Attachment theory proposes that the relationship with primary caregivers in early childhood shapes adult relationships. Two studies examined this. Zayas et al. found that greater maternal sensitivity at 18 months predicted lower avoidance in adult relationships, while greater maternal control predicted greater avoidance. Collins conducted three studies showing adult attachment styles predict relationship quality and partner choice. While differing in methods, both provide empirical support linking early caregiving to adult social behaviors, supporting attachment theory's role in human development.
The document summarizes research on the relationship between attachment styles and the Big Five personality traits. It discusses how attachment styles develop from infant relationships with caregivers and shape views of self and others. Personality traits are relatively stable characteristics that distinguish individuals. The study examined correlations between attachment anxiety/avoidance dimensions and the Big Five traits of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness using surveys of 100 college students. Results revealed some personality traits like Neuroticism were strongly correlated with certain attachment styles while others showed weaker or no correlations.
This document provides an overview of attachment theory and its utilization in counseling victims of domestic violence. It begins with an abstract that discusses domestic violence as a global issue and how attachment research has shown correlations between attachment patterns and victimization risk. The document then outlines how attachment theory posits that early attachments influence future relationships and how using this theory in therapy can help victims of domestic violence end the cycle of abuse by establishing safe attachments with their counselor.
This document appears to be a dissertation that examines how adult attachment systems can be activated through primes and how this influences social evaluations. It provides a review of literature on conceptualizing adult attachment as either traits or states and discusses models of adult attachment. It presents the study's aim to prime participants with either secure or insecure attachments and measure how this affects their attachment state and social evaluations. The dissertation discusses the theoretical background and models of adult attachment in depth to support the study's hypotheses that priming secure attachment would increase security and positive evaluations while priming insecure attachment would have the opposite effect.
This document summarizes research on the relationship between personality and romantic relationships. It discusses two studies that examined how the Five Factor Model of personality (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism) correlates with attachment styles and relationship outcomes. The first study found that insecure attachment was linked to lower extraversion and higher neuroticism, which related to poorer interpersonal skills. The second study found that secure attachment and higher scores on the Five Factor traits correlated with greater psychological well-being, healthier interpersonal behaviors, and longer romantic relationships. Both studies provide evidence that personality influences the development and quality of romantic bonds.
This document provides a summary and response to an article titled "Gender Differences in Intimacy, Emotional Expressivity and Relationship Satisfaction." The summary discusses key findings from the article, including that women reported higher levels of supportiveness and negative emotional expressivity, while men reported higher levels of nonverbal and verbal affection and intimacy in relationships. However, men reported lower levels of relationship satisfaction. The response paper analyzes the article's methodology and conclusions, noting some limitations but finding the theoretical framework and arguments to be logically sound.
Females had a more positive attitude towards romantic relationships than males. There was no significant gender difference in views on what a partner can provide or physical attractiveness. Males held more traditional views supporting the concept of double standards in relationships compared to females. The study found both similarities and differences in how males and females view romantic and sexual relationships, contradicting some past research. Further research should examine the influence of other factors like religion and relationship status.
Parental Low Self-Control, Family Environments, and Juvenile DelinquencyGeorge Connolly
This study examines the relationship between parental low self-control, family environments, and officially recorded juvenile delinquency. The study hypothesizes that parental low self-control will be associated with poorer family environments (more conflict, less cohesion) and less effective parenting, and will also be associated with greater juvenile delinquency. It further hypothesizes that the effect of parental low self-control on delinquency will be mediated by family environment factors. The study uses survey data from parents of 101 juveniles involved in the juvenile justice system, along with official records of the juveniles' delinquency charges, to test these hypotheses.
Impact of parental styles (ejop daniela)MarioBuzz1
- The study examined the impact of parental styles (unconditional positive regard, conditional regard, control, indifference) on psychological complaints.
- For both fathers and mothers, conditional regard was associated with significantly higher scores on nearly all psychological complaint measures compared to unconditional positive regard, even after controlling for gender.
- While lack of father warmth and harsh mother discipline predicted higher total psychological complaints, these factors only explained a small amount of the variance.
The document summarizes research on the relationship between attachment styles and the Big Five personality traits. It discusses how attachment styles develop from infant relationships with caregivers and shape views of self and others. Personality traits are relatively stable characteristics that distinguish individuals. The study examined correlations between attachment anxiety/avoidance dimensions and the Big Five traits of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness using surveys of 100 college students. Results revealed some personality traits like Neuroticism were strongly correlated with certain attachment styles while others showed weaker or no correlations.
This document provides an overview of attachment theory and its utilization in counseling victims of domestic violence. It begins with an abstract that discusses domestic violence as a global issue and how attachment research has shown correlations between attachment patterns and victimization risk. The document then outlines how attachment theory posits that early attachments influence future relationships and how using this theory in therapy can help victims of domestic violence end the cycle of abuse by establishing safe attachments with their counselor.
This document appears to be a dissertation that examines how adult attachment systems can be activated through primes and how this influences social evaluations. It provides a review of literature on conceptualizing adult attachment as either traits or states and discusses models of adult attachment. It presents the study's aim to prime participants with either secure or insecure attachments and measure how this affects their attachment state and social evaluations. The dissertation discusses the theoretical background and models of adult attachment in depth to support the study's hypotheses that priming secure attachment would increase security and positive evaluations while priming insecure attachment would have the opposite effect.
This document summarizes research on the relationship between personality and romantic relationships. It discusses two studies that examined how the Five Factor Model of personality (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism) correlates with attachment styles and relationship outcomes. The first study found that insecure attachment was linked to lower extraversion and higher neuroticism, which related to poorer interpersonal skills. The second study found that secure attachment and higher scores on the Five Factor traits correlated with greater psychological well-being, healthier interpersonal behaviors, and longer romantic relationships. Both studies provide evidence that personality influences the development and quality of romantic bonds.
This document provides a summary and response to an article titled "Gender Differences in Intimacy, Emotional Expressivity and Relationship Satisfaction." The summary discusses key findings from the article, including that women reported higher levels of supportiveness and negative emotional expressivity, while men reported higher levels of nonverbal and verbal affection and intimacy in relationships. However, men reported lower levels of relationship satisfaction. The response paper analyzes the article's methodology and conclusions, noting some limitations but finding the theoretical framework and arguments to be logically sound.
Females had a more positive attitude towards romantic relationships than males. There was no significant gender difference in views on what a partner can provide or physical attractiveness. Males held more traditional views supporting the concept of double standards in relationships compared to females. The study found both similarities and differences in how males and females view romantic and sexual relationships, contradicting some past research. Further research should examine the influence of other factors like religion and relationship status.
Parental Low Self-Control, Family Environments, and Juvenile DelinquencyGeorge Connolly
This study examines the relationship between parental low self-control, family environments, and officially recorded juvenile delinquency. The study hypothesizes that parental low self-control will be associated with poorer family environments (more conflict, less cohesion) and less effective parenting, and will also be associated with greater juvenile delinquency. It further hypothesizes that the effect of parental low self-control on delinquency will be mediated by family environment factors. The study uses survey data from parents of 101 juveniles involved in the juvenile justice system, along with official records of the juveniles' delinquency charges, to test these hypotheses.
Impact of parental styles (ejop daniela)MarioBuzz1
- The study examined the impact of parental styles (unconditional positive regard, conditional regard, control, indifference) on psychological complaints.
- For both fathers and mothers, conditional regard was associated with significantly higher scores on nearly all psychological complaint measures compared to unconditional positive regard, even after controlling for gender.
- While lack of father warmth and harsh mother discipline predicted higher total psychological complaints, these factors only explained a small amount of the variance.
