, led by China.
2) Solar thermal technology is increasingly used for domestic hot water and space heating in Europe. Countries like Germany, Austria, and France have seen rising adoption of solar combisystems. Large-scale solar thermal is also growing for applications like district heating, swimming pools, and process heat.
3) There is significant potential to further increase the use of solar thermal energy by 2030 through innovations
The document summarizes the key aspects of the German Renewable Energy Act of 2009, including:
1) It sets a goal of renewable energy sources accounting for 30% of energy production in Germany by 2020.
2) It establishes a system of feed-in tariffs where renewable energy producers are guaranteed prices for the electricity they provide to the grid over 20 years.
3) The costs of these tariffs are passed on to consumers through a renewable energy surcharge added to electricity bills.
Energy Efficiency - A future Market for Electrical Engineers and ContractorsLeonardo ENERGY
The document discusses energy efficiency as a future market for electrical engineers and contractors. It covers topics such as the present market situation with rising energy prices and environmental concerns driving demand for energy consulting. Basic calculation rules for energy flows are presented along with examples of energy efficient system solutions that can save 40-90% of energy usage. The document introduces the ARC (Avoid, Reduce, Combine) concept for finding economical energy saving solutions and emphasizes the need for an interdisciplinary approach and understanding customer needs to maximize energy efficiency in building retrofits.
Performance and Energy Saving Analysis of Grid Connected Photovoltaic in West...IAES-IJPEDS
The paper presents performance and energy saving analysis of 1.25 kWp grid
connected photovoltaic system under difference weather condition in West
Sumatera. The measured data were performed during weather data that often
occur in West Sumatra i.e. sunny, overcast, raining and cloudy.
The synchronizing process successfully done even bad weather conditions
when sunlight was low automatically. Photovoltaic in average start
producing power from 7:00 AM to 6:00 PM for normal or clear sky, however
under overcast, raining and cloudy weather, the PV power decreased and
disconnected earlier before sunset. During intermittent raining, overcast and
cloud covered the PV power output show an irregular profile. The PV energy
saving performed for three residential connection cases: 1300 VA, 900 VA
with subsidized and 900 VA without subsidized. The solar PV installation
have more benefits and energy saving for 1300 VA, 900 VA without
subsidized with payback period around 8.5 years. However, the 900 VA with
subsidized take longer 20.8 years, but still in PV lifespan 25 years. In the
future, household subsidies may be reduced or eliminated, the solar energy
will be viable alternative of energy resources when it can produce electricity
at a cost equivalent to utility grid PLN rate.
Opportunities and challenges for renewable energy policy in IndiaPallav Purohit
Renewable Energy in India provides opportunities and challenges. India has significant renewable energy potential from sources like solar, wind, biomass and small hydro. The country is focused on developing renewable energy to reduce emissions, energy imports and power shortages. Key policies support renewable energy development through preferential tariffs, renewable purchase obligations and other regulations. However, intermittent sources, transmission infrastructure and high costs remain challenges to large scale renewable energy adoption in India.
This document summarizes the status of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) applications in Malaysia. It discusses that between 1998-2002, Malaysia successfully completed several pilot BIPV projects totaling over 400kWp installed across various buildings. Key lessons learned included addressing issues like roof leakage and lightning protection that are prevalent in the tropical climate. While BIPV system costs in Malaysia have decreased significantly, costs remain relatively high compared to other countries due to components still being imported and lack of local market. The government is now working to further develop BIPV through new programs and a national steering committee on renewable technologies.
This document describes the design calculations and cost estimates for a 30 kW parabolic trough solar thermal electrification system for a model village in Myanmar. Key details include:
- The system would use 194 m2 of parabolic trough collectors to generate the required 30 kW of power.
- Calculations were done to determine the absorbed solar flux, useful heat gain, and exit temperature of the working fluid (molten salt) for the system in April and December.
- 9 collectors would be connected in series and 11 in parallel to meet the 30 kW capacity.
- Daily load consumption for the village was calculated to be 28 kW, with separate supply for day (14.7 kWh)
GC energy & environmental newsletter April 2012generalcarbon
The Perform-Achieve-Trade (PAT) scheme was launched by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency to improve energy efficiency in large industries, with 478 companies designated to reduce energy consumption by certain percentages between 2012-2015; accelerated depreciation benefits for wind power projects were removed, which could impact investment; and lower emissions in the EU may reduce demand and prices for carbon credits if no market interventions occur.
