The document summarizes five studies that examine the relationship between attachment and adolescent depression. The studies generally find that insecurely attached adolescents (ambivalent or avoidant) have higher levels of depression and lower self-esteem compared to securely attached adolescents. Limitations across the studies include their reliance on self-report measures, focus only on maternal relationships, and lack of longitudinal design. Overall, the literature review supports the hypothesis that attachment plays an important role in adolescent depression.
The Study of Relationship Between Depression And Academic Achievement In Grad...WriteKraft Dissertations
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
The Study of Relationship Between Depression And Academic Achievement In Grad...WriteKraft Dissertations
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
An overview of, and introduction to, survey-based research in the social sciences.
http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Survey_research_and_design_in_psychology/Lectures/Survey_research
An overview of, and introduction to, survey-based research in the social sciences.
http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Survey_research_and_design_in_psychology/Lectures/Survey_research
I created this presentation for my "Working With Challenging Behaviors" course topic. It touches on teen depression and gives some information for parents, teachers and other child care workers.
"To be a teenager is to be depressed"
Presentation by Kaja LeWinn, ScD; Olga Tymofiyeva, PhD; and Eva Henje Blom, MD, PhD, at the UCSF Depression Center's "Adolescent Depression: What We All Should Know" event on November 16, 2015.
Adolescent Depression 1Running Head ADOLESCENT DEPRESSI.docxnettletondevon
Adolescent Depression 1
Running Head: ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION
Adolescent Depression and Attachment
Ima G. Student
Purdue University
Heading (on all pages): running head
plus page number
Running head (a shortened
version of the title is defined on
the title page and used in the
heading of your paper.
Title of paper
Author’s name(s)
Institutional affiliation (your college,
university, institution)
Title, name and affiliation are centered. Heading is right justified. Running head is left justified.
Adolescent Depression 2
Adolescent Depression and Attachment
Depression affects over 20% of adolescents. It is a disorder that disturbs their mood,
causes a loss of interest or pleasure in activities they should enjoy, and makes them
irritable. Several things are thought to be correlated with depression in adolescents.
Some examples include, a failure to individuate, insecure attachments, negative parental
representations, etc (Milne & Lancaster, 2001; Olsson, Nordstrom, Arinell, & Knor-
ring, 1999). In the present paper, the role of attachment plays in adolescent depression
is investigated. It is hypothesized that insecurely attached adolescents, (ambivalent or
avoidant), will display higher levels of depression related symptoms and behaviors than
securely attached adolescents. The following five literature review attempt to demon-
strate and support this hypothesis.
In a research article by Salzman (1996), two specific questions were addressed for guid-
ing the study. First, would the age group (18-21) being investigated correspond in fre-
quency and quality to attachment patterns reported by other researchers? Second, would
personality characteristics of secure adolescent attachments correlate with personality
characteristics of infant and child studies? The focus of the investigation was on
late adolescent female attachment patterns, specifically maternal, using a semi
structured interview. It is hypothesized that secretly attached females will have a
strong positive identification with their mother, higher self-esteem ratings, and lower
depression scores, wile ambivalent and avoidant females will have a more negative
identification with their mother, lower self-esteem ratings, and higher depressions scores.
The sample consisted originally of 1001 random psychology students at a college, but
through screening procedures and the importance to have approximately equal numbers
in all categories of attachment, it was reduced to 28 who were used in the study.
Explains
why topic is
important
This is
considered
jargon and
needs to be
explained.
Studies are
listed in
alphabetical
order.
Gives read-
er an idea
of what the
paper will
cover.
Focuses only on reviewing literature that
supports hypothesis.
Descriptions
of the prior
studies should
always be in
the past tense
because the
study has
already oc-
curred.
Notice that not a lot of detail is given about how the stu.
Attachment Studies With Borderline PatientsDemona Demona
Clinical theorists have suggested that disturbed attachments are central to borderline personality
disorder (BPD) psychopathology. This article reviews 13 empirical studies that examine the types
of attachment found in individuals with this disorder or with dimensional characteristics of BPD.