Attachment Security and Perceived Parental Psychological Control as Parameter...ijtsrd
The study examined attachment security and perceived parental psychological control as parameters of social value orientation among early adolescents. Participants for the study were 210 early adolescents who volunteered from NnamdiAzikiwe University High Awka. Participants’ age ranged from 11 to 15 years, with mean age of 13.26 years and standard deviation of 1.34. Three instruments were deployed for data collection secure domain of the attachment style questionnaire SDASQ by Van Oudenhoven, Hofstra, and Bakker 2003 , adopted version of psychological control domain of the parental control scale developed by Barber 1996 and social value orientation SVO developed by Schwartz 1994 . The study adopted correlation design and statistics appropriate for data analysis were correlation and multiple regression analysis enter method. Hypothesis one was confirmed and result showed that attachment security significantly and positively predicted social value orientation at B = .73 , P . 001. Hypothesis two result was not confirmed at B = .06, p .05. Hence, attachment security is a significant predictor of social value orientation. It was recommended that parents, teachers and care givers should ensure that they establish low anxiety type of relationship with their new born children in order to enhance low anxiety and low avoidance as this will help them at early adolescents to withstand peer pressure of during early adolescent. Nweke, Kingsley Onyibor | Dike Ibiwari Caroline | Dike, Adannia Amarachukwu | Umeaku Ndubuisi Nkemakonam "Attachment Security and Perceived Parental Psychological Control as Parameters of Social Value Orientation among Early Adolescents" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42368.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/psychology/42368/attachment-security-and-perceived-parental-psychological-control-as-parameters-of-social-value-orientation-among-early-adolescents/nweke-kingsley-onyibor
1) The document summarizes research on mimicry behavior of males in relationships and the presence of attractive female alternatives. It examines past studies on mimicry and its relationship to attraction, and the concepts of self-control and how mindsets shape it.
2) One study found that people in romantic relationships mimicked attractive alternatives of the opposite sex less than those not in relationships. Relationship status influenced mimicry even when relationship status was unknown.
3) Another study showed unconscious mimicry is used as a social distance mechanism, with people increasing mimicry to show interest or decreasing it to show desired distance.
The document summarizes the development of family therapy from the mid-1980s to the present. It discusses the shift from constructivism to social constructionism as the main theoretical framework. Social constructionism emphasizes that problems are shaped by language and wider social and cultural contexts rather than just family dynamics. It also focuses on how meanings are jointly constructed through conversations and interactions. The role of the therapist became less about expertise and more about facilitating collaborative conversations. Research studies explored topics like therapeutic processes, outcomes, and comparisons between family therapy and other treatment approaches. The document concludes by connecting the different phases and approaches in family therapy and considering possible future developments.
The document discusses several theories related to human reproductive behaviour and relationship formation and development. It describes theories of sexual selection, social penetration theory, physical attractiveness, filter theory, social exchange theory, equity theory, investment model, and relationship dissolution model. Key concepts include anisogamy, inter-sexual selection, intra-sexual selection, self-disclosure, halo effect, matching hypothesis, comparison level, stages of relationship development, intrinsic and extrinsic investments, and the four phases of relationship dissolution. Research supporting and critiquing various aspects of the theories is also reviewed.
The study investigated the relationship between the Big Five personality traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) and marital compatibility in 15 married couples using standardized personality and compatibility tests. Extraversion and agreeableness were positively correlated with compatibility for males. Agreeableness and conscientiousness were positively correlated for both males and females. Neuroticism and openness showed no significant correlations. The results provide evidence that personality influences marital compatibility.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research methods. It discusses what makes good research, including validity, reliability, and generalizability. It also outlines quantitative and qualitative research approaches, deductive and inductive reasoning, variables, hypotheses, causation vs. correlation, and gives examples of how research methods are applied to study different topics.
Examples of research methods h ighschool movies - preschool in three cultur...Ray Brannon
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research methods. It discusses what constitutes "good" research, including validity, reliability, and generalizability. It also outlines quantitative and qualitative research approaches, deductive vs inductive reasoning, the importance of establishing causality rather than just correlation, how to define variables, and how to develop hypotheses. Research methods help social scientists systematically study relationships between social factors.
Relationship of Authoritarian Parenting with Self Esteem of Adolescentsijtsrd
In families with excessive parental control is followed by extreme punitiveness and coldness, the adolescent child might rebel against parental standards explicitly. Self esteem can be defined as an individual’s attitude about him or herself, involving self evaluation along positive negative dimensions. The present study was conducted to find out the relationship between the authority parenting style with self esteem of adolescents. Rosenberg’s Self Esteem Scale, Parental Authority Questionnaire and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale were used to collect data. Pearson’s product correlation and t test were used to find out the results. The correlation was found to be 0.54 and the t value was 2.70. Both the values are statistically significant, and hence it is concluded that the the self esteem is negatively correlated to authoritarian parenting styles, and adolescent females have significantly lower self esteem than their male counterparts. Aastha Jain "Relationship of Authoritarian Parenting with Self Esteem of Adolescents" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31864.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/psychology/31864/relationship-of-authoritarian-parenting-with-self-esteem-of-adolescents/aastha-jain
Parent-child relationships and interactions with peers influence adult relationships. Bowlby's concept of internal working models suggests that early attachment styles shape expectations and behaviors in later relationships. However, research also shows that attachment styles can change based on current relationships and significant life experiences. While early experiences impact adult relationships, it is not deterministic, as individuals can go on to have happy relationships despite early insecurity. Interactions with peers also impact views of self and approaches to relationships, though experiences differ between genders. Some studies find adolescent relationships can affect adult ones, but not all research agrees on this.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to :
Development of a sociopathy scale (psychometrics paper)sedunham
The document describes the development and testing of a sociopathy scale. A class created 115 potential scale items to measure sociopathy based on research. After analysis, including exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, 11 items remained in the final scale. The scale showed some evidence of validity but also areas for improvement. Continued development of the scale was recommended.
This study examined the relationships between maternal stress, challenging child behaviors (aggression and self-injury), and maternal cognitions. 46 mothers of children/young adults with intellectual disabilities completed questionnaires. The results found:
1) Challenging behaviors were positively correlated with maternal stress.
2) Maternal cognitions were related to both challenging behaviors and stress levels.
3) Cognitions about the consequences of behaviors partially mediated the relationship between behaviors and stress. Specifically, perceptions of consequences for the child were a significant mediator for both aggression and self-injury.
Anonymity Versus Publicity of Answers and Reported Self-EsteemDanielle Hoyt
This study examined how anonymity and publicity impact self-reported self-esteem scores. 60 undergraduate students completed a self-esteem measure either anonymously online, in-person with written responses, or in-person verbally. Results showed the anonymous online scores were significantly lower than the written in-person scores, partially supporting the hypothesis that increased publicity correlates with higher self-esteem scores. However, no other conditions differed significantly. Gender did not impact results. Limitations included a small homogenous sample from one university. Future research could explore how situational factors impact anonymity and publicity effects on self-esteem.
Correlates of criminal behavior among female prisoners 1ashtinadkins
The document summarizes research testing theories of criminality using questionnaires administered to 348 female inmates. Key findings include:
1) Sensation seeking, experiences of childhood abuse, insecure attachments, and partner abuse correlated moderately with criminal behavior.
2) Attachment to mother, experiences of childhood adversity, and risk-taking behaviors showed the strongest correlations with crimes committed and arrest history.
3) While the findings provide some support for theories of criminality, the research calls for a more comprehensive theory that better predicts criminal activities and allows for individualized rehabilitation approaches.
