This document provides a list and overview of various subatomic and composite particles categorized by type, including:
- Elementary particles like fermions (quarks and leptons) and bosons that mediate forces
- Hypothetical particles predicted by theories like supersymmetry
- Composite particles like hadrons (baryons like protons/neutrons and mesons) and atomic/molecular structures
It describes key properties and classifications of the different particles, such as their constituents, charges, and roles in the standard model of particle physics.
i am student of M.Sc (Physics) in university of sindh. it is my first book on high energy physics and i will also upload the new version of this book soon. so please read this book and give me feed back on my email address.
i am student of M.Sc (Physics) in university of sindh. it is my first book on high energy physics and i will also upload the new version of this book soon. so please read this book and give me feed back on my email address.
Short introduction to the Standard Model of particle physics given at Maplesoft R&D group. Historical introduction of particle physics, introduction to the Higgs boson and the current state of the art techniques in particle physics.
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Atoms and Periodic Table of the Elements unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 2000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 12 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 15 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus: -Atoms (Atomic Force Microscopes), Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment, Cathode Tube, Atoms, Fundamental Particles, The Nucleus, Isotopes, AMU, Size of Atoms and Particles, Quarks, Recipe of the Universe, Atomic Theory, Atomic Symbols, #'s, Valence Electrons, Octet Rule, SPONCH Atoms, Molecules, Hydrocarbons (Structure), Alcohols (Structure), Proteins (Structure), Periodic Table of the Elements, Organization of Periodic Table, Transition Metals, Electron Negativity, Non-Metals, Metals, Metalloids, Atomic Bonds, Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds, Metallic Bonds, Ionization, and much more.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Teaching Duration = 4+ Weeks
3.1 Discovery of the X Ray and the Electron
3.2 Determination of Electron Charge
3.3 Line Spectra
3.4 Quantization
3.5 Blackbody Radiation
3.6 Photoelectric Effect
3.7 X-Ray Production
3.8 Compton Effect
3.9 Pair Production and Annihilation
CHAPTER 10 Molecules and Solids
10.1 Molecular Bonding and Spectra
10.2 Stimulated Emission and Lasers
10.3 Structural Properties of Solids
10.4 Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Solids
10.5 Superconductivity
10.6 Applications of Superconductivity
Short introduction to the Standard Model of particle physics given at Maplesoft R&D group. Historical introduction of particle physics, introduction to the Higgs boson and the current state of the art techniques in particle physics.
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Atoms and Periodic Table of the Elements unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 2000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 12 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 15 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus: -Atoms (Atomic Force Microscopes), Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment, Cathode Tube, Atoms, Fundamental Particles, The Nucleus, Isotopes, AMU, Size of Atoms and Particles, Quarks, Recipe of the Universe, Atomic Theory, Atomic Symbols, #'s, Valence Electrons, Octet Rule, SPONCH Atoms, Molecules, Hydrocarbons (Structure), Alcohols (Structure), Proteins (Structure), Periodic Table of the Elements, Organization of Periodic Table, Transition Metals, Electron Negativity, Non-Metals, Metals, Metalloids, Atomic Bonds, Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds, Metallic Bonds, Ionization, and much more.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Teaching Duration = 4+ Weeks
3.1 Discovery of the X Ray and the Electron
3.2 Determination of Electron Charge
3.3 Line Spectra
3.4 Quantization
3.5 Blackbody Radiation
3.6 Photoelectric Effect
3.7 X-Ray Production
3.8 Compton Effect
3.9 Pair Production and Annihilation
CHAPTER 10 Molecules and Solids
10.1 Molecular Bonding and Spectra
10.2 Stimulated Emission and Lasers
10.3 Structural Properties of Solids
10.4 Thermal and Magnetic Properties of Solids
10.5 Superconductivity
10.6 Applications of Superconductivity
The symmetry occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics, for example, a particle has positive or negative charges, and the electric dipoles that have the charge (+q) and (-q) which are at a certain distance (d), north or south magnetic poles and for a magnetic bar or magnetic compass with two poles: North (N) and South (S) poles, spins up or down of the electron at the atom and for the nucleons in the nucleus In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and mass cloud. The mass cloud is located in the respective orbitals given by the Schrödinger equation. The orbitals represent the possible locations or places of the particle which are determined probabilistically by the respective Schröndiger equation.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
ISI 2024: Application Form (Extended), Exam Date (Out), EligibilitySciAstra
The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) has extended its application deadline for 2024 admissions to April 2. Known for its excellence in statistics and related fields, ISI offers a range of programs from Bachelor's to Junior Research Fellowships. The admission test is scheduled for May 12, 2024. Eligibility varies by program, generally requiring a background in Mathematics and English for undergraduate courses and specific degrees for postgraduate and research positions. Application fees are ₹1500 for male general category applicants and ₹1000 for females. Applications are open to Indian and OCI candidates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
In silico drugs analogue design: novobiocin analogues.pptx
List of particles
1. List of particles
This article includes a list of the different types of atomic- and sub-atomicparticles found or hypothesized to exist in the whole of the
universe categorized by type. Properties of the various particles listed are also given, as well as the laws that the particles follow. For
individual lists of the different particles, see the list below.