The Prime Minister launched the INR 45,000-crore Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS) to strengthen power distribution networks and ensure 24x7 power supply across India by 2022. As part of the scheme, sub-transmission and distribution systems will be expanded, including metering and solar panel provisions. Currently, some remote areas only receive power for 4-6 hours daily, but the goal is to provide 24x7 access nationwide by 2022. Additional funds are being provided for projects in Varanasi.
The document summarizes the results of a 203 person survey conducted at Dollar Academy, Scotland about attitudes towards renewable energy. Key findings include:
- 117 respondents believed climate change has been caused by human activities.
- Wind power was viewed as having the least negative environmental impact and producing the most energy, but solar was seen as the best value.
- 75 respondents thought wind power will be the most important renewable energy source in the future in their country.
- 140 respondents could not see a wind farm from their home/school, but of those that could, 97 had a positive or didn't mind attitude towards wind farms.
Team Solaris is designing a solar power generation system using a parabolic dish concentrator and Stirling engine. The dish will focus sunlight onto the Stirling engine to produce heat and generate electricity. The requirements are for the system to produce at least 1 kW of electricity, track the sun throughout the day, and reset itself at night for under $5000. A work breakdown structure and schedule were created to plan and organize the project.
Impact of compressed air energy storage system into diesel power plant with w...IJECEIAES
The wind energy plays an important role in power system because of its renewable, clean and free energy. However, the penetration of wind power (WP) into the power grid system (PGS) requires an efficient energy storage systems (ESS). compressed air energy storage (CAES) system is one of the most ESS technologies which can alleviate the intermittent nature of the renewable energy sources (RES). Nyala city power plant in Sudan has been chosen as a case study because the power supply by the existing power plant is expensive due to high costs for fuel transport and the reliability of power supply is low due to uncertain fuel provision. This paper presents a formulation of security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) of diesel power plant (DPP) with the integration of CAES and PW. The optimization problem is modeled and coded in MATLAB which solved with solver GORUBI 8.0. The results show that the proposed model is suitable for integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into PGS with ESS and helpful in power system operation management.
NiSource Inc. is an energy holding company that provides natural gas, electricity, and other energy products and services. In 2003:
- Net income was $85.2 million, compared to $372.5 million in 2002 and $216.2 million in 2001.
- Operating income was $1,116.3 million in 2003, $1,152.2 million in 2002, and $967.9 million in 2001.
- The main business segments are gas distribution, gas transmission and storage, and electric operations.
Why It's Time to Invest in eCommerce; A Conversation for Ektron CustomersLuminos Labs
You’ve been on Ektron for years now. But, you know that in order to move the business forward, it’s time to look at an upgrade to have a significant impact on your business.
In this webinar, experts from Episerver and Techromix Solutions take a close look at how an improved eCommerce platform can give you complete control of the online buyer’s experience and make you the new company hero.
Key takeaways include:
The business drivers for ecommerce initiatives
How Episerver is making eCommerce happen for Ektron customers
Get access to a technical diagram that shows how Episerver and Ektron can be integrated saving migration efforts and costs.
View an infographic that determines whether or not your business model is a fit for commerce.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las transacciones con bancos rusos clave y la prohibición de la venta de aviones y equipos a Rusia. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
A crise de refugiados é o trágico resultado de uma política criminosa de guerras e de intervenções militares para mudança de regime, implementadas pelos Estados Unidos e pela União Europeia no Afeganistão, no Iraque, no Sudão, na Líbia e, acima de tudo, na Síria. O que o mundo testemunha hoje, com os milhares de refugiados desesperados na tentativa de chegar à Europa, é efeito desta política, mantida desde então pelas grandes potências ocidentais. Em mais de uma década, as guerras do Afeganistão e do Iraque, travadas com o pretexto de serem "contra o terrorismo", e justificadas com mentiras infames sobre "armas iraquianas de destruição em massa", devastaram sociedades inteiras e mataram centenas de milhares de homens, mulheres e crianças. A estas guerras seguiu-se a guerra por mudança de regime – liderada pelos Estados Unidos e OTAN – que derrubou o governo de Muammar Gaddafi e transformou a Líbia em um arremedo de país, praticamente sem governo, arruinado pela luta contínua entre milícias rivais. Seguiu-se a guerra civil na Síria – alimentada, armada e financiada pelo governo norte-americano e seus aliados europeus, com o objetivo de derrubar Bashar Al-Assad e substituí-lo por um fantoche obediente às potências ocidentais.