This document summarizes a study that examines the effects of domestic violence on women's parenting and children's adjustment. The study tested two models - a direct effects model and an ecological model. The ecological model integrated an ecological perspective and trauma theory and included environmental factors like social support, negative life events, and maternal history of child abuse. The ecological model was able to explain more of the variance in children's adjustment, parenting style, maternal psychological functioning, and marital satisfaction compared to the direct effects model. The results support an ecological framework for understanding how domestic violence impacts women and children.
This study examined the relationship between sexual attitudes, identity confusion, and engagement in casual sexual relationships among 383 college students. The researchers found that more permissive sexual attitudes positively predicted engaging in casual sex. However, identity confusion did not predict or moderate the relationship between attitudes and behavior. The findings confirm the link between attitudes and behavior but not the hypothesized role of identity confusion. Future research should explore additional social and contextual factors influencing casual sex among emerging adults.
Comparing attachment patterns across relationshipsJarryd_Willis
This study examined how attachment styles differ across relationships for romantic partners, same-sex friends, and cross-sex friends. It found that for individuals in a romantic relationship, attachment scores for romantic partners were more similar to primary caregivers, while scores for same-sex friends were less similar. For single individuals, attachment scores for cross-sex friends were less similar to caregivers. The study suggests romantic partners can influence attachment styles for other relationships, acting as a proxy for the primary caregiver attachment. However, early caregiver attachment remains stable over time.
This document provides an overview of the life and work of John Bowlby, a pioneering British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. It summarizes that Bowlby graduated from Cambridge in 1928, worked with maladjusted children, and published influential papers on juvenile delinquency and family therapy in the 1940s and 1950s. It notes that he developed attachment theory, which posits that early relationships with caregivers shape later relationships, and explored the effects of separation on children. The document outlines Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment behaviors and internal working models, and the influence of his work on researchers like Mary Ainsworth and others who built upon and tested his theories.
Bowlby's theory proposed that children have an innate need to attach to a primary caregiver, usually the mother, for healthy development. Disruption of this attachment through separation could cause long-term emotional and behavioral issues. He argued that continuous care from the primary attachment figure is crucial, especially in the first two years. If separated during this critical period, the child may experience distress, despair, and detachment, and later develop problems with relationships, intelligence, and mental health. Secure attachment allows children to build an internal model of themselves and others as trustworthy and effective.
Attachment Theory Developmental PsychologyPatrick Conway
Attachment theory proposes that strong emotional bonds form between infants and their caregivers. Research in the 1950s found that infant monkeys separated from cloth mothers showed more distress than those separated from wire mothers, leading John Bowlby to theorize that infants have an innate need for emotional attachment. Mary Ainsworth later identified secure, anxious, avoidant, and disorganized attachment styles in infants based on their reactions in experimental separations from caregivers. Secure attachment is correlated with positive personality development while insecure attachments are linked to issues like low self-esteem.
Attachment Security and Perceived Parental Psychological Control as Parameter...ijtsrd
The study examined attachment security and perceived parental psychological control as parameters of social value orientation among early adolescents. Participants for the study were 210 early adolescents who volunteered from NnamdiAzikiwe University High Awka. Participants’ age ranged from 11 to 15 years, with mean age of 13.26 years and standard deviation of 1.34. Three instruments were deployed for data collection secure domain of the attachment style questionnaire SDASQ by Van Oudenhoven, Hofstra, and Bakker 2003 , adopted version of psychological control domain of the parental control scale developed by Barber 1996 and social value orientation SVO developed by Schwartz 1994 . The study adopted correlation design and statistics appropriate for data analysis were correlation and multiple regression analysis enter method. Hypothesis one was confirmed and result showed that attachment security significantly and positively predicted social value orientation at B = .73 , P . 001. Hypothesis two result was not confirmed at B = .06, p .05. Hence, attachment security is a significant predictor of social value orientation. It was recommended that parents, teachers and care givers should ensure that they establish low anxiety type of relationship with their new born children in order to enhance low anxiety and low avoidance as this will help them at early adolescents to withstand peer pressure of during early adolescent. Nweke, Kingsley Onyibor | Dike Ibiwari Caroline | Dike, Adannia Amarachukwu | Umeaku Ndubuisi Nkemakonam "Attachment Security and Perceived Parental Psychological Control as Parameters of Social Value Orientation among Early Adolescents" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42368.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/psychology/42368/attachment-security-and-perceived-parental-psychological-control-as-parameters-of-social-value-orientation-among-early-adolescents/nweke-kingsley-onyibor
1) The document summarizes research on mimicry behavior of males in relationships and the presence of attractive female alternatives. It examines past studies on mimicry and its relationship to attraction, and the concepts of self-control and how mindsets shape it.
2) One study found that people in romantic relationships mimicked attractive alternatives of the opposite sex less than those not in relationships. Relationship status influenced mimicry even when relationship status was unknown.
3) Another study showed unconscious mimicry is used as a social distance mechanism, with people increasing mimicry to show interest or decreasing it to show desired distance.
The document summarizes the development of family therapy from the mid-1980s to the present. It discusses the shift from constructivism to social constructionism as the main theoretical framework. Social constructionism emphasizes that problems are shaped by language and wider social and cultural contexts rather than just family dynamics. It also focuses on how meanings are jointly constructed through conversations and interactions. The role of the therapist became less about expertise and more about facilitating collaborative conversations. Research studies explored topics like therapeutic processes, outcomes, and comparisons between family therapy and other treatment approaches. The document concludes by connecting the different phases and approaches in family therapy and considering possible future developments.
The document discusses several theories related to human reproductive behaviour and relationship formation and development. It describes theories of sexual selection, social penetration theory, physical attractiveness, filter theory, social exchange theory, equity theory, investment model, and relationship dissolution model. Key concepts include anisogamy, inter-sexual selection, intra-sexual selection, self-disclosure, halo effect, matching hypothesis, comparison level, stages of relationship development, intrinsic and extrinsic investments, and the four phases of relationship dissolution. Research supporting and critiquing various aspects of the theories is also reviewed.
The study investigated the relationship between the Big Five personality traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) and marital compatibility in 15 married couples using standardized personality and compatibility tests. Extraversion and agreeableness were positively correlated with compatibility for males. Agreeableness and conscientiousness were positively correlated for both males and females. Neuroticism and openness showed no significant correlations. The results provide evidence that personality influences marital compatibility.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research methods. It discusses what makes good research, including validity, reliability, and generalizability. It also outlines quantitative and qualitative research approaches, deductive and inductive reasoning, variables, hypotheses, causation vs. correlation, and gives examples of how research methods are applied to study different topics.
Examples of research methods h ighschool movies - preschool in three cultur...Ray Brannon
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research methods. It discusses what constitutes "good" research, including validity, reliability, and generalizability. It also outlines quantitative and qualitative research approaches, deductive vs inductive reasoning, the importance of establishing causality rather than just correlation, how to define variables, and how to develop hypotheses. Research methods help social scientists systematically study relationships between social factors.