Comparison among the 13 studies is handicapped by the variety of measures and attachment types
that these studies have employed. Nevertheless, every study concludes that there is a strong associa-
tion between BPD and insecure attachment. The types of attachment found to be most characteristic
of BPD subjects are unresolved, preoccupied, and fearful. In each of these attachment types, indi-
viduals demonstrate a longing for intimacy and—at the same time—concern about dependency and
rejection. The high prevalence and severity of insecure attachments found in these adult samples sup-
port the central role of disturbed interpersonal relationships in clinical theories of BPD. This review
concludes that these types of insecure attachment may represent phenotypic markers of vulnerability
to BPD, suggesting several directions for future research.
Personality Factors as Related to Stresses among Parents of Mentally Sub-Norm...inventionjournals
The purpose of the present investigation was to study personality factors as related to stresses
among parents of mentally sub-normal children. To measure the level of stress 30 item stress factor scale based
on (Olley, Brieger and Olley, 1997) and for measuring personality, 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire Hindi
adaptation by S.D.Kapoor (1970) was administered to 150 parents of mentally sub-normal children. Subjects
were in the age range of 35 to 55 years and were residents of the city of Meerut. The high and low scorer on
different factors of 16 PF were compared in respect of their stress level in 6 areas namely, hospital factors,
disease factors, financial factors, familial factors, psychological factors. Result indicates that out of 16
personality factors 7 factors A, B, E, F, H, O and Q4 were found to be significant in contributing to stress level
of the respondents. However a majority of personality factors like C,G,I,L,M,N,Q1, Q2 and Q3 were found to be
insignificant in corroborating the stress level of the subject.
1Running Head FINAL PROPOSAL CHILD ABUSE AND ADULT MENTAL HEAL.docxdrennanmicah
1
Running Head: FINAL PROPOSAL: CHILD ABUSE AND ADULT MENTAL HEALTH
2
FINAL PROPOSAL: CHILD ABUSE AND ADULT MENTAL HEALTH
Diamond Newton
Southern New Hampshire University
March 3, 2019
Problem Statement
Several adults struggle from a variety of mental health issues (suicidal thoughts and tendencies, alcoholism, depression, and drug abusers.) A lot of those issues may stem from what took place during an adult’s childhood that stem from a variety of reasons. Some adults seek help and some refuse to seek help. The adults who do seek help come to realize that their current issues stem from when they were a child and still developing as a human. Child abuse can come in many forms, physical, mental, and sexual. Adults who have been exposed or experienced this are likely to suffer from some form of mental health issue. It is important to figure out the root of mental health issues in adults so the root can be addressed. Children need to be in a healthy environment with nothing short of love and care. Exposing children to a harsh reality is only breeding them into an adult who suffers from mental health issues.
Literature Review
The study of psychology helps researchers to understand better what is going on with a person. Researchers studied what happened in a person's life that causes them to make the decisions they do and behave in a certain way. Adults have this stigmatism that they can do whatever they want because they are "grown." Many adults suffer from something that can cause to lead towards suicidal thoughts and tendencies, alcoholism, depression, and drug abusers. A lot of those issues may stem from what took place during an adult’s childhood. There could be some reasons adults tend to display certain mental health traits that have been studied in many different forms by researchers. What we will be reviewed is the abuse, physical or mental, that an adult endured as a child and how it affects them in their adulthood.
Blanco, C., Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Lin, K. H., Olfson, M. Sugaya, L. (2012) recognized that child physical abuse had been associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts. The study conducted included Blacks, Hispanics and young adults between the ages of 18-24 in 2001-2002 and 2004-2005. In person, interviews were conducted in Wave 1. In Wave 2 used similar methods as Wave 1 but it excluded the individuals who were not eligible. Wave 2 also interviews went into depth about the questions asked for the participants first 17 years of life. There are many other variables that have been added to the data that relate to childhood physical abuse and mental health distress in adult years. Those other adversatives included the history of child sexual abuse and neglect, parental psychopathology, and perceived parental support, described as emotional neglect.
The advantages to this design would be the inclusion of other childhood adversities that could contribute to adult psychiatri.
Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms and the Tightknittedness” o.docxgalerussel59292
Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms and the “Tightknittedness” of
Friendship Groups
Sonja E. Siennick and Mayra Picon
Florida State University
Adolescents with depression have lower peer status overall, but tend to befriend each other. We examined the
“tightknittedness” of their friendship groups by testing whether adolescent friendship groups’ average levels of or vari-
ability in internalizing symptoms predict group cohesiveness. We used four waves (9th–12th grades) of survey and
social network data on 3,013 friendship groups from the PROmoting School-Community-University Partnerships to
Enhance Resilience study. Friendship groups with higher average depressive symptoms were less cohesive; groups
with higher average anxiety symptoms had greater reciprocity. Groups with greater variability in depressive symptoms
had greater density; variability in anxiety symptoms was not consistently associated with cohesion. The friendship
groups of depressed adolescents appear less cohesive than the “typical” adolescent friendship group.