Em defesa de uma nova assembleia constituinte para superar a crise atual no b...Fernando Alcoforado
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seminar power point presentation by Getahun Shanko.pptx
Energy_Management
1. Integration and design of renewable energies into new housing developments
Integration and design of renewable
energies into new housing developments
Energy Management 2011-12
Sergio Arenas Gayoso
1
Energy Management 2011-12
2. Integration and design of renewable energies into new housing developments
Index
1-Introduction Pag. 3
2-Scheme tariff Pag. 3
3-Integration of renewable energies Pag. 4
3.1-Photovoltaic system Pag. 4
3.1.1-Justification Pag. 4
3.1.2-Technical considerations to bear in mind for installing PV systems Pag. 4
3.1.3- Design and implementation strategy for a photovoltaic system Pag. 5
3.1.3.1-Incident solar radiation Pag. 5
3.1.3.2-Household electrical energy consumption Pag. 6
3.1.3.3-Modules and battery required Pag. 6
3.1.3.4-Final design Pag. 7
3.1.4-Payback Pag. 7
3.2-Wind power Pag. 8
3.2.1-Justification Pag. 8
3.2.2-Required data for installing wind power domestic systems Pag. 8
3.2.3-Design and implementation strategy for a wind power domestic system Pag. 10
3.2.3.1-Kind of turbine Pag. 10
3.2.3.2-Number of turbines required Pag. 11
3.2.4-Payback Pag. 12
4-Final scheme Pag. 12
5-Conclusion Pag. 13
6-References Pag. 13
Number of words (excluding figures/tables and references):2235
2
Energy Management 2011-12
3. Integration and design of renewable energies into new housing developments
1-Introduction
A housing developer is interested in the integration of renewable energies into its new
housing developments. The developer is currently at the planning stage of a small site in
West Yorkshire which will consist of affordable 2-bedroom homes. It comprises 4 housing
“blocks” in addition to a significant area for communal parking.
Acting as a consultant to the developer, the renewable energy sources which could be
applied will be considered and they will benefit from one the UK tariff schemes.
The case will be built for the technologies chosen, highlighting the importance of the
respective scheme in addition to the economic, societal and environmental benefits. It will
be also suggested a design or implementation strategy for deploying the chosen
technologies on the site, so some basic calculus will be required as well as and concise
rationale for the choices.
2-Scheme tariff
For this work, has been suggested the Feed in Tariffs (FITs) scheme. The reason for this
choice it is because the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) has been discarded as the long-
term tariff support is targeted in the non-domestic sectors even though it will be also applied
to the domestic sector by the end of 2012 (DECC, 2011a;b).
Figure1. PV systems and wind power systems are
only available under the FITs scheme
The fact that the RHI tariffs level have not been
determined yet as well as other issues around the
operation of this scheme, couple with the need to install renewable energies with a degree of
tariff security, have been the deciding factors to go for the FITs scheme as solution for this
case. With this system, it will not only be boosted the installation of this kind of energy
sources (apart from the evident improvement on the environmental issue), but also the future
householders will be paid for the electricity produced, and their electricity bill be significantly
reduced as well.
Because certain members of the future community work in the green sector, they have
knowledge of wind and solar energy, so they would like to install them whenever possible
and site conditions were favorable. Obviously technical expert advice would be required
A communal photovoltaic panels and wind micro-turbines with a communal monthly bill to be
paid among the owners could be a possible solution, as the more power installed, the
cheaper it is. However, due to the different consumption every household has, an
individualized distribution is finally suggested.
3
Energy Management 2011-12
4. Integration and design of renewable energies into new housing developments
3-Integration of renewable energies
3.1-Photovoltaic system
It is widely recognized that photovoltaic (PV) technology can provide an effective electricity
supply with low environmental impact and the use of PV in electricity supply systems is
growing rapidly. However, the potential contribution of PV to the overall electricity demand of
a country, like England, is highly dependent on both the prevailing climatic conditions and
the nature of the electricity supply and demand within that country (Pearsall et al, 1994).