Relationship of Authoritarian Parenting with Self Esteem of Adolescentsijtsrd
In families with excessive parental control is followed by extreme punitiveness and coldness, the adolescent child might rebel against parental standards explicitly. Self esteem can be defined as an individual’s attitude about him or herself, involving self evaluation along positive negative dimensions. The present study was conducted to find out the relationship between the authority parenting style with self esteem of adolescents. Rosenberg’s Self Esteem Scale, Parental Authority Questionnaire and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale were used to collect data. Pearson’s product correlation and t test were used to find out the results. The correlation was found to be 0.54 and the t value was 2.70. Both the values are statistically significant, and hence it is concluded that the the self esteem is negatively correlated to authoritarian parenting styles, and adolescent females have significantly lower self esteem than their male counterparts. Aastha Jain "Relationship of Authoritarian Parenting with Self Esteem of Adolescents" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31864.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/psychology/31864/relationship-of-authoritarian-parenting-with-self-esteem-of-adolescents/aastha-jain
Parent-child relationships and interactions with peers influence adult relationships. Bowlby's concept of internal working models suggests that early attachment styles shape expectations and behaviors in later relationships. However, research also shows that attachment styles can change based on current relationships and significant life experiences. While early experiences impact adult relationships, it is not deterministic, as individuals can go on to have happy relationships despite early insecurity. Interactions with peers also impact views of self and approaches to relationships, though experiences differ between genders. Some studies find adolescent relationships can affect adult ones, but not all research agrees on this.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to :
Development of a sociopathy scale (psychometrics paper)sedunham
The document describes the development and testing of a sociopathy scale. A class created 115 potential scale items to measure sociopathy based on research. After analysis, including exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, 11 items remained in the final scale. The scale showed some evidence of validity but also areas for improvement. Continued development of the scale was recommended.
This study examined the relationships between maternal stress, challenging child behaviors (aggression and self-injury), and maternal cognitions. 46 mothers of children/young adults with intellectual disabilities completed questionnaires. The results found:
1) Challenging behaviors were positively correlated with maternal stress.
2) Maternal cognitions were related to both challenging behaviors and stress levels.
3) Cognitions about the consequences of behaviors partially mediated the relationship between behaviors and stress. Specifically, perceptions of consequences for the child were a significant mediator for both aggression and self-injury.
Anonymity Versus Publicity of Answers and Reported Self-EsteemDanielle Hoyt
This study examined how anonymity and publicity impact self-reported self-esteem scores. 60 undergraduate students completed a self-esteem measure either anonymously online, in-person with written responses, or in-person verbally. Results showed the anonymous online scores were significantly lower than the written in-person scores, partially supporting the hypothesis that increased publicity correlates with higher self-esteem scores. However, no other conditions differed significantly. Gender did not impact results. Limitations included a small homogenous sample from one university. Future research could explore how situational factors impact anonymity and publicity effects on self-esteem.
Correlates of criminal behavior among female prisoners 1ashtinadkins
The document summarizes research testing theories of criminality using questionnaires administered to 348 female inmates. Key findings include:
1) Sensation seeking, experiences of childhood abuse, insecure attachments, and partner abuse correlated moderately with criminal behavior.
2) Attachment to mother, experiences of childhood adversity, and risk-taking behaviors showed the strongest correlations with crimes committed and arrest history.
3) While the findings provide some support for theories of criminality, the research calls for a more comprehensive theory that better predicts criminal activities and allows for individualized rehabilitation approaches.
This document summarizes a study that examines the effects of domestic violence on women's parenting and children's adjustment. The study tested two models - a direct effects model and an ecological model. The ecological model integrated an ecological perspective and trauma theory and included environmental factors like social support, negative life events, and maternal history of child abuse. The ecological model was able to explain more of the variance in children's adjustment, parenting style, maternal psychological functioning, and marital satisfaction compared to the direct effects model. The results support an ecological framework for understanding how domestic violence impacts women and children.
This study examined the relationship between sexual attitudes, identity confusion, and engagement in casual sexual relationships among 383 college students. The researchers found that more permissive sexual attitudes positively predicted engaging in casual sex. However, identity confusion did not predict or moderate the relationship between attitudes and behavior. The findings confirm the link between attitudes and behavior but not the hypothesized role of identity confusion. Future research should explore additional social and contextual factors influencing casual sex among emerging adults.
Comparing attachment patterns across relationshipsJarryd_Willis
This study examined how attachment styles differ across relationships for romantic partners, same-sex friends, and cross-sex friends. It found that for individuals in a romantic relationship, attachment scores for romantic partners were more similar to primary caregivers, while scores for same-sex friends were less similar. For single individuals, attachment scores for cross-sex friends were less similar to caregivers. The study suggests romantic partners can influence attachment styles for other relationships, acting as a proxy for the primary caregiver attachment. However, early caregiver attachment remains stable over time.
This document provides an overview of the life and work of John Bowlby, a pioneering British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. It summarizes that Bowlby graduated from Cambridge in 1928, worked with maladjusted children, and published influential papers on juvenile delinquency and family therapy in the 1940s and 1950s. It notes that he developed attachment theory, which posits that early relationships with caregivers shape later relationships, and explored the effects of separation on children. The document outlines Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment behaviors and internal working models, and the influence of his work on researchers like Mary Ainsworth and others who built upon and tested his theories.
Bowlby's theory proposed that children have an innate need to attach to a primary caregiver, usually the mother, for healthy development. Disruption of this attachment through separation could cause long-term emotional and behavioral issues. He argued that continuous care from the primary attachment figure is crucial, especially in the first two years. If separated during this critical period, the child may experience distress, despair, and detachment, and later develop problems with relationships, intelligence, and mental health. Secure attachment allows children to build an internal model of themselves and others as trustworthy and effective.
Attachment Theory Developmental PsychologyPatrick Conway
Attachment theory proposes that strong emotional bonds form between infants and their caregivers. Research in the 1950s found that infant monkeys separated from cloth mothers showed more distress than those separated from wire mothers, leading John Bowlby to theorize that infants have an innate need for emotional attachment. Mary Ainsworth later identified secure, anxious, avoidant, and disorganized attachment styles in infants based on their reactions in experimental separations from caregivers. Secure attachment is correlated with positive personality development while insecure attachments are linked to issues like low self-esteem.
- Attachment theory proposes that secure attachment to caregivers in early childhood is important for long-term social-emotional development. John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth were influential researchers.
- Ainsworth identified secure, avoidant, and ambivalent attachment styles based on children's responses in the "Strange Situation" experiment. Secure children were distressed when separated from but sought comfort from caregivers.
- Insecure attachment can result from inconsistent or neglectful caregiving and is associated with later relationship and mental health problems. Early attachment experiences strongly influence relationships in adulthood.
This document discusses attachment theory and its implications for therapy. It introduces John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth's work identifying secure, insecure-preoccupied, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-disorganized attachment styles in infants based on their interactions with caregivers. Insecure attachment can stem from unpredictable, frightening, or dangerous caregiving or unresolved caregiver states. Attachment shapes biological systems in the body. Internal working models develop from early relationships. Adult romantic relationships and attachment-focused therapy can help develop secure attachment. The document then describes OnTrack's attachment-focused program which aims to build parenting capacity and reduce intergenerational trauma through assessment, therapy, and parenting coaching to reduce out-of-home placements.
Attachment Theory And Improving Relationships2.The Offical Onetlwright29
This document summarizes attachment theory and discusses how attachment styles impact relationships. It describes the four attachment styles (secure, anxious-preoccupied, dismissive-avoidant, fearful-avoidant) and their characteristics. The document also discusses how attachment styles relate to relationship commitment, violence, and adjustment. Finally, it provides strategies for improving relationships, such as couple's therapy, stress management, emotional stability, and conflict resolution.
Learn the history of attachment theory (known today as attachment parenting), and the benefits of creating a secure attachment with your infant and/or child.
John Bowlby was a psychiatrist in London in the early 1900s whose work with children experiencing separation from their mothers led him to believe that infants have a universal need to form attachments with caregivers to ensure survival. He argued that separation from mothers caused extreme distress in children and shaped their long-term development, contradicting previous theories. Bowlby's research introduced the idea that children are born pre-programmed to attach to a primary caregiver, usually the mother, for continuous care during the first two years of life to develop healthy emotional and social skills.