When compared with their peers, adolescents with
more depressive symptoms have fewer friends,
have less stable friendships, and are more often
victimized and rejected by their peers (Chan &
Poulin, 2009; Kochel, Ladd, & Rudolph, 2012; Rose
et al., 2011; Stice, Ragan, & Randall, 2004). Yet
depressive symptoms also are a basis for friend-
ship formation, such that adolescents experiencing
these symptoms tend to be friends with each other
(Cheadle & Goosby, 2012; Hogue & Steinberg,
1995; Schaefer, Kornienko, & Fox, 2011). This
means that even if they have lower status in their
larger peer networks, many adolescents with
depressive symptoms do have friends, and those
friends often have depressive symptoms them-
selves. Thus many youth with depressive symp-
toms are likely embedded in friendship groups of
adolescents with similar symptoms. Yet we do not
know whether these friendship groups are as cohe-
sive as the groups formed by youth without
depressive symptoms, or whether they are
structurally weaker and thus not comparable sub-
stitutes, at least in terms of cohesion, for typical
friendship groups. Most studies of depressive
symptoms and peer networks have focused on
dyadic interactions or on individual adolescents’
status within entire social networks, rather than on
friendship groups.
This study examined whether friendship groups
comprised of adolescents with more depressive
symptoms are smaller and “looser,” or less tight-
knit, than groups characterized by fewer depres-
sive symptoms. It also examined whether groups
whose members vary more in their levels of
depressive symptoms are smaller and less tight-
knit. Finally, it distinguished between symptoms of
depression and symptoms of anxiety, which stud-
ies suggest may have opposite effects on friendship
cohesion (Rose et al., 2011). To our knowledge, this
is the first paper to describe the internal cohesive-
ness of friendship groups with members who have
varying.
Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms and the Tightknittedness” o.docxAMMY30
Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms and the “Tightknittedness” of
Friendship Groups
Sonja E. Siennick and Mayra Picon
Florida State University
Adolescents with depression have lower peer status overall, but tend to befriend each other. We examined the
“tightknittedness” of their friendship groups by testing whether adolescent friendship groups’ average levels of or vari-
ability in internalizing symptoms predict group cohesiveness. We used four waves (9th–12th grades) of survey and
social network data on 3,013 friendship groups from the PROmoting School-Community-University Partnerships to
Enhance Resilience study. Friendship groups with higher average depressive symptoms were less cohesive; groups
with higher average anxiety symptoms had greater reciprocity. Groups with greater variability in depressive symptoms
had greater density; variability in anxiety symptoms was not consistently associated with cohesion. The friendship
groups of depressed adolescents appear less cohesive than the “typical” adolescent friendship group.
When compared with their peers, adolescents with
more depressive symptoms have fewer friends,
have less stable friendships, and are more often
victimized and rejected by their peers (Chan &
Poulin, 2009; Kochel, Ladd, & Rudolph, 2012; Rose
et al., 2011; Stice, Ragan, & Randall, 2004). Yet
depressive symptoms also are a basis for friend-
ship formation, such that adolescents experiencing
these symptoms tend to be friends with each other
(Cheadle & Goosby, 2012; Hogue & Steinberg,
1995; Schaefer, Kornienko, & Fox, 2011). This
means that even if they have lower status in their
larger peer networks, many adolescents with
depressive symptoms do have friends, and those
friends often have depressive symptoms them-
selves. Thus many youth with depressive symp-
toms are likely embedded in friendship groups of
adolescents with similar symptoms. Yet we do not
know whether these friendship groups are as cohe-
sive as the groups formed by youth without
depressive symptoms, or whether they are
structurally weaker and thus not comparable sub-
stitutes, at least in terms of cohesion, for typical
friendship groups. Most studies of depressive
symptoms and peer networks have focused on
dyadic interactions or on individual adolescents’
status within entire social networks, rather than on
friendship groups.