Elementary particles
Fermions
Quarks
Leptons
Bosons
Hypothetical particles
Composite particles
Hadrons
Baryons
Mesons
Atomic nuclei
Atoms
Molecules
Condensed matter
Other
Classification by speed
See also
References
Elementaryparticles are particles with no measurableinternal structure; that is, they are not composed of other particles. They are the
fundamental objects of quantum field theory. Many families and sub-families of elementary particles exist. Elementary particles are
classified according to their spin. Fermions have half-integer spin while bosons have integer spin. All the particles of the Standard
Model have been experimentally observed, recently including theHiggs boson.[1][2]
Fermions are one of the two fundamentalclasses of particles, the other being bosons. Fermion particles are described by Fermi–Dirac
statistics and have quantum numbersdescribed by the Pauli exclusion principle. They include the quarks and leptons, as well as any
composite particles consisting of an odd number of these, such as allbaryons and many atoms and nuclei.
Fermions have half-integer spin; for all known elementary fermions this is 1⁄2. All known fermions, except neutrinos, are also Dirac
fermions; that is, each known fermion has its own distinct antiparticle. It is not known whether the neutrino is a Dirac fermion or a
Majorana fermion.[3] Fermions are the basic building blocks of all matter. They are classified according to whether they interact via
the color forceor not. In the Standard Model, there are 12 types of elementary fermions: sixquarks and six leptons.
Contents
Elementary particles
Fermions
2. Quarks are the fundamental constituents of hadrons and interact via the strong interaction. Quarks are the only known carriers of
fractional charge, but because they combine in groups of three (baryons) or in pairs of one quark and one antiquark (mesons), only
integer charge is observed in nature. Their respective antiparticles are the antiquarks, which are identical except that they carry the
opposite electric charge (for example the up quark carries charge +2⁄3, while the up antiquark carries charge −2⁄3), color charge, and
baryon number. There are six flavors of quarks; the three positively charged quarks are called "up-type quarks" and the three
negatively charged quarks are called "down-typequarks".
Quarks
Name Symbol Antiparticle
Charge
(e)
Mass (MeV/c2) [4] Spin
up u u +2⁄3 2.2
+0.6
−0.4
½
down d d −1⁄3 4.6
+0.5
−0.4
½
charm c c +2⁄3 1280±30 ½
strange s s −1⁄3 96
+8
−4
½
top t t +2⁄3 173,100±600 ½
bottom b b −1⁄3 4,180
+40
−30
½
Leptons do not interact via the strong interaction. Their respective antiparticlesare the antileptons which are identical, except for the
fact that they carry the opposite electric charge and lepton number. The antiparticle of an electron is an antielectron, which is nearly
always called a "positron" for historical reasons. There are six leptons in total; the three charged leptons are called "electron-like
leptons", while the neutral leptons are called "neutrinos". Neutrinos are known to oscillate, so that neutrinos of definite flavor do not
have definite mass, rather they exist in a superposition of mass eigenstates. The hypothetical heavy right-handed neutrino, called a
"sterile neutrino", has been left off the list.
Leptons
Name Symbol Antiparticle
Charge
(e)
Mass (MeV/c2) [4]
Electron e
−
e
+
−1 0.511[note 1]
Electron neutrino νe νe
0 < 0.0000022
Muon μ
−
μ
+
−1 105.7[note 2]
Muon neutrino νμ νμ
0 < 0.170
Tau τ
−
τ
+
−1 1,776.86±0.12
Tau neutrino ντ ντ
0 < 15.5
1. The electron mass is known very precisely as 0.5109989461±0.0000000031 MeV
2. The muon mass is known very precisely as 105.6583745±0.0000024 MeV
Bosons are one of the two fundamental classes of particles, the other being fermions. Bosons are characterized by Bose–Einstein
statistics and all have integer spins. Bosons may be either elementary, like photons and gluons, or composite, likemesons.