"Using attachment theory to understand parent-child conflict in non-adopted boys" looks at three detailed cases of young boys who present with difficulties in social situations and asks if Attachment Theory can offer a useful lens for understanding their difficulties.
Attachment theory proposes that strong emotional bonds form between infants and their caregivers and that these bonds are important for survival. John Bowlby was the first major theorist of attachment, suggesting infants become attached to caregivers who are sensitive and responsive in order to feel safe and secure as they grow. Bowlby identified four stages of attachment from birth through early childhood and proposed styles of attachment including secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized. Attachment serves protective and exploratory functions critical to child development.
John Bowlby developed attachment theory which proposes that secure attachment to caregivers in early childhood is important for child development. There are different styles of attachment including secure, avoidant, ambivalent/resistant, and disorganized. Attachment develops from the child's interactions and relationships with primary caregivers. Responsive caregiving leads to secure attachment while neglect, abuse or inconsistent care can result in insecure attachment styles.
Edward Bowlby was a British psychiatrist who developed attachment theory. He was raised primarily by a nanny and experienced the early loss of his mother figure. This fueled his later interest in attachment between caregivers and children. Bowlby believed that the bonds formed in early childhood have a lasting impact. His research found that children develop secure, avoidant, or anxious attachments depending on the responsiveness of their caregiver. Attachment styles influence relationships throughout life.
Presentation on Child and Adult Attachment Theory. Also includes result of a small survey done with my friends. Part of the 'Personality and Development' course at IIT Delhi
- John Bowlby was a British psychiatrist who developed the theory of attachment, which proposes that the bonds formed between children and their caregivers have a significant impact that lasts throughout life.
- Key aspects of attachment theory include the four phases of attachment development from birth to 2 years old, the concept of an internal working model, and different styles of attachment identified in Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiments, including secure, avoidant, resistant, and disorganized attachment styles.
- Attachment theory has influenced research showing relationships between early attachment and later social/emotional development, as well as the importance of caregiver sensitivity and responsiveness in forming secure attachment. However, critics note it focuses primarily on the mother's role and evolutionary
Lit review guide to nwriting literature reviewroxcine
The document summarizes five studies that examine the relationship between attachment and adolescent depression. The studies generally find that insecurely attached adolescents (ambivalent or avoidant) have higher levels of depression and lower self-esteem compared to securely attached adolescents. Limitations across the studies include their reliance on self-report measures, focus only on maternal relationships, and lack of longitudinal design. Overall, the literature review supports the hypothesis that attachment plays an important role in adolescent depression.
Attachment And Romantic Relationships The Role Of Working Models Of Self And...Joshua Gorinson
This document summarizes research on attachment theory and its role in romantic relationships. It begins by outlining Bowlby's attachment theory and how it provides a framework for understanding individual differences in romantic relationships. It describes how internal working models of self and other develop from early caregiving experiences and influence how people view themselves and navigate close relationships. The document then reviews research showing links between attachment orientations (anxiety, avoidance, security) and relationship functioning, such as satisfaction, commitment, caregiving. It argues that insecure working models undermine smooth relationships by coloring how people see themselves and others.
Maladaptive perfectionism as a mediator and moderator between sherni1
This study examined maladaptive perfectionism as both a mediator and moderator between adult attachment (anxiety and avoidance) and depressive mood. Survey data from 310 undergraduates found that maladaptive perfectionism partially mediated the relationship between attachment anxiety and depressive mood, and fully mediated the relationship between attachment avoidance and depressive mood. Significant moderator effects were also found, with the association between attachment anxiety and depressive mood being stronger as perfectionism increased.
Adult Attachment Measures A 25-Year ReviewJoe Andelija
This review article summarizes 29 instruments used to measure adult attachment in research over the past 25 years. It finds that 11 instruments have strong psychometric properties and widespread use, including the Adult Attachment Interview, Adult Attachment Projective, Adult Attachment Questionnaire, Adult Attachment Scale, Attachment Style Questionnaire, Current Relationship Interview, Experiences in Close Relationships questionnaire, Parental Bonding Instrument, Reciprocal Attachment Questionnaire, Relationship Questionnaire, and Relationship Scales Questionnaire. The review discusses factors for researchers to consider when selecting an attachment measurement tool, such as the type of attachment constructs and dimensions being examined.
The study examined the relationship between parenting styles and self-regulation among university students in the Philippines. Statistical analyses showed that many freshmen (48%) and senior (44%) students reported their parents exhibited a negligent parenting style. While most freshmen had poor self-regulation (68%), most seniors had average self-regulation (56%), indicating other factors beyond parenting style likely influence the development of self-regulation in older students. The study suggests parenting style may not be the sole predictor of self-regulation, as seniors were more regulated despite having negligent parents, likely due to other influences such as self-determination.
This study investigated the relationship between personality traits, length of friendship, and assumed similarity among college student friends. 86 student participants completed personality assessments about themselves and their friend. Results showed that friends had significantly similar personalities, though this was not significantly affected by length of friendship. Extraversion and Neuroticism showed some weak correlations with assumed similarity, but the relationships failed to achieve statistical significance. The study provided additional data on personality similarity and assumed similarity among friends.
For my final project I am choosing the environmental influences on.docxrhetttrevannion
For my final project I am choosing the environmental influences on personality particularly about childhood experiences and their effect on an individual’s personalities. I am contrasting childhood experiences that are caused by their environment to the effect on their personality, I will use the correlation research method. A questionnaire will be used in order to obtain the information I would need. This method would admit me to have a larger sample base, have a better image of the relationship, and numerous variables providing for better research circumstances down the road. The disadvantage to this technique would be, I would not have a personal relationship from those apart of the study and this could cause a lack of dishonesty. Second, establishing a questionnaire that was both dependable and accurate could be an issue. Lastly, I would only get a view at what those in the group went through.
Ethically, I would run into a problem of confidentiality and making sure all of the questionnaires were kept secret and those taking them were offered secrecy. Anyone who take part in the activity would be able to eliminate themselves from the research if they wanted to and if they left the documents it would be destroyed. I would maintain their best interest and would be real and honest with them regarding what the study is being used for and why it was being done. Still, because there isn’t a personal relationship but just general on this could be difficult to prove and cause doubt and that could be an ethical crisis.
References:
APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (2017) (PDF, 272KB)
APA Manual (Publication manual of the American Psychological Association). (2010). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Cervone, D. (2019). Personality theory and research (14th ed.). Danvers, MA: John Wiley &sons.
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PSY 216 LITERATURE REVIEW TEMPLATE 7
PSY 216 Literature Review Template
Student Name
Institution Affiliation
Course Number and Name
Submission Date
Article One
What is the title of the article? Provide a citation for the article in APA format.
Birth Order Effects on Personality and Various Achievement within Families.
Paulhus, D.L., Trapnell, P.D.,& Chen, D. (1999). Birth Order Effects on Personality and various Achievement within Families. Psychology Science, 10(6), 482-488.
What is the purpose of the article, and how does the purpose relate to personality development?
The main objective of this research article is generally to investigate on the effect of character and diverse achievements that occur due to confinement order.
What is the hypothesis of the study? In other words, what claims do the authors make in the article?
Throughout the literature review reading, it is clear that firstborn mostly stayed nominated as attaining and contentious. Concurrent, most children, born later, were profoundly stated to be most insubordinate and courteous.
What variables (factors) are being looked .
