The document provides an overview of liquid-liquid extraction processes. It discusses key factors in solvent selection including selectivity, distribution coefficient, density, viscosity, and stability. Common equipment for multistage extraction includes mixer settlers, packed columns, plate columns, and mechanically agitated columns. Design considerations include flow configuration, mass transfer properties, and phase separation.
At a METS Insights Session in Perth presented by our Consulting Metallurgist, covers what solvent extraction is as well as its origins, and discusses the different equipment types and types of extractants, among others.
The presentation is based on Mass Transfer the major subject of Chemical Engineering. It includes
Separation
Technologies
Typical Applications
Industries
Distillation vs. Extraction
LLE Extraction
LLE extraction Principle
Solvent
Operation Condition
Mode of Operation
Extractor Type
Design Criteria
Equipment for extraction
Equilibrium data and related information gathered from a liquid-liquid extraction laboratory “shake test” can provide information for process feasibility and column-type selection in the scaleup of liquid-liquid extraction processes
Most chemical engineers have had the experience of dealing with problematic separations, and most have a general understanding of distillation processes. When it comes to liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) processes (Figure 1), however, the details of how these processes work are often less clear. Most academic chemical engineering degree programs do not heavily emphasize liquid-liquid extraction, and most chemical engineering graduates did not receive more than a few days of instruction on generating equilibrium data for LLE in their degree programs.
At a METS Insights Session in Perth presented by our Consulting Metallurgist, covers what solvent extraction is as well as its origins, and discusses the different equipment types and types of extractants, among others.
The presentation is based on Mass Transfer the major subject of Chemical Engineering. It includes
Separation
Technologies
Typical Applications
Industries
Distillation vs. Extraction
LLE Extraction
LLE extraction Principle
Solvent
Operation Condition
Mode of Operation
Extractor Type
Design Criteria
Equipment for extraction
Equilibrium data and related information gathered from a liquid-liquid extraction laboratory “shake test” can provide information for process feasibility and column-type selection in the scaleup of liquid-liquid extraction processes
Most chemical engineers have had the experience of dealing with problematic separations, and most have a general understanding of distillation processes. When it comes to liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) processes (Figure 1), however, the details of how these processes work are often less clear. Most academic chemical engineering degree programs do not heavily emphasize liquid-liquid extraction, and most chemical engineering graduates did not receive more than a few days of instruction on generating equilibrium data for LLE in their degree programs.
Advantages of Liquid Liquid Extraction Systemkumarsachin3801
Common industrial application of Liquid Liquid Extraction include in areas like Bulk chemical industry, Petroleum industry, Fine chemical industry, Pharmaceutical industry, Biotech industry, Food industry, Hydrometallurgy
its the ppt about giving the information about the extraction process related to the process calculation which has general information about extraction and a numerical solved.
Product purification and recovery remains a priority for chemical engineers, today. Designing separations processes to accomplish the above is a challenge, especially as streams get more complex in composition. Though often overlooked, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is a powerful separation technique for both organic and aqueous liquids. Whereas distillation technology relies on relative volatility differences among chemicals, LLE exploits the differences in relative solubilities of compounds in two immiscible liquids, to perform the key separation. Distillation may not be feasible when boiling points are nearly identical or for other reasons, economic and technical. When distillation is not a viable solution, LLE is a great alternative to achieve product purification and recovery.
This PPT contains Basics and Detail study of Liquid Liquid Extraction.....one of the unit operation in Mass Transfer. Also contains solvent selection criteria.