Quarks
Leptons
Bosons
3. According to theStandard Modelthe elementary bosons are:
Name Symbol Antiparticle
Charge
(e)
Spin
Mass (GeV/c2)
[4]
Interaction
mediated
Existence
Photon γ Self 0 1 0 Electromagnetism Confirmed
W boson W
−
W
+ −1 1 80.385±0.015 Weak interaction Confirmed
Z boson Z Self 0 1 91.1875±0.0021 Weak interaction Confirmed
Gluon g Self 0 1 0 Strong interaction Confirmed
Higgs
boson H
0 Self 0 0 125.09±0.24 Mass Confirmed
Graviton G Self 0 2 0 Gravitation Unconfirmed
Elementary bosons responsible for the four fundamental forcesof nature are called force particles(gauge bosons). Strong interaction
is mediated by the gluon, weak interaction is mediated by the W and Z bosons, and it is sometimes hypothetized that gravitation is
mediated by thegraviton, although it is not predicted by the Standard Modelbut by other theories in the framework of quantum field
theory.
The Higgs bosonis postulated by the electroweak theoryprimarily to explain the origin of particle masses. In a process known as the
"Higgs mechanism", the Higgs boson and the other gauge bosons in the Standard Model acquire mass via spontaneous symmetry
breaking of the SU(2) gauge symmetry. The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) predicts several Higgs bosons. A
new particle expected to be the Higgs boson was observed at the CERN/LHC on March 14, 2013, around the energy of 126.5 GeV
with an accuracy of close to five sigma (99.9999%, which is accepted as definitive). The Higgs mechanism giving mass to other
particles has not been observed yet.
Supersymmetrictheories predict the existence of more particles, none of which have been confirmed experimentally as of 2017:
Hypothetical particles
4. Superpartners (Sparticles)
Superpartner
Superpartner
of
Spin Notes
neutralino
neutral
bosons
1⁄2
The neutralinos aresuperpositionsof the superpartnersof neutral Standard
Model bosons: neutralHiggs boson, Z boson and photon.
The lightest neutralino is a leading candidate fordark matter.
The MSSM predicts four neutralinos.
chargino
charged
bosons
1⁄2
The charginos aresuperpositionsof the superpartnersof charged Standard
Model bosons: chargedHiggs bosonand W boson.
The MSSM predicts two pairs of charginos.
photino photon 1⁄2 Mixing with zino and neutral Higgsinos for neutralinos.
wino, zino W± and Z0
bosons
1⁄2
The charged wino mixing with the charged Higgsino for charginos, for the
zino see line above.
Higgsino Higgs boson 0
For supersymmetry there is a need for several Higgs bosons, neutral and
charged, according with their superpartners.
gluino gluon 1⁄2 Eight gluons and eight gluinos.
gravitino graviton 3⁄2
Predicted bysupergravity(SUGRA). The graviton is hypothetical, too – see
next table.
sleptons leptons 0 The superpartners of the leptons (electron, muon, tau) and the neutrinos.
sneutrino neutrino 0
Introduced by many extensions of the Standard Supermodel, and may be
needed to explain theLSND results.
A special role has the sterile sneutrino, the supersymmetric counterpart of
the hypothetical right-handed neutrino, called the "sterile neutrino".
squarks quarks 0
The stop squark (superpartnerof the top quark) is thought to have a low
mass and is often the subject of experimental searches.
Note: just as the photon, Z boson and W± bosons are superpositionsof the B0, W0, W1, and W2 fields – the photino, zino, and wino±
are superpositions of the bino0, wino0, wino1, and wino2 by definition.
No matter if one uses the original gauginos or this superpositionsas a basis, the only predicted physical particles are neutralinos and
charginos as a superposition of them together withthe Higgsinos.
Other theories predict the existence of additional bosons:
5. Other hypothetical bosons and fermions
Name Spin Notes
graviton 2 Has been proposed to mediate gravity in theories ofquantum gravity.
dual graviton 2
Has been hypothesized as dual ofgraviton under electric-magnetic dualityin
supergravity.
graviscalar 0 Also known as "radion".
graviphoton 1 Also known as "gravivector".[5]
axion 0
A pseudoscalar particle introduced inPeccei–Quinn theoryto solve thestrong-CP
problem.
axino 1⁄2
Superpartner of the axion. Forms, together with the saxion and axion, asupermultiplet
in supersymmetric extensions of Peccei–Quinn theory.
saxion 0
branon ? Predicted inbrane worldmodels.
dilaton 0 Predicted in some string theories.
dilatino 1⁄2 Superpartner of the dilaton.