This study examined whether friendship groups
comprised of adolescents with more depressive
symptoms are smaller and “looser,” or less tight-
knit, than groups characterized by fewer depres-
sive symptoms. It also examined whether groups
whose members vary more in their levels of
depressive symptoms are smaller and less tight-
knit. Finally, it distinguished between symptoms of
depression and symptoms of anxiety, which stud-
ies suggest may have opposite effects on friendship
cohesion (Rose et al., 2011). To our knowledge, this
is the first paper to describe the internal cohesive-
ness of friendship groups with members who have
varying.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
1. Adolescent Depression 1
Heading (on all pages): running head
plus page number
Running Head: ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION
Running head (a shortened
version of the title is defined on
the title page and used in the
heading of your paper.
Adolescent Depression and Attachment
Title of paper
Ima G. Student
Purdue University
Author’s name(s)
Institutional affiliation (your college,
university, institution)
Title, name and affiliation are centered. Heading is right justified. Running head is left justified.
2. Adolescent Depression 2
Adolescent Depression and Attachment
Depression affects over 20% of adolescents. It is a disorder that disturbs their mood,
causes a loss of interest or pleasure in activities they should enjoy, and makes them
Explains
why topic is
important
irritable. Several things are thought to be correlated with depression in adolescents.
Studies are Some examples include, a failure to individuate, insecure attachments, negative parental
listed in
alphabetical representations, etc (Milne & Lancaster, 2001; Olsson, Nordstrom, Arinell, & Knororder.
ring, 1999). In the present paper, the role of attachment plays in adolescent depression
Gives reader an idea
of what the
paper will
cover.
This is
considered
avoidant), will display higher levels of depression related symptoms and behaviors than jargon and
needs to be
securely attached adolescents. The following five literature review attempt to demon- explained.
is investigated. It is hypothesized that insecurely attached adolescents, (ambivalent or
strate and support this hypothesis.
Focuses only on reviewing literature that
supports hypothesis.
In a research article by Salzman (1996), two specific questions were addressed for guiding the study. First, would the age group (18-21) being investigated correspond in frequency and quality to attachment patterns reported by other researchers? Second, would
personality characteristics of secure adolescent attachments correlate with personality
Descriptions
of the prior
studies should
late adolescent female attachment patterns, specifically maternal, using a semi
always be in
the past tense
structured interview. It is hypothesized that secretly attached females will have a
because the
strong positive identification with their mother, higher self-esteem ratings, and lower study has
already ocdepression scores, wile ambivalent and avoidant females will have a more negative
curred.
characteristics of infant and child studies? The focus of the investigation was on
identification with their mother, lower self-esteem ratings, and higher depressions scores.
The sample consisted originally of 1001 random psychology students at a college, but
through screening procedures and the importance to have approximately equal numbers
in all categories of attachment, it was reduced to 28 who were used in the study.
Notice that not a lot of detail is given about how the study was conducted. Instead, the
description focuses on the rationale behind the study.
3. Adolescent Depression 3
The results in this study supported the hypothesis that relative percentages of the attachments (secure, ambivalent, avoidant) would correspond to those reported by infant
researchers. The current study percentages were; 73% had a secure attachment, 16% had
an ambivalent attachment, and 10% had an avoidant attachment. This has significance
when looking a what infant researchers report, which is &0% secure, 20% ambivalent
All citations
and 10% avoidant (Salzman, 1996). The results also indicated that there was a significome before
punctuation cant difference in personality characteristics between the secure and ambivalent groups
. Ambivalently attached females were significantly more depress and reported significantly lower rates of self-esteem than securely attached female adolescents. The avoidant attachment group was in the middle of the secure and ambivalent groups in relation
to depression and self-esteem, but wasn’t significantly different from either group. It is
also reported that securely attached female adolescents have a significantly more positive maternal identification than ambivalently attached adolescents and avoidant female
Notice that the author focuses on the main findings
adolescents fall in the middle.that related to the hypothesis stated earlier.
All of these results combined confirm the hypothesis that personality characteristics like
positive affect, interpersonal skills, and self-esteem, of securely attached adolescents correlates to infant child personality characteristics of secure attachments (Salzman, 1996).
One limitation to the study is that it is not longitudinal. It rests on he here and now rather
than beginning at childhood and following the females as they were developing. Another
limitation to the study is the sample consisted of all females. The correlations may have
been significantly different had adolescent boys been involved.