3.1.1-Justification
In recent years, with the growing pressure on reducing fossil fuel dependence and CO2
emission to environment, integration of PV modules into building construction has become a
common practice (Schoen, 2001). The United Kingdom (UK) faces significant challenges in
the coming years to meet its objective of reducing its CO2 emissions by at least 80% by
2050 against a 1990 baseline, and with significant progress to be made by 2020 (OPSI,
2008). The UK domestic building sector, as this example, currently constitutes around 30%
of the UK’s final energy demand and about 23% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
(Hammond et al, 2011).
3.1.2-Technical considerations to bear in mind for installing PV systems
Optimum PV inclination and orientation depends on local climate, load consumption
temporal profile and latitude (Kern and Harris, 1975; Tsalides and Thanailakis, 1985; Bari,
2000). Generally, a surface with tilt angle equal to the latitude of a location receives
maximum insolation. Normally, during summer, the incident insolation is maximised for a
surface with an inclination 10-15o less than the latitude and, during winter, 10-15o more than
the latitude (Duffie and Beckman, 1991). However, for this particular case, the panels will be
always orientated 35o south, as they have not tracking system.
PV modules are usually installed on building facade or roof, which creates a warmer interior
thermal condition than that mounted in the free air, and results in a less efficient electrical
performance, which it could be ideal for the Yorkshire area. Currently, the PV electrical
efficiency is in the range 6–15%, which is a value measured at the Nominal Operating Cell
Temperature (NOCT) (Messenger and Ventre, 2003).
Figure 2. A typical I-V curve
for a photovoltaic cell.
Temperature effects on the
I-V curve
4
Energy Management 2011-12
5. Integration and design of renewable energies into new housing developments
3.1.3- Design and implementation strategy for a photovoltaic system
The system simulation will use as a data base the UK climate conditions (Weather2, 2011)
and the calculus simulation will be based on the Technical Building Code (TBC) of Spain
(2009 and 2011) as well as on the Institute for Energy Diversification and Saving of Energy
(IDAE) of Spain (2009). It is clear that use of the same systems at latitudes with higher levels
of solar radiation will improve the performance and make it possible to cover loads with
smaller and less expensive systems (Sørensen, 2004). Table 1 shows the initial data for this
case.
Table 1. Input data for the case of study
Area West Yorkshire
o
Latitude 53 45’
Climate area * I
Building 4 housing “blocks” (2-bedroom homes)
Panels orientation ** South
o
Panels Inclination *** 35
Possible shadows No shadows ****
* It has been assumed that this climate zone, belonging to a specific area of the North of Spain, has similar
characteristics to the West Yorkshire area (TBC, 2011).
** Heat transfer through walls and openings depends on site location of the building, receiving surfaces and
orientation (Bekkouche et al, 2011). It is an accepted common practice to install flat solar systems facing south
(or north, in the southern hemisphere). In this way, the collector is exposed to the largest amount of total radiation
during the day, so that the energy output of the system is maximized (if the energy demand is made during the
last hours of sunshine) (Sokolov and Vaxman, 1988); All the houses are facing the south but the block one, so a
o
special structure should be placed on its roof. An inclination of 35 improves solar generation heat in winter, as
the Sun in this station has a lower trajectory in the sky.
*** For a typical UK roof pitch of 15-50, and for SE to SW facing installations, the energy available will be
increased by approximately 10–15% from these values (BSI, 1989).
**** No shading from surrounding buildings or trees.
3.1.3.1-Incident solar radiation
To design this system is required the daily incident solar radiation (IE), in order to
considerate the most unfavorable month (lowest incident solar radiation) as the technic
specifications will be based on it (table 2).
Table 2. Incident solar radiation
Months
J F M A My Jn Jl Ag S O N D
o
IEday(35 )*
0.92 1.61 2.6 3.69 4.45 4.28 4.65 4.29 3.46 2.26 1.31 0.75
(kWh/m2day)
days 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31
IEmonth** 28.45 45.17 80.52 110.64 137.92 128.4 144 132.99 103.81 70.06 39.24 23.37
* IEday (0o) has been calculated considering monthly solar radiation from IDAE tables (2009); IEday (35o) has been
o o
calculated with a k (35 ) factor for every month, from IDAE tables (2009) as the inclination of the panels is 35
** It agrees with Suri et al (2007) as the global irradiation received annually (assuming no shading) on a
2
horizontal surface in the West Yorkshire area could be 900–1000 kWh/m
5
Energy Management 2011-12
6. Integration and design of renewable energies into new housing developments
3.1.3.2-Household electrical energy consumption
The table 3, shows average electric consumption considering different devices.