APA Literature Review Example by Purdue Online Writing LabJonathan Underwood
1) The literature review examines five studies that investigate the relationship between attachment and adolescent depression. The studies find that insecurely attached adolescents (ambivalent or avoidant) generally display higher levels of depression symptoms and behaviors than securely attached adolescents.
2) Limitations across the studies include small sample sizes focused only on females, reliance only on self-reported measures, and lack of longitudinal designs.
3) Future research should utilize larger, more diverse samples and longitudinal designs to better understand how attachment styles influence psychological well-being over time. Involving parents and other individuals close to participants could also improve validity.
This document summarizes research on the relationship between college-aged youngest siblings and their older siblings. It reviewed literature showing that birth order impacts how siblings interact and the roles they take on. Research found that youngest siblings often feel closer to their mothers than other siblings and value support from their older siblings. The purpose of the study was to understand how these relationships change as siblings age by interviewing college students about their relationships with older siblings.
Attachment Studies With Borderline PatientsDemona Demona
Clinical theorists have suggested that disturbed attachments are central to borderline personality
disorder (BPD) psychopathology. This article reviews 13 empirical studies that examine the types
of attachment found in individuals with this disorder or with dimensional characteristics of BPD.
Comparison among the 13 studies is handicapped by the variety of measures and attachment types
that these studies have employed. Nevertheless, every study concludes that there is a strong associa-
tion between BPD and insecure attachment. The types of attachment found to be most characteristic
of BPD subjects are unresolved, preoccupied, and fearful. In each of these attachment types, indi-
viduals demonstrate a longing for intimacy and—at the same time—concern about dependency and
rejection. The high prevalence and severity of insecure attachments found in these adult samples sup-
port the central role of disturbed interpersonal relationships in clinical theories of BPD. This review
concludes that these types of insecure attachment may represent phenotypic markers of vulnerability
to BPD, suggesting several directions for future research.
A Qualitative Case Study The Lived Educational Experiences of Former Juvenil...Erica Thompson
1) The document summarizes previous research on the lived educational experiences of former juvenile delinquents. It discusses how qualitative research methods can provide insight into these experiences in a way that quantitative studies cannot.
2) The review of literature found links between juvenile delinquency and factors like family structure, parenting styles, peer associations, and negative experiences in education settings. Research suggests these experiences may influence whether youth engage in delinquent behaviors.
3) The study aimed to use qualitative interviews to examine the educational experiences of former delinquents and how those experiences impacted their lives, with the goal of better understanding and preventing juvenile misbehavior.
This paper summarizes a systematic literature review of 63 studies examining synchrony between mothers and children. Synchrony refers to coordinated interactions where caregivers and infants engage in shared regulation, flexibility, adaptation, rhythm, harmony and engagement. The review found synchrony plays a protective role in ADHD and is lower in children with aggression, autism or lower cognition. Mothers with depression or psychosis showed less synchrony, resulting in poorer infant outcomes. While mostly studying mother-infant synchrony, the review concluded synchrony offers infants an early understanding of appropriate behaviors and emotions through coordinated interactions.
This document discusses addiction and attachment theory. It begins by defining addiction and describing various psychological theories that attempt to explain it. It then introduces attachment theory as an approach that has produced significant research in understanding and treating addiction. The paper reviews key aspects of attachment theory including the internal working model, attachment styles in children and adults, and how attachment theory understands addiction as an attempt to regulate affect for those with insecure attachments. It discusses how addiction is treated as an attachment disorder from an attachment theory perspective, focusing on early and later stages of therapy. Finally, it reviews several relevant research studies that examine connections between addiction and attachment.
This document provides an overview of child development from infancy through adolescence. It discusses the major domains of development - physical, cognitive, and socioemotional. It also outlines several influential theories of child development, including psychoanalytic theory, behavioral theory, cognitive theory, biological theories, and systems theories. Research methods used to study child development such as descriptive research, correlation research, experiments, and longitudinal studies are also summarized. Finally, the document discusses how research in child development informs social policy to improve outcomes for children and families.
Influence of Parenting Style on Children’s Behaviou.pdfCzandroNavida
The document discusses parenting styles and their influence on children's development. It defines parenting as a biological and social process involving the parent-child relationship that shapes a child's attitudes, behaviors, and emotions. Four common parenting styles are identified - authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved. The study discussed found that an authoritative parenting style, with high responsiveness and moderate demandingness, had the most positive influence on children's self-esteem and social, emotional, and academic adjustment in college compared to other styles. It was noted that parenting style is an important factor developed early in a child's life that can continue to influence them well into adulthood.
Running head What factors affect the quality of our relationships.docxrtodd599
Running head: What factors affect the quality of our relationships?
WHAT FACTORS AFFECT THE QUALITY OF OUR RELATIONSHIPS?
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What factors affect the quality of our relationships?(Autumn R. Scrivens)University of West Georgia
Abstract
Risky attachment styles are behaviors that are high risk and enacted by an impulse that can eventually lead to engaging in sexual acts with a person who has a sexually transmitted infection/ disease or someone who is at risk of becoming pregnant. Girls who grew up in a two-parent household or one parent household but the father was present during adolescent years have shown to engage in less risky attachment styles; whereas girls who grew up without a father figure or a non-parent household have shown to engage in riskier attachment styles such as avoidant and insecure/ambivalent styles. Past research experiences shows’ evidence that the impact of a fatherly figure can affect how young girls choose their relationships but this impact was not as definite in young males. Because the research is so biased, the following research identifies the factors that affect the quality of our relationships based on the impact of a fatherly figure and how this impact affects young girls' attachment styles when in a relationship. Finally, I offer implications for this research from a social and psychological aspect.
Keywords: attachment styles, relationships, Introduction
The factors that affect the quality of our relationships provides researchers with a qualitative framework for the understanding of the overall effects of the parental figure being a part of the development of the child; and how this development affects how young ladies and men get involved in quality relationships. These factors also give researchers the opportunity to understand how the emotional and physical relationship between a father and daughter affect how the daughters that did not grow up with healthy paternal relationships have underlying sexual factors and attachment styles. The significance of this research is to identify which factors from various upbringing whether being one parent, two-parent, or care system household affect the quality of our relationships. Furthermore, this research will explain what our upbringing says about those who we enter relationships with or keep in our life. At this stage in the research, the factors that define the quality of relationships for young ladies and men between the ages of 15 to 24 are scarce. Some deficiencies within each article in regards to research between the physical and emotional bond are described as strong emotional bonds and a need for a consistent partner but there were no articles that related to emotional development and how fathers play a major part in this development. Because of these various deficiencies, by using qualitative methods during my research I hope to explore the emotional and physical bond between a father and daughter while using personal experiences and various.
Gender socialization and identity theoryArif Putranto
This document discusses gender socialization through the lenses of identity theory and identity control theory. It provides an overview of literature on how families socialize children into gender roles and identities. Specifically, it examines how gender is learned from a young age through cues from families, and how this socialization leads to the development of gendered subcultures and homophily (preference for same-sex interactions). The document argues that identity theory can help explain how gender identities form through this socialization process and are reinforced over the lifespan to maintain the social order.
Similar to Attachment Theory in Human Development (17)
Lacey Desper took a 5-minute typing test and typed 72 words per minute with 2 mistakes, resulting in an adjusted speed of 70 words per minute. The test passage was about skiing and snowboarding being affordable winter activities enjoyed by millions annually at resorts that offer equipment rental, lessons, terrain for all skill levels, and amenities. Modern resorts can make snow and operate without natural snowfall.
Lacey Desper completed a Data Entry Alpha Numeric test on 10/22/2013, entering 40 records in 2 minutes and 38 seconds with 95% accuracy. Her keystrokes per hour were 11284 with 99% accuracy, adjusting to 11171 keystrokes per hour. The test measured her speed and accuracy at conducting data entry into a simulated database.