Author points out relevant methodological issues that may have affected findings.
4. Adolescent Depression 4
There isn’t much transition between description of the different studies (here and throughout the
paper). It would be better to show the connections between the ideas of the different studies. This
would make the organization of the paper clearer to the reader and would stress the similarities
and differences between the studies.
Next, the topic of attachment in relation to adolescent depression is addressed according
With more
to social networks. In a research article by Olsson et al. (1999), two questions were ad- than two
authors, use
dressed. First, do depressed adolescents have a more limited and insufficient social net- all of the
work? Second, do depressed adolescents view the emotional condition of their family as names in the
first citation.
more negative? The focus of the study is to investigate the social networks of depressed Afterwards
just use the
More jargon;adolescents, with and without conduct disorder comorbidity, and compare the results
last name
most readers
won’t know with the social networks of the control group (non-depressed adolescents). A sample of of the first
author folwhat this
177 pairs, ages 16-17, female and male were used in the study. Five subgroups were cre- lowed by “et
means.
al.”
ated out of these 177 pairs through initial screening processes.
The results indicate than an adolescent with an episode of major depression does not
differ significantly from the controls. They do not have deficiencies in social interactions, attachment, or family climate. This finding is not easily explained other than these
individuals are less affected by the depressive thinking. On the other hand, adolescents Discusses
findings and
with double depression or dysthmia feel their primary caregiver is available but more how they
inadequate than controls. Also, they view their family condition as more negative than
relate to the
hypothesis.
controls. These results confirm the hypothesis that depressed adolescents have an insufficient, limited social network and that they view their family conditions as more negative
(Olsson, et al., 1999). One limitation to this study is the information is from the adolesPoints out cents themselves. Parents had no involvement. Another limitation is that the controls
limitations
that affect were chosen from the whole group after screening by having a score below moderate
the study’s
depression. The controls themselves may not be absolutely free from depression.
validity.
5. Adolescent Depression 5
Next, the topic of attachment in relation to adolescent depression is addressed using a
hypothetical model. In the research article by Milne and Lancaster (2001), they investigate the processes that are related to depression. The main focus was to create a model
This
sentence
that included parent representations, parent attachment, peer attachment, separation-indi- would be
clearer
viduation, interpersonal concerns, and self-critical concerns and demonstrate how, when as two
combined, they can predict symptoms of depression in adolescents. The sample consisted separate
sentence
of 59 females, ages 14-16, from secondary schools. It is predicted that past parenting will
be related to attachment felt to parent currently, that maternal control and care will be
related to attachment and the process of separation-individuation, that adolescent attachment will be directly related to parent attachment
Doesn’t quote from the article; provides a summary instead. This is much more common in APA style.
The results indicate that female adolescent symptoms of depression are explained by
interpersonal concerns, self-critical concerns, parent and peer attachment, perceived
parenting, and separation-individuation. The results indicate that female adolescents are
more vulnerable to depressive symptoms if the have low levels of maternal care, experience feelings of guilt, dependence, and self-criticism, and have poor parent and peer
attachments. Both maternal care and control predicted parent attachment. In regards to
Explains
this finding, too much maternal care predicts high levels of depression. This is contrary how the
findings
to what is hypothesized and believe to be true because there is a point where too much contradict
the
maternal care can have negative effects (Milne & Lancaster, 2001). One limitation of this hypothesis.
study is that shorter versions of some measure had to be used due to the time constraints
mandated by the school. Another limitation to the study is that the focus is on females
and the relationships they have with their mothers.
6. Adolescent Depression 6
Next, the topic of attachment in relation to adolescent depression is addressed by
testing factors related to attachment. In the research article by Muris, Messters,
Melick, and Zwambag (2001), it is hypothesized that adolescents who considered
themselves securely attached on the initial measure would have higher scores of
trust and communication and lower scores of alienation than ambivalent or avoidant
attached adolescents. Also, it is predicted that adolescents who identify themselves
as insecurely attached will display higher levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety
disorders than securely attached adolescents. Furthermore, trust and communication
In this
would be negative correlated with depression and anxiety and positively correlated sentence,
the commas
alienation. The sample consisted of 155, female and male, 12-14 years old. The tests are not
necessary.
were administered during class time with a teacher or research assistant always present.