A PERFECT BLEND OF INDUSTRIAL AND LABORATORY INFORMATION WITH FIRST HAND TECHNIQUES EXPLAINED IN DETAIL ABOUT VARIOUS FILTRATION TECHNIQUES, CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES AND SEPRATION AND CELL LYSIS TECHNIQUE WITH ALL THE BASIC INFORMATION TO BEGINNERS
Fluid Separation
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 A SEPARATION LOGIC TREE
5 METHODS OF DISTILLATION
5.1 Fractional Distillation
5.2 Azeotropic Distillation
5.3 Extractive Distillation
6 LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
7 OTHER COMMERCIAL METHODS OF SEPARATION
7.1 Adsorption
7.2 Fractional Crystallization
7.3 Ion Exchange
7.4 Membrane Processes
7.4.1 Ultrafiltration
7.4.2 Reverse Osmosis
7.4.3 Pervaporation
7.4.4 Liquid Membranes
7.4.5 Gas Permeation
7.4.6 Dialysis
7.4.7 Electrodialysis
7.5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
7.6 Dissociation Extraction
7.7 Foam Fractionation
7.8 Clathration
7.9 Chromatography
8. OTHER METHODS OF SEPARATION
8.1 Precipitation
8.2 Paper Chromatography
8.3 Ligand Specific Chromatography
8.4 Electrophoresis
8.5 Isoelectric Focusing
8.6 Thermal Diffusion
8.7 Sedimentation Ultracentrifugation
8.8 Isopycnic Ultracentrifugation
8.9 Molecular Distillation
8.10 Gel Filtration
APPENDICES
A AT A GLANCE CHART BASED ON FENSKE, UNDERWOOD
B A GENERALIZED y - x DIAGRAM
C TEMPERATURE - COMPOSITION DIAGRAMS FOR
AZEOTROPIC MIXTURES
D A TYPICAL y - x DIAGRAM FOR EXTRACTIVE DISTILLATION (SOLVENT FREE BASIS)
E RAPID ESTIMATION OF LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION REQUIREMENTS
F LIQUID - LIQUID EXTRACTION - THE USE OF EXTRACT REFLUX
G SELECTIVITIES REQUIRED FOR EQUAL PLANT COSTS
FIGURE
1 SEPARATION LOGIC TREE
Advantages of Liquid Liquid Extraction Systemkumarsachin3801
Common industrial application of Liquid Liquid Extraction include in areas like Bulk chemical industry, Petroleum industry, Fine chemical industry, Pharmaceutical industry, Biotech industry, Food industry, Hydrometallurgy
its the ppt about giving the information about the extraction process related to the process calculation which has general information about extraction and a numerical solved.
Product purification and recovery remains a priority for chemical engineers, today. Designing separations processes to accomplish the above is a challenge, especially as streams get more complex in composition. Though often overlooked, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is a powerful separation technique for both organic and aqueous liquids. Whereas distillation technology relies on relative volatility differences among chemicals, LLE exploits the differences in relative solubilities of compounds in two immiscible liquids, to perform the key separation. Distillation may not be feasible when boiling points are nearly identical or for other reasons, economic and technical. When distillation is not a viable solution, LLE is a great alternative to achieve product purification and recovery.
This PPT contains Basics and Detail study of Liquid Liquid Extraction.....one of the unit operation in Mass Transfer. Also contains solvent selection criteria.
A PERFECT BLEND OF INDUSTRIAL AND LABORATORY INFORMATION WITH FIRST HAND TECHNIQUES EXPLAINED IN DETAIL ABOUT VARIOUS FILTRATION TECHNIQUES, CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES AND SEPRATION AND CELL LYSIS TECHNIQUE WITH ALL THE BASIC INFORMATION TO BEGINNERS
Fluid Separation
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 A SEPARATION LOGIC TREE
5 METHODS OF DISTILLATION
5.1 Fractional Distillation
5.2 Azeotropic Distillation
5.3 Extractive Distillation
6 LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
7 OTHER COMMERCIAL METHODS OF SEPARATION
7.1 Adsorption
7.2 Fractional Crystallization
7.3 Ion Exchange
7.4 Membrane Processes
7.4.1 Ultrafiltration
7.4.2 Reverse Osmosis
7.4.3 Pervaporation
7.4.4 Liquid Membranes
7.4.5 Gas Permeation
7.4.6 Dialysis
7.4.7 Electrodialysis
7.5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
7.6 Dissociation Extraction
7.7 Foam Fractionation
7.8 Clathration
7.9 Chromatography
8. OTHER METHODS OF SEPARATION
8.1 Precipitation
8.2 Paper Chromatography
8.3 Ligand Specific Chromatography
8.4 Electrophoresis
8.5 Isoelectric Focusing
8.6 Thermal Diffusion
8.7 Sedimentation Ultracentrifugation
8.8 Isopycnic Ultracentrifugation
8.9 Molecular Distillation
8.10 Gel Filtration
APPENDICES
A AT A GLANCE CHART BASED ON FENSKE, UNDERWOOD
B A GENERALIZED y - x DIAGRAM
C TEMPERATURE - COMPOSITION DIAGRAMS FOR
AZEOTROPIC MIXTURES
D A TYPICAL y - x DIAGRAM FOR EXTRACTIVE DISTILLATION (SOLVENT FREE BASIS)
E RAPID ESTIMATION OF LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION REQUIREMENTS
F LIQUID - LIQUID EXTRACTION - THE USE OF EXTRACT REFLUX
G SELECTIVITIES REQUIRED FOR EQUAL PLANT COSTS
FIGURE
1 SEPARATION LOGIC TREE
Use and Applications of Membranes
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 GENERAL
4.1 What is a Membrane Process?
4.2 What does a Membrane look like?
4.3 Why use Membranes?
4.4 Membrane Types and Polymers Used
5 REVERSE OSMOSIS
5.1 Principles of Reverse Osmosis
5.2 Limitations
5.3 Performance
5.4 Costs
5.5 Worked Example
5.6 Applications
6 MICROFILTRATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION
6.1 Microfiltration
6.2 Ultrafiltration
7 PERVAPORATION
7.1 Classes of Application
7.2 Characteristics
7.3 Costs
7.4 Example - Lurgi Design
7.5 Application - Stripping Organics from Water
8 GAS SEPARATION AND VAPOR PERMEATION
8.1 Gas Separation
8.2 Vapor Permeation
9 LESS COMMON MEMBRANE PROCESSES
9.1 Dialysis
9.2 Electrodialysis
9.3 Electrolysis
9.4 Salt Splitting
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
TABLES
1 UTILITY CONSUMPTION AND COST COMPARISON
Filtration
0 INTRODUCTION
1 The Theory Underlying Filtration Processes
1.1 The Mechanism of Simple Filtration Systems
1.1.2 Cake Filtration
1.1.3 Complete Blocking
1.1.4 Standard Blocking
1.1.5 Intermediate Blocking
1.2 Cake Filtration – Models and Mechanisms
1.2.1 Classical Theory for the Permeability of Porous Cakes and Beds
1.2.2 The Rate of Filtration through a Compressible Cake – The Standard Filtration Equation
1.2.3 The Compression or Consolidation of Filter Cakes – Ultimate degree of dewatering
1.2.4 The Rate of Consolidation
1.2.5 Useful Semi-Empirical Relations for Constant Pressure and Constant Rate Cake Filtration
1.2.6 Constant Pressure Filtration
1.2.7 Constant Rate Filtration
1.2.8 Multiphase Theory of Filtration
1.3 Crossflow Filtration
2 The Range and Selection of Filtration Equipment Technology
2.1 Scale
2.2 Solids Recovery, Liquids Clarification or Feed stream Concentration
2.3 Rate of Sedimentation
2.4 Rate of Cake Formation and Drainage
2.5 Batch vs Continuous Operation
2.6 Solids Loading
2.7 Further Processing
2.8 Aseptic or “Hygienic” Operation
2.9 Miscellaneous
2.10 Shear versus Compressional Deformation
2.11 Pressure versus Vacuum
3 Suspension Conditioning Prior to Filtration
3.1 Simple Filtration Aids
3.2 Mechanical Treatments
4 Post-Filtration Treatments and Further Downstream Processing
4.1 Washing
4.1.1 Air-Blowing
4.1.2 Drying
5 Testing and Characterization of Suspensions
5.1 Introduction – Suspension
5.2 Properties relevant to Filtration Performance
5.2.1 Pre-Filtration Properties of Suspension
5.2.2 Properties of Filter Cake
5.2.3 Laboratory Scale Filtration Rigs
5.3 Means of Monitoring Flocculant Dosage
5.4 Filter Cake Testing
5.4.1 Strength Testing (See also piston press described earlier)
5.4.2 Cake Permeability or Resistance
5.4.3 Rate of Cake Formation
6 Examples of the Application of the Forgoing Principles
6.1 Dewatering of Calcium Carbonate Slurries
6.2 Dewatering of Organic Products – Procion Dyestuffs
6.3 Filtration of Biological Systems – Harvesting a Filamentous Organism
References
Tables
Figures
SYNOPSIS
The principles underlying centrifugal separation of particulate species are briefly considered, and the main types of separator available are noted. The procedures available for scale-up from laboratory or semi-technical data are then discussed in detail with particular reference to perhaps the most important class of machine for fine particle processing: the disc-nozzle centrifuge.
Starting with the basic concepts behind their design, discussion follows to explain the factors which may limit centrifuge performance. It is shown how a few simple; laboratory scale tests can give a valuable insight into the design and operation of full-scale industrial machines.
Lubricants
Engineering Design Guide
0 INTRODUCTION
1 SCOPE
2 LUBRICATION BASICS
2.1 Basic Functions of a Lubricant
2.2 Hydrostatic Fluid Film Lubrication
2.3 Hydrodynamic Fluid Film Lubrication
2.4 Boundary Lubrication
2.5 Mixed Lubrication
3 VISCOSITY
3.1 General
3.2 Dynamic Viscosity
3.3 Kinematic Viscosity
3.4 Measurement of Viscosity
3.5 Viscosity Classification of Lubricants
3.6 Viscosity Index
3.7 Viscosity Change with Pressure
4 MINERAL OILS
4.1 General Characteristics
4.2 British Standard 4475 Commentary
4.3 Oil Additives
4.4 Synthetic Oils
5 GREASES
5.1 Composition
5.2 Properties
6 SOLID LUBRICANTS
7 SELECTION OF LUBRICANTS
8 OPERATING FACTORS
8.1 Filtration
8.2 Operating Temperatures
8.3 Total Loss Lubrication Systems
9 LUBRICANT SUPPLY AND SCHEDULING
9.1 Selection of Supplier
9.2 Lubrication Schedules
10 HEATH AND SAFETY
11 MONITORING & MAINTENANCE OF OIL IN SERVICE
11.1 Analyze or Change?
11.2 Visual Analysis
1 I.3 Laboratory Analysis
11.4 Contamination Problems
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A VISCOSITY EQUIVALENTS
B SYMBOLS AND PREFERRED UNITS
FIGURES
I LUBRICANT CHANGE PERIODS AND TESTS
2 CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERAL LUBRICATING OILS VG32 TO VG 460.
3 SERVICE MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE OF OIL IN SERVICE ON LARGE SYSTEMS
TABLES
1 ISO VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATION
2 OILS TO BS 4475 RECOMMENDED FOR USE BY GBHE
3 SUGGESTED OIL CHANGE PERIODS FOR SMALL INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS
4 VISUAL EXAMINATION OF USED LUBRICATING OILS
5 SUMMARY OF ROUTINE ANALYTICAL TESTS FOR INDUSTRIAL OILS
How to Use the GBHE Mixing Guides
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 THE MIXING GUIDES
4.1 Mixing Guides
4.2 GBHE Mixing and Agitation Manual
5 DEVICE SELECTION
6 MIXING QUESTIONNAIRE
6.1 What is being mixed?
6.2 Why is it being mixed?
6.3 How is it to be mixed?
6.4 Is Heat Transfer Important?
6.5 Is Mixing Time Important?
6.6 Is Inventory Important?
6.7 Is Subsequent Phase Separation Important?
6.8 What Quantities?
6.9 What are the Selection Criteria?
6.10 What Data are required?
7 BASICS
7.1 Bulk Movement
7.2 Shear and Elongation
7.3 Turbulent Diffusion
7.4 Molecular Diffusion
7.5 Mixing Mechanisms
APPENDICES
A ROTATING MIXING DEVICES
B MIXING DEVICES WITHOUT MOVING PARTS
How to use the GBHE Reactor Technology Guides
0 INTRODUCTION / PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 BACKGROUND
5 THE DECISION TREE
6 GBHE REACTION ENGINEERING
7 GENERAL ASPECTS OF REACTOR TECHNOLOGY
7.1 Criteria of Reactor Performance
7.2 Factors of Economic Importance
7.3 Physicochemical Mechanisms
8 GENERAL GUIDE TO SELECTION OF REACTOR TYPE AND OPERATION
8.1 Choice of Reactor Type
8.2 Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics
8.3 Thermodynamics
8.4 Other Factors
9 GENERAL REFERENCES AND SOURCES OF
INFORMATION
APPENDICES
A RELATIONSHIP BEWTEEN DEFINED TERMS
FIