The document discusses identifying causes and effects in listening. It provides examples of language that can indicate causal relationships between facts, such as "because," "as a result of," and "leads to." It recommends using symbols like "<" and ">" in notes to denote causal connections between ideas, such as "X causes Y" or "X leads to Y which results in Z." An example shows that increased viewing of media violence can cause more aggressive behavior in children.

1. LISTENING FOR CAUSES
AND EFFECTS

2. Cause and effects are a series of facts with implied connections rather
than clearly stated ones. It is the student’s job to recognize the
implications and make the connections.
Children may behave more aggressively as a result of watching
increased amounts of media violence.
In this examples, the cause is “watching increased amounts of media
violence” and the effect is “may behave more aggressively.” The
speaker makes the connection between these two actions by using a
common cause and effect expression: “as a result of.”

3. Causes, effects, and their relationships are frequently signaled by
the following expressions:
Linking two clauses:
when, because, since
Linking a noun phrase + clause:
as a result of, because of
Linking two noun phrases:
cause(s), lead(s) to, contribute(s) to,
result(s) in, produce(s),
is/ are likely to
Transition:
as a result, …
therefore/ consequently
Other expressions:
the more… the more…

4. A technique you can use to capture cause-effect ideas in your notes
is to use the symbols <, >, ,
X > Y (X causes Y)
X  Y (X is cause by Y)
X > Y > Z (X leads to Y which results in Z)
Media violence produces many unhealthy effects in children.
media viol. > unhealthy eff. children