Lacey Desper took a Microsoft Excel 2010 - Normal User test on 10/22/2013. She answered 29 out of 30 questions correctly for a score of 97%, which is above the global average of 76%. Her percentile ranking was 80. She answered all basic and intermediate level questions correctly but missed one advanced level question related to creating a pivot table. The test assessed skills in formatting, formulas, commands, inserting tools, and page layout.
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Lacey Desper took a Microsoft Word 2010 - Normal User test and scored 28 out of 30 questions correct, for a 93% score. The test consisted of basic, intermediate, and advanced level questions covering topics like formatting, inserting pictures and tables, sorting data, and mail merges. Lacey's score was above the global average of 76% and at the 80th percentile. The test aimed to evaluate skills in using Microsoft Word 2010 features at a normal user level.
This document discusses two theoretical perspectives on families: family ecology and family life course development. Family ecology views examines how the surrounding environment, such as the work environment, influences and constrains families. The document provides an example of how one family structured their schedule around the father working nights to spend time together. Family life course development sees the family as progressing through predictable stages and timelines, but the document notes this fails to account for the unpredictability of real families.
The document discusses attachment issues in the White family through the perspective of the author who married into the family. It describes the authoritarian parenting style of the father Dan Sr. and the permissive style of the mother Susan. The oldest son, the author's husband, exhibits signs of never having fully developed independence and self-care skills due to his upbringing. The daughter Debra has a history of unstable relationships and living situations along with diagnosed issues that may stem from her distant relationship with her authoritarian father growing up.
The document provides a detailed analysis of the essay "To Educate a Race" which discusses the focus on education within the African American community after emancipation. It describes how schools sprang up in Fayetteville, North Carolina with support from northern charities. It highlights the work of Robert Harris and David Dickerson in establishing a network of schools and teacher training programs. The school founded by Harris grew significantly and helped establish other schools across North Carolina, eventually becoming Fayetteville State University.
The author argues that actor Johnny Depp has multiple personality disorder (MPD) based on research into Depp's personality and career. The author believes Depp's ability to portray diverse characters is evidence of MPD, which can be caused by trauma. Depp's comments about struggling to exit roles suggest his personalities become integrated with the characters he plays. However, the author suggests Depp's MPD may be subsiding since having a daughter, which has led to less distinctive, less successful recent roles.
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1. 1
Attachment Theory in Human Development
Attachment Theory in Human Development
Lacey Desper
Johnson County Community College
2. 2
Abstract
The point of this paper is to discuss Attachment Theory as it relates to Human Development;
taking care to look specifically at Adult Attachment Issues and their relationship to childhood
development theories. Looking, at Case Studies that have been completed to empirically prove
that Attachment Theory is a valid source for concern in the development of a child.
3. 3
Attachment Theory in Human Development
I would like to take some time to discuss attachment and how our treatment as a child
affects us as adults; this is a field of study in Human Development. I would like to explore why it
is important for us to understand the correlations. I will discuss two articles with studies on adult
attachment and the correlations found with childhood development; comparing the two articles
for accuracy’s and discrepancies in their research. I will then correlate the information given in
the articles to general theories of Human Development. I will explain correlations and placement
into the Life Span perspective, Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model, The Social-Cultural
Context, and lastly the nature vs. nurture debate; to get a broad range of views into attachment
theory.
We have many relationships that all have their own unique relationships. Though, could
Freud of been on the right track when he started looking into parental relationships. According,
to Attachment Theory the interactions you have with your primary caregiver “special interest to
mothers” has been gathering ground and empirical evidence to support these claims. Evidence,
has gathered to support that these early relationships affect your adult attachment.
According, to Bowlby there are three styles of attachment that exist secure,
anxious/avoidant, anxious ambivalent. They are all specifically linked to the warmth and
responses from their caregivers. Essentially, a bond develops between the caregiver and the child
and the consequences of that relationship emerge in the adult because of the way the child
develops their social world. These interactions create an internal working model that contains a
person’s self-worth and personal responsiveness. This is all created by the caregiver child bond.
4. 4
Attachment Theory has been picking up ground in modern research because, empirical
evidence now shows that social, personal and emotional development are linked; and the
attachment style a child has obtained is a large predicator of behavior starting as early as
elementary school. Bowlby himself argued that the nature of relationships as children were
predicators on social relationships as an adult. That it was influence by a person’s beliefs of
themselves, which originally one solely influences by the primary caregiver.
The first study I am going to discuss is Roots of Adult Attachment: Maternal Caregiving
at 18 Months Predicts Adult Peer and Partner Attachment by Zayas, V., Mischel, W., Shoda,
Y., & Aber, J. L. (2011). The article first sums up the Attachment Theory explaining “to date
there have been no longitudinal empirical evidence for the hypothesis that early maternal
caregiving predicts adult attachment Zayas, Mischel, Shoda, & Aber, (2011).” Explaining,
that present studies show that quality of care given to an 18 month old predicts the extent
to which almost 20 years later where considered avoidant with peers and partners. Stating,
that it had not only proven current Attachment Theory but shows more than your first
attachment is affected but in others f not all attachment relationships, The direct point of
this study was to link the two fields of attachment that have seemingly split. Focus-
caregivers vs. adult attachment, Methodologies- behavioral and interview methodologies
vs. self-report measures, and lastly Level of Analysis- coherence of representations vs.
affective, cognitive and behavioral dynamics. The attempt was to find a coherent
comprehensive study on Attachment Theory in Human Development.
The results of this study found a few different sets of information to be true. 1)
Greater maternal sensitivity during the first 18 months predicted lower avoidance in adult
behavior relationships. 2) Greater maternal control predicted greater avoidant behavior in
5. 5
adult behavior relationships. 3) Less anxiety and avoidance with partners in adults with
sensitive mothers; and the opposite with maternal control.
They found no other statistically relevant correlations in Attachment Theory. They
tested and retest the correlations using different subsets of data to determine the statistical
significance of the correlations. The results indicated that it was extremely unlikely to be a
result of chance. The results statistically proved the theoretical expectations that maternal
care at 18 months meaningfully predicts Adult Attachment with partners and peers at 22
years of age. This study is the first with empirical support for Adult Attachment in
correlation to both romantic partners and peers; with special significance to anxiety and
avoidance with in adult relationships.
The article did mention a larger study with a larger sample was necessary; stating that
a more diverse sample is necessary to further develop the theory. It further mentioned
that from an Ecological perspective a different study group would yield different results. If
for instance the study group was taken for a low socioeconomic status they predict the
margins would have more extreme attachment and stressors. The results of the study
would be different, but they predict the results would inevitably be the same.
The second study I would like to look at is Adult attachment, working models, and
relationship quality in dating couples by Collins, N. L. (1992). This study set out to divulge
into attachment and its effects on dating adults; conducting a total of 3 studies. 1) a 18-item
scale measuring attachment dimensions based on Hazan and Shavers(1987) categorical
measure. 2) Explore relationships between dimensions of working models of self and
others; relating attachment in self-esteem, expressiveness, trust, belief about nature, and
styles of loving. 3) explore and expand attachment styles in the areas of ongoing dating
6. 6
relationships, for example partner matching to determine the relationship quality with
attachment issues with both members of a couple. To determine with women what extent
they were comfortable with closeness appeared to be the best predicator of a relationships
quality. For men the best predictor area was the extent to which their partner was anxious
about being abandoned or unloved.
