1. N A M A : T A S Y A I L M E L I A S A B A R W A T I S I A N T U R I
N P M : 4 5 2 0 2 1 0 0 7 4
Interpersonal Skill B - Tugas 6
LISTENING TO
NON-VERBAL
MESSAGES
2. Learning
Objective
Understand the relationship between
verbal and non-verbal signals
Be aware of how emotions are
reflected by body language
Recognise how to determine the
meaning of non-verbal signals
Understand how the face, looking
behaviour, gestures, touching,
posture, the use of furniture, spatial
behaviour, appearance and vocal cues
can convey meaning
Understand how to decipher the
meaning of contradictory signals.
4. There is more to
listening than meets the
ears
Kata-kata yang diucapkan bukanlah satu-satunya cara orang
menyajikan informasi. Tarifnya di mana kata-kata diucapkan,
nada suara yang digunakan, dan nada serta volumenya
semua dapat menyampaikan makna, seperti cara penutur
berpakaian, gerak tubuh, kontak mata dan gerakan tubuh.
Jika kita mendengar kata-kata mereka dalam isolaso dan
mengabaikan sinyal non-verbal, audio-vokal dan gerakan
visual yang menyertainya.
5. The relationship between
verbal and non-verbal signals
The listener wants to
take the floor
The speaker wants to
keep the floor
The speaker wants to
yield the floor
The listener wants to
decline an offer of the
floor
summarising the
experimental work of
others, lists many of these.
They include behaviours
that signal when:
Argyle (1975)
make the point that verbal
utterances are closely
dependent on non-verbal
signals, which keep the
speaker and listener
attend ing properly to
each other, sustain the
smooth alternation of
speaker and listener and
add further information to
the literal messages
transmitted.
Argyle and Kendon
(1967)
Repeating
Contradicting
Substituting
Complementing
Accenting
Regulating
He identifies six different
ways in which non-verbal
behaviour can be related to
verbal behaviour. These
are:
Knapp (1978)
6. The exspression of
feelings
Bolton (1986)
Mengakui adanya overlap yang cukup
besar anatara jenis informasi yang
dikirimkan secara verbal dan non-verbal.
Bally, ia berpendapat bahwa kata-kata
cenderung paling baik untuk
mengkomunikasikan faktual informasi dan
sinyal non-verbal paling baik untuk
mengkomunikasikan emosi. Terkadang kita
dengan sengaja memberi sinyal emosi kita
untuk mempengaruhi orang lain, tetapi
orang sering bekerja keras untuk
berkamuflase apa yang mereka rasakan.
7. Determining meaning
argues that when
interpreting the meaning of
non verbal signals we
need to give attention to
the relational nature of
behaviours and the
perceived function of the
exchange.
Patterson (1988, 1995)
Sinyal verbal dan non-verbal didengarkan bersama jika kita mau memahami dengan benar pesan yang
disajikan oleh pembicara. Diambil dari isolasi, sulit untuk memastikan apa arti satu sinyal
He argues that the significance of
touching another person will vary
depending upon whether the other
person is
‘(a) one’s spouse,
(b) someone else’s spouse,
(c) a complete stranger,
(d) a patient,
(e) another person in a crowded lift’.
Argyle (1975)
maintains that non-
verbal signals can
have multiple
meanings and
multiple uses.
Kanpp (1978)
8. The face
We often pay a lot of attention to other people’s
faces because they are a rich source of both
emotional expressions and interaction signals. A
number of studies have attempted to identify those
emotions that can be most readily distinguished
from facial expression. In practice it would appear
that this is more difficult than many people imagine.
In an attempt to determine how accurately emotions can be
recognised from facial expressions Ekman et al. (1971)
developed a scoring system. It involved dividing the face into
three areas: (1) the brows and forehead; (2) the eyes, lids
and bridge of the nose; and (3) the lower face including the
cheek, nose, mouth, chin and jaw
9. Gaze
Perilaku melihat dapat menandakan keinginan untuk berkomunikasi. Bahwa
dengan memperhatikan arah tatapan kita dapat mengidentifikasi hubungan
penting selama pertemuan. Mengamati pola pandangan seperti itu selama satu
periode dapat mengungkapkan aliansi karena orang cenderung paling melirik
orang yang sedang memperjuangkan tujuan mereka.
A R G Y L E ( 1 9 7 5 )
we tend to look most at those whom we
like. This conclusion is well supported by
experimental evidence. It has also been
found that gaze is perceived by others as
a signal that they are liked.
M E H R A B I A N ( 1 9 7 2 )
found that when two subjects were
interviewed it was the ones who were
looked at most who inferred that they
were preferred.
10. Gestures
It is possible to distinguish between gestures
that are intended to communi cate something
and those that signal private reactions to what
is going on.
Emblems
Illustrators
Regulators
Ekman and Friesen (1969) offer three categories of
gestures that are inten tionally used to communicate
a message to others.
1.
2.
3.
Intentional gestures
11. Unintentional gestures
Touching self
Tounching objects
Tounching others
They can also include gestures that may not be directly
related to a spoken message. Such unintentional
gestures often involve touching self, objects or others.
1.
2.
3.
A G U L E R A ( 1 9 6 7 )
found that the touch behaviour of nurses
increased the verbal output of patients
and improved patients’ attitudes towards
nurses.
F I S H E R E T A L ( 1 9 7 6 )
found that in those situations where
library clerks touched some stu dents
when returning their library cards, those
who were touched evaluated the clerk
and the library more favourably than
those who were not touched
12. Perubahan pada seseorang, postur
tubuh selama percakapan juga perlu
diperhatikan. Jika anggota tim yang
terpuruk tiba-tiba berdiri dan duduk
dikursi mungkin ada baiknya
mempertimbangkan apa yang
mendorong perubahan tersebut.
Mehrabian (1968) menemukan subjek
mengadopsi postur yang berbeda
terhadap mereka yang suka dan tidak
menyukai.
Posture
13. Appearance
Penampilan dimasukkan di sini
sebagai elemen penting daro
percakapan non-verbal.
Power-dressing adalah gaya
modern istilah yang berarti memilih
apa yang akan dipakai untuk
membuat sebuah citra
berpengaruh/dominan/
Argyle (1975)
mengemukakan bahwa orang
dengan jenis kepribadian
tertentu lebih menyukai
warna dan fitur tertentu.
14. Summary
"
attention to non-verbal behaviour can affect the ability to diagnose
emotional states and understand other people’s intentions. The
relationship between non-verbal and verbal behav iour has been
examined and the ways in which the face, gestures, touching, posture,
the use of furniture and space, personal proximity, appearance and
vocal cues can convey meaning have been discussed. Attention has
also been given to a range of issues concerned with the accurate
interpretation of the meaning of non-verbal signals and the
deciphering of contradictory signals.