X and Y
bosons
1
These leptoquarksare predicted byGUT theoriesto be heavier equivalents of the W
and Z.
W' and Z'
bosons
1
magnetic
photon
?
A. Salam (1966). "Magnetic monopole and two photon theories of C-violation." Physics
Letters 22 (5): 683–684.
majoron 0 Predicted to understandneutrino masses by theseesaw mechanism.
majorana
fermion
1⁄2 ;
3⁄2 ?...
gluino, neutralino, or other – is its ownantiparticle.
chameleon 0
a possible candidate fordark energyand dark matter, and may contribute tocosmic
inflation.
Mirror particlesare predicted by theories that restoreparity symmetry.
"Magnetic monopole" is a generic name for particles with non-zero magnetic charge. They are predicted by some GUTs.
"Tachyon" is a generic name for hypothetical particles that travel faster than the speed of light (and so paradoxically experience time
in reverse due to inversal ofTheory of relativity) and have animaginaryrest mass.
Preons were suggested as subparticles of quarks and leptons, but moderncollider experiments have all but ruled out their existence.
Kaluza–Klein towersof particles are predicted by some models of extra dimensions.The extra-dimensionalmomentumis manifested
as extra mass in four-dimensional spacetime.
Hadrons are defined asstrongly interactingcomposite particles. Hadrons are either:
Composite fermions (especially 3 quarks), in which case they are calledbaryons.
Composite bosons (especially 2 quarks), in which case they are calledmesons.
Composite particles
Hadrons
6. Quark models, first proposed in 1964 independently by Murray Gell-Mannand George Zweig (who called quarks "aces"), describe
the known hadrons as composed of valence quarks and/or antiquarks, tightly bound by the color force, which is mediated by gluons.
A "sea" of virtual quark-antiquark pairs is also present in each hadron.
Ordinary baryons (composite fermions) contain three valence quarks or three
valence antiquarks each.
Nucleons are the fermionic constituents of normal atomic nuclei:
Protons, composed of two up and one down quark (uud)
Neutrons, composed of two down and one up quark (ddu)
Hyperons, such as the Λ, Σ, Ξ, and Ω particles, which contain one or
more strange quarks, are short-lived and heavier than nucleons.
Although not normally present in atomic nuclei, they can appear in short-
lived hypernuclei.
A number ofcharmed and bottom baryons have also been observed.
Pentaquarksconsist of four valence quarks and one valence antiquark.
Other exotic baryonsmay also exist.
Ordinary mesons are made up of a valence quark and a valence antiquark. Because
mesons have spin of 0 or 1 and are not themselves elementary particles, they are
"composite" bosons. Examples of mesons include the pion, kaon, and the J/ψ. In
quantum hydrodynamic models, mesons mediate the residual strong force between
nucleons.
At one time or another, positive signatures have been reported for all of the following
exotic mesonsbut their existences have yet to be confirmed.
A tetraquark consists of two valence quarks and two valence antiquarks;
A glueball is a bound state of gluons with no valence quarks;
Hybrid mesons consist of one or more valence quark-antiquark pairs and
one or more real gluons.
Atomic nuclei consist of protons and neutrons. Each type of nucleus contains a
specific number of protons and a specific number of neutrons, and is called a
"nuclide" or "isotope". Nuclear reactions can change one nuclide into another. See
table of nuclidesfor a complete list of isotopes.
Atoms are the smallest neutral particles into which matter can be divided by
chemical reactions. An atom consists of a small, heavy nucleus surrounded by a
relatively large, light cloud of electrons. Each type of atom correspondsto a specific
chemical element. To date, 118 elements have been discovered or created.
The atomic nucleus consists of protons and neutrons. Protons and neutrons are, in turn, made ofquarks.
Baryons
A combination of three u, d or s-
quarks with a total spin of3⁄2 form the
so-called "baryon decuplet".
Proton quark structure: 2 up
quarks and 1 down quark. The
gluon tubes or flux tubes are now
known to be Y shaped.