Good
connection
with other
The percentages yielded of the attachments (secure, ambivalent, avoidant) are constudy that was
sistent with infant child studies, but also with Salzman’s (1996) research. The curdiscussed
earlier. More
rent study’s percentages were 72.9% secure 16.8% ambivalent, and 10.3% avoidant.
of this would
make the
The results support both predictions made by the authors, with the exception that
paper flow
better and be communication was only correlated with adolescent depression scores (Muris, et al.,
easier to see
2001). One limitation to the study is that it is assumed that attachment later in life is
the
connections a direct result of early attachment. Another limitation to the study is whether or not
between ideas.
categorical test like the attachment questionnaire for children is as precise as a di-
mensional measure might be. With this measure, the extent to which the adolescent
displays an attachment can be measured.
7. Adolescent Depression 7
Finally, the topic of attachment in relation to adolescent depression is addressed using a
longitudinal study. In a research article by Allen, Hauser, and Borman-Spurrell (1996),
a longitudinal study investigates the effects of adolescent psychopathology on future
attachment patterns. Two questions that were addressed in this study are relevant to the
Makes
main topic of this paper. First, does adolescent psychopathology that results in hospi- explicit
talization predict future insecure attachments in young adulthood? Second, are young connection
between
adults’ attachment styles reflective of their current state of mind and does this link have literature
being
a direct effect from adolescent psychopathology? The sample consisted of 142, upper reviewed
middle class females and males, ages 14-17. Seventy-six of the adolescents were re- and thesis.
cruited from a public high school; the other 66 were adolescents who had been admitted
to a psychiatric hospital for severe psychopathology. Eleven years after the adolescents
A comma
is needed ere initially interviewed and tested they were reevaluated and data was compared. At the
here.
initial assessment, parents were integrated into the process.
An
The results indicate a significant difference between high school and previously hospiapostrophe
is needed talized young adults attachment style. Almost 50% of high school adolescents in young
here.
adulthood had a secure attachment style, compared to only approximately 8% of the
previously hospitalized young adults. Also, previously hospitalized young adults showed
This
sentence
ences clearly or consistently. These results give conclusions to the import questions in could be
phrased
the study (Allen, et al., 1996). One limitation to the study is the question of reliability of more
clearly.
a lack of resolution of previous trauma and were not able to explain attachment experi-
the trauma information reported by the adolescents. Another limitation to the study is the
fact that all the individuals involved were from the same socio-economic status.
8. Adolescent Depression 8
Taken together, the results indicate that attachment plays an important role adolescent
depression, significantly ambivalent or avoidant (Allen, et al., 1996; Milne & Lancaster,
2001; Muris, et al.; Olsson, et al.; Salzman, 1996). Adolescents that are secure attached
to their primary care giver tend to have lower rates of depression related symptoms and
behaviors. It can be assumed from these five literature reviews that infant attachment
styles influence future attachments, behaviors, and psychological well-being. More longitudinal studies should be done. It is important to understand the actual though process
over several years of individuals who have different attachment styles. Also, parents and
other individuals who play a major role in the individuals’ lives who are involved in the
study should be included more. This would help with testimony reliability and better assessment of the severity of the disorder.
Conclusion sums up the main findings of the lit. review, and gives suggestions as to what
future research should focus on.
9. Adolescent Depression 9
Notice that references are listed in alphabetical order, not order
they appear in the paper.
References
All lines
Allen, J.P., Hauser, S.T., & Borman-Spurrell, E. (1996). Attachment theory as a
after the first
framework for understanding sequelae of severe adolescent psychopathology:
line of each
reference
An 11-year follow-up study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64,
are indented
(this is called
254-263
a hanging
indent).
Milne, L. C. & Lancaster, S. (2001). Predictors of depression in female adoles-
cents. Adolescence, 36, 207-223.
Muris, P., Meesters, C., Melick, M., & Zwambag, L. (2001). Self-reported attachment style, attachment quality, and symptoms of anxiety and depression in
Journal title and
volume number (or
Olsson, G. I., Nordstrom, M., Arinell, H., & Knorring, A. (1999). Adolescent underlined).
young adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 809-818.
depression: Social network and family climate—a case-control study. Journal of
Child Psychology Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 40, 227-237.
Salzman, J. P. (1996). Primary attachment in female adolescents: Association with
depression, self-esteem, and maternal identification. Psychiatry: Interpersonal &
Biological Processes, 59, 20-23.