Table 3. Average electrical energy consumption*
Kind of item Units Power (W) h/d Consumption (Wh/d)
Light bulb 10 18 3 540
Light bulb 2 2 8 32
TV 2 50 2 200
Radio 2 20 1 40
PC 3 80 5 1200
Microwave 1 600 0.25 150
Fridge 1 100 - 400
Washing machine 1 150 1 150
Dishwater 1 150 1 150
Total 1564 2862
* IDAE, 2009
It has been assumed a 0.9 power output of the inverter (standard technic specification) and
a PV system with the technic specifications showed in table 4.
Table 4. Average technical specifications of a PV system*
Power rating (Pr) 150 Wp
Voltage rating 24 V
Safety factor (Sf) 1.3
Size 1590x790x39.5 mm
* TBC, 2009
3.1.3.3-Modules and battery required
Demand energy (ED) (Wh/d)=2862/0.9=3180 Wh/d → 3.2 kWh/d
Maximum power of the inverter in direct current (DC)=1564/0.9=1740 W
PV power rating (kWp)=(SfED)/IEworst-month=(1.3x3.2)/0.75=5.54 kWp=5546 Wp ≈ 6000 Wp
If the system requires 48VDC, then there will be branches of 2 panels in series (300 Wp).
It is also necessary a battery bank oversized to account for possible 4-5 days of inclement
weather.
Thus, the battery bank capacity should be: ED (Wh/d)/Voltage system=3200/48=66.24 Ah
For four days: 66.24x4=265 Ah; with a 80% output → 331.25 Ah
Tables 5 and 6 show the final power and area required.
6
Energy Management 2011-12
7. Integration and design of renewable energies into new housing developments
Table 5. Number of PV panels and power required
1 house PV = 6000 Wp → 20 panels
1 block 40 panels
4 blocks 160 panels (48 kWp)
Table 6. Total area required for installing de PV panels
2
1 panel 1590x790 mm = 1.25 m
2
1 block needs 50 m
2
The residential area needs 200 m
3.1.3.4-Final design
The panels could be placed on the top of the parking spaces if the block roof had not
enough surface. Therefore, the following 20
parking spaces will be used:
West zone: V, V, 18, 19, 27, 28, 36, 37, 20.
South zone: 26, 35, both disabled parking spaces,
V, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17.
(It has been assumed a 10 m2 parking space
roof). Therefore, there will be eight panels in each
parking space designated.
Figure 3. There would be 8 panels in every carport
3.1.4-Payback
Using the calculator given on the Solarguide website (2011) and using the “calculating by
size” mode (6 kWp system), the result is as table 7 shows. It seems that the payback would
be less than 12 years and the profit over 25 years (4.75% AER) would be basically £40000.
Table 7. Payback for the study case
Investment in 5.92kWp System £ 17104.41
First year
Income from Feed-In Generation Tariff: 16.80p/kWh £ 802.05
Income from exporting energy: 3.10p/kWh £ 96.20
Electricity Saving £ 240.62
Total Benefit £ 1138.86
Payback Time 11y 6m
£ 38974.32
Total Profit Over 25 years
9.11% per year (4.75% AER)
7
Energy Management 2011-12
8. Integration and design of renewable energies into new housing developments
3.2-Wind power
Urban energy generation such as that produced by small scale wind turbines installed on or
around buildings can be defined as micro-generation (Bahaj and James, 2006). It is
estimated that there is a huge potential to utilise this type of technology in the urban built
environment not only to satisfy demand and provide decentralised generation but also to
help tackle fuel poverty and achieve reductions in emissions (DTI, 2005).