Mesons
Mesons of spin 0 form a nonet
Atomic nuclei
Atoms
Molecules
7. Molecules are the smallest particles into which a non-elemental
substance can be divided while maintaining the physical properties of
the substance. Each type of molecule corresponds to a specific
chemical compound. Molecules are a composite of two or more
atoms. See list of compounds for a list of molecules. A molecule is
generally combined in a fixed proportion. It is the most basic unit of
matter and is homogenous.
The field equations of condensed matter physics are remarkably
similar to those of high energy particle physics. As a result, much of
the theory of particle physics applies to condensed matter physics as
well; in particular, there are a selection of field excitations, called
quasi-particles, that can be created and explored. These include:
Phonons are vibrational modes in acrystal lattice.
Excitons are bound states of anelectron and a hole.
Plasmons are coherent excitations of aplasma.
Polaritons are mixtures ofphotons with other quasi-
particles.
Polarons are moving, charged (quasi-) particles that are surrounded by ions in a material.
Magnons are coherent excitations of electron spins in a material.
An anyon is a generalization of fermion and boson in two-dimensional systems like sheets ofgraphene that obeys
braid statistics.
A plekton is a theoretical kind of particle discussed as a generalization of the braid statistics of the anyon to
dimension > 2.
A WIMP (weakly interacting massive particle) is any one of a number of particles that might explaindark matter
(such as theneutralino or the axion).
The pomeron, used to explain theelastic scatteringof hadrons and the location ofRegge polesin Regge theory.
The skyrmion, a topological solution of thepion field, used to model the low-energy properties of thenucleon, such
as the axial vector current coupling and the mass.
A genon is a particle existing in a closedtimelike world line where spacetime is curled as in aFrank Tipler or Ronald
Mallett time machine.
A goldstone bosonis a massless excitation of a field that has beenspontaneously broken. The pions are quasi-
goldstone bosons (quasi- because they are not exactly massless) of the brokenchiral isospin symmetry ofquantum
chromodynamics.
A goldstino is a goldstonefermion produced by the spontaneous breaking ofsupersymmetry.
An instanton is a field configuration which is a local minimum of the Euclidean action. Instantons are used in
nonperturbative calculations of tunneling rates.
A dyon is a hypothetical particle with both electric and magnetic charges.
A geon is an electromagnetic or gravitational wave which is held together in a confined region by the gravitational
attraction of its own field of energy.
An inflaton is the generic name for an unidentified scalar particle responsible for thecosmic inflation.
A spurion is the name given to a "particle" inserted mathematically into an isospin-violating decay in order to analyze
it as though it conserved isospin.
What is called"true muonium", a bound stateof a muon and an antimuon, is a theoretical exotic atom which has
never been observed.
A diphoton A resonance particle formed from two identical photons.
An ion (a charged atom or molecule) is either an anion or a cation.
A semi-accuratedepiction of thehelium atom. In
the nucleus, the protons are in red and neutrons
are in purple. In reality, the nucleus is also
spherically symmetrical.
Condensed matter
Other
Classification by speed
8. A tardyon or bradyontravels slower than light and has a non-zero rest mass.
A luxon travels at the speed of light and has no rest mass.
A tachyon (mentioned above) is a hypothetical particle that travels faster than the speed of light and has an
imaginary rest mass.
Acceleron
List of baryons
List of compoundsfor a list of molecules.
List of fictional elements, materials, isotopes and atomic particles
List of mesons
Periodic tablefor an overview of atoms.
Standard Modelfor the current theory of these particles.
Table of nuclides
Timeline of particle discoveries
1. Khachatryan, V.; et al. (CMS Collaboration) (2012). "Observation of a new boson at a mass of 125 GeV with the
CMS experiment at the LHC".Physics Letters B. 716 (2012): 30.arXiv:1207.7235 (https://arxiv.org/abs/1207.7235)
. Bibcode:2012PhLB..716...30C(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhLB..716...30C).
doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2012.08.021(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.physletb.2012.08.021).
2. Abajyan, T.; et al. (ATLAS Collaboration) (2012). "Observation of a new particle in the search for the Standard Model
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3. Kayser, Boris (2010). "Two Questions About Neutrinos".arXiv:1012.4469 (https://arxiv.org/abs/1012.4469) [hep-ph
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4. Particle Data Group (2016). "Review of Particle Physics".Chinese Physics C. 40: 100001.
5. Maartens, R. (2004)."Brane-World Gravity"(http://www.emis.de/journals/LRG/Articles/lrr-2004-7/download/lrr-2004-
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