The first study determined that the dimension scale was reliable as a source to
determine what strongly determined the component of an attachment. Concluding, that the
Adult Attachment scale allows the ability to asses dimensions and underlying attachment
styles, without losing framework that ties them together.
The second study showed evidence those differences in attachment linked patterns of
belief about self and others. Inevitably it provided more support for the Adult Attachment
Scale and this study was done simply to support study 3. Believing that analysis of the
dimensions provided was useful information for analyzing the dimensions.
The third study found that dimensions of an individual’s attachment style predicted
their partner’s evaluation of the individual themselves. Reasonable evidence was obtained
to provide the impact of the Adult Attachment Style. In regards, to the three aspects of an
ongoing relationship. Proving that people seeking relationships with their attachment was
readily responded to; demonstrating the importance of measures with dimensions sale to
understand relations to variables. This study suggests that attachment is not just “physical
proximity but it should maintain “felt security.” They initially followed in the footsteps of
Hazan and Shavers; using their terms f secure, anxious and avoidant to categorize the adult
relationships. They looked at examples siting, secure as happy, trusting, and friendship and
anxious as emotional highs and lows, jealousy, and obsessive preoccupation.
7. 7
The specific point of these studies according to Collins, N. L. (1992) is “If attachment
styles have important implications for behavior in relationship, they should have a role in
ones choice of love partners and in the quality of one’s romantic relationships.” Study 1
concluded that the evaluative scales used to measure dimensions was underlying in
attachment styles. Study 2 showed that to explore aspects of working models by assessing
beliefs about self, social world and romantic love the dimensions must be supported and
proven. Study 3 explored relationships among attachment style dimensions, partner choice
and relationship quality.
These two separate studies could not be any more separate from each other. The
study done by Zayas, Mischel, Shoda, & Aber, (2011) set out to work beyond the research
done by Collins, N. L. (1992). The study done by Zayas set out to use correlations and
longitudinal studies to give empirical evidence of Attachment Theory. The study done by
Collins set out to prove the scales and attachment types were correct. One set out to prove
a theory and did actual case study work. The other set out to prove that scales and
measurements could accurately be used. While the Collins study is necessary for the Zayas
study to be done inevitably it is Zayas study that gives us the empirical data. The two
studies support each other in the form of Collins study I believe was necessary to complete
Zayas study.
Now, to discuss Attachment Theory in correlation to the rest of Human Development;
and how this attachment falls within the broader schemes of Human Development. First I
would like to discuss the Lifespan Perspective. The Lifespan perspective is used to
categorize and conceptualize the age-related changes throughout life and divides them into
more manageable periods of time. The Lifespan Perspective categorizes the life states into
8. 8
these sections prenatal, infancy, toddlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood,
Adolescence, and early, middle and late adulthood. The Lifespan perspective generally is a
consideration for “average” people and does not take into account special circumstances.
This theory is a broad range of life and easily fits within Attachment Theory which is
looking into the effects of caregivers on kids at the age of 18 months; which would be
considered toddlerhood in the Lifespan Perspective and how it affects us growing up the
Zayas, Mischel, Shoda, & Aber, (2011) was specifically looking at the early adulthood stage
of the Lifespan. The Lifespan Perspective takes specific interest in categorizing physical and
cognitive developments within the lifespan; Attachment Theory fits within this category
because the difference in childhood attachment affects a child’s cognitive development.
Generally, the anxious/avoidant and anxious ambivalent areas of Attachment are considered to
have negative impacts on cognitive development and could easily knock somebody off the
“normal” cycle and off the Lifespan Perspective list.
The next theory of Human Development I would like to relate to Attachment Theory is
Bronfenbrenners Ecological Model. The Bronfenbrenners model explained life as Microsystems,
Mesosystem, Exosystem and Macrosystem. The Microsystem is yourself or the individual.
Mesosystem is your Immediate Family, Schools and Neighborhood. Ecosystems are considered
health care, work, extended family, and friends. Macrosystem is your values, laws and customs.
Lastly, there is a system called Chronosystem that is a system of changing nature in an
individual’s environment internally and externally and they illustrate themselves in the biological
and social interactions’ with other individuals.
It is easy to see how Attachment Theory falls within the Bronfenbrenners theory. The
Caregiver or Mesosystem affects the Microsystem which in turn affects the Exosystem and helps
9. 9
to create the Chronosystem. The study by Zayas, Mischel, Shoda, & Aber, (2011) eve
mentioned ecological systems in context of attachment theory. They mentioned that if they
had used a spate Ecological system the results of the study would be difference; which is
what you would expect the case to be.
The next theory that exists in the categories of Human Development is the Social -
Cultural Context. The Social-Cultural Context is a theory that explains events that are
strongly related to age and are predictable. These are called Age-Graded Influences. This is
an expectation of what should happen at what age and is looking at the norms of behavior
at an age. Age-Graded Influences are considered most prevalent during the early childhood
ages.
If you look at Attachment Theory it is easy to notice what the norms for development
is considered to be. The norm would be having a sensitive and generous caregiver which
would allow for healthy attachment as an adult. You would deviate from these norms when
incorrect caregiving is received. Once, again if a child is diagnosed as having an
anxious/avoidant and anxious ambivalent relationship with their caregiver it would be considered
that the child has deviated off the path of norms in relation to Attachment Theory. These types of
attachment would affect the decisions and the age-graded influences in how the individual reacts
or responds.
These norms become Nonnormative Events in the Lifespan View of Development. These
nonnormative events are what most research in the field of Human Development are looking into
especially within the case of Attachment Theory. They are looking at the multidirectionality or
multidimensionality of the factors. Multidirectionality shows the incline and decline of growth
through at lifespan and the divergence from the norms. Which leads to many branches or paths
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that a lifespan can take; it is these branches that become hard to observe and predict. Attachment
theory is one of these branches of multidirectionality caused by the relationship with the
caregiver. Multidimensionality I think would be the affect the caregiver has on the individual’s
ability to create attachment. After reading these theories in Human Development I hope that you
see that even the theories of Human Development are multidimensional and multidirectional.
One theory can fall into or be affect by many other aspects of development. Case studies can
easily be divergent and follow more than a few paths; which would lead one to understand the
multi-case study done by Collins, N. L. (1992). To show empirical proof that the scales and
dimensions he would be using in his case study cannot be debunked.
The last field of study I would like to discuss within Human Development in relation
to Attachment Theory is the Nature vs. Nurture debate. It is a big divider within both
sociology and psychology. It has essential split both fields of study into sides. Though there
are also scientists that conclude that they feed of each other and exist simultaneously.
The Nature side of the debate looks closely at natural, genetic or environmental
influences that affect behavior and issues within a lifespan. The Nurture debate looks
further into the caregivers or school systems for effects on individuals. The Attachment
Theory seems to fall in line more with the Nurture debate. Considering the nature of
caregivers they could also be considered nature because the caregiver is part of the child’s
environment, the child is inability to change the caregiver at a young age.
I hope this paper sheds light on attachment theory and how important the role of
caregiver is on a child’s life. Not only are their immediate ramifications for environment.
There are social, cognitive and emotional consequences for the way we interact with our
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children. Human Development is just scratching the surface on how our childhood affects
our development as adults. I am sure there is much more to come.
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Bibliography
Berk, L. E. (). Development through the lifespan (Sixth ed.). : .
Collins, N. L. (1992). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating
couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(4), 644 - 663. Retrieved April 9,
2014, from the Billington Library database.
Zayas, V., Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Aber, J. L. (2011). t Roots of Adult Attachment : Maternal
Caregiving at 18 Months Predicts Adult Peer and Partner Attachment. Social psychological
and personality science, 2(3), 289-297.