3.2.1-Justification
Micro-scale wind turbines in the UK are an emerging technology driven by advances in
device design, increasing energy prices and the financial incentives offered to aid their
uptake in buildings (Bahaj et al, 2007). The direct benefit in utilising micro-wind turbines in
the built environment is clearly one of sustainable electrical power generation and hence
CO2 abatement and also in financial savings. Indirect benefits are more subtle and span
‘softer’ issues such as pride in housing and increased energy awareness to technical issues
such as generation at point of use and the potential for demand reduction. It can also be
argued that the use of micro-generation technologies when combined with occupier
perception and behaviour can result in further environmental benefits or additionally that
cannot be achieved with traditional supply (ibid).
The UK has the most intense wind energy resource in Europe due to its western location
that is subjected to the main Atlantic weather fronts (Petersen and Troen, 1990). However,
micro-wind turbines will not enjoy as favourable locations as large scale devices due to their
siting at low altitude and in perhaps dense urban terrain.
3.2.2-Required data for installing wind power domestic systems
The following table, shows the kind of data required to install a wind turbine.
Table 8. Annual values for wind speed and frequency*
Average speed (m/s): 7.56**
Height (m): 13***
Direction Frequency (%) Speed (m/s)
N 6 6.68
NE 11 6.17
E 10 8.36
SE 13 6.68
S 10 6.00
SW 24 9.77
W 10 9.2
NW 16 7.51
* Data estimated from www.metoffice.gov.uk for the North West region
** Micro wind turbine looks promising when it is installed in locations having high annual average wind speeds
(>6 m/s) (Li et al, 2011)
*** 13 m would be good for the domestic sector in this case as Bahaj et al, (2007) took their data from 10 m
height. The more height, the more energy production (Alam et al, 2011), but common sense should be taken into
account
With the data above, it is possible to make the wind rose (figures and). It will help in order to
know what is the most probably wind direction and therefore, what should be the micro-
turbines orientation.
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9. Integration and design of renewable energies into new housing developments
Figures 4 to 5. Wind rose for most probably direction (4); direction of the maximum speed (5)
N
4 25
NW 20 NE
15
10
5
W 0 E fr (%)
SW SE
S
N
5 10
NW 8 NE
6
4
2
W 0 E V (m/s)
SW SE
S
According to the figures above, it is clear that the micro-turbines should be orientated
towards SW direction.
To know the annual production of one micro-turbine, the data showed in table 9 are required.
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10. Integration and design of renewable energies into new housing developments
Table 9. Energy production of a micro-turbine
Speed (m/s) h/year* Power (W)** Production (Wh/year)
1 515.1 1.14 586.88
2 801.3 9.11 7303.68
3 958.7 30.76 29491.93
4 1049.9 72.92 76556.96
5 1210.2 142.42 172355.02
6 1368.9 246.10 336885.45
7 1029.8 390.80 402442.45
8 659.4 583.35 384658.81
9 458.2 830.59 380574.24
10 299.9 1139.35 341690.77
11 190.1 1516.47 288281.62
12 104.9 1968.80 206526.60
13 60.3 2503.15 150939.93
14 30.1 3126.37 94103.85
15 13.9 3845.30 53449.71
16 6.8 4666.77 31734.06
17 1.6 5597.62 8956.19
18 0.9 6644.68 5980.22
19 0 7814.79 0
20 0 9114.79 0
21 0 10551.51 0
22 0 12131.79 0
23 0 13862.46 0
Total (kWh/year) 2972.52
* Data estimated from www.metoffice.gov.uk for the North West region. Considering 8760 h/year
** Power (P), has been estimated using the following relationship P(W)=0.5ρAV 3Cp, where ρ is the density of air
3
(1.23 kg/m ), A is the rotor area (for this case a 2 m diameter rotor has been taken since it is a standard size in
2 2
the market, therefore A=πr =3.14 m ), V is the wind speed (m/s), and Cp is the coefficient of power and is a
dimensionless term that has a theoretical maximum value of 0.59 (Burton et al, 2001).
3.2.3-Design and implementation strategy for a wind power domestic system
3.2.3.1-Kind of turbine
At present there are a number of micro-wind turbines available aimed specifically at
domestic properties. Rated power ranges from 400 W to 1.5 kW. Larger devices are
available but are better suited to larger multiple occupancy buildings. Whereas traditional
horizontal axis rotors seem to be favoured for domestic applications vertical axis devices are
appearing upwards of 1.5 kW rated power (Mertens, 2003).
However, there are some conditions given in the paper of Li et al (2011) which should be in
mind in order to install micro-turbines in the domestic sector. They are the following:
The turbine shall not be erected on, or attached to, the house or any building or other
structure within its curtilage
The total height of the turbine shall not exceed 13 m
The rotor diameter shall not exceed 6 m
The minimum clearance between the lower tip of the rotor and ground level shall not
be less than 3 m
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Energy Management 2011-12
11. Integration and design of renewable energies into new housing developments
The supporting tower shall be a distance of not less than the total structure height
(including the blade of the turbine at the highest point of its arc) plus 1 m from any
party boundary
Noise levels must not exceed 43 dB(A) during normal operation, or in excess of 5
dB(A) above the background noise, whichever is greater, as measured from the
nearest neighbouring inhabited dwelling
No more than one turbine shall be erected within the curtilage of a house
No such structure shall be constructed, erected or placed forward of the front wall of
a house
All turbine components shall have a matt non-reflective finish and the blades shall be
made of material that does not deflect telecommunication signals
No sign, advertisement or object not required for the functioning or safety of the
turbine shall be attached to, or exhibited on, the wind turbine.
Taken these points into account, the turbines will be placed in the area open ground on the
right of the residence area.
Figure 6. Several micro-wind turbines (T-D and L–R): Windsave (1 kW 1.75 m diameter); renewable
devices swift turbine (2.1 m diameter 1.5 kW); Turby vertical axis (2.6 m high, 2 m diameter, 2.5
kW); D400 StealthGen (400 W1.1 m diameter)
3.2.3.2-Number of turbines required
Assuming that the demand trend and annual electricity consumption in the UK is around
6000-8000 kWh/year (Bahaj and James, 2004; Li et al, 2011) and considering that the PV
system supplies 1000 kWh/year in this study (≈3 kWh/d x 365d/year = 1095 kWh/year), a
couple of micro wind turbines could be require for each home. It means 4 micro-
turbines/block and 16 micro-turbines in total. It would allow supply the energy for cooking
(assuming a 1.9 kW electric cook 2.5 h/d), the boiler for hot water (assuming a 4 kW boiler
2.5 h/d) and the heating energy requirement (considering 0.8 kW electric heaters 7 h/d).
Due to the different daily energy demand in the houses, it should be considered an auxiliary
power generator, just in case of the shortage of energy production as figure shows.
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12. Integration and design of renewable energies into new housing developments
Figure 7. Annual mean wind speeds for each hour of the day at 3 sites in the UK during 2003*
16
14
12
wind speed (m/s)
10
8 Coleshill
6 Coombe
Aberdeen
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour of the day
* Taken from Bahaj et al, 2007. As it is seems, the peaks normally start at 11-12 pm and end at 19-20 pm
3.2.4-Payback
According to Li et al (2011), the payback depends on multiple factors and it could vary from
20 to 50 years. The first factor would be obviously the kind of micro-turbine, however other
factor could be the annual mean wind speed (the more speed, within the limits, the less
payback), the household electrical load, the exported electricity price, the Grant available
and the imported electricity price (all of them vary in the same way as the first factor).
4-Final scheme
An example could be like figure 8 shows.
Figure 8. Final scheme
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13. Integration and design of renewable energies into new housing developments
5-Conclusion
In this work, has been suggested a possible solution for a renewable energy installation in a
residence area under the FITs scheme. The ignorance in relation to the determination of the
RHI tariffs level as well as other issues around the operation of this scheme has been
deciding factors to discard it.
PV system and wind micro-turbine devices have been presented as a viable way to supply
the annual electrical demand in houses with average electrical energy consumption and few
changes should be done to the initial site design.
The socio-economic and environmental impacts are predominantly related to the fact of
reducing the CO2 emissions and the use of fossil fuels, a lower electric bill and the chance
of giving place a sector on the increase, which generates employment and will contribute to
reduce the CO2 emissions by at least 80% by 2050. Furthermore, paybacks seem to be
encouraging as they could range to 11-12 years for PV systems and, under favorable
conditions, to less than 20 years for wind micro-turbines.
However, for this particular case it would be suggested the construction of an isolated room
in order to keep a power generator since the weather conditions would not be always
suitable for energy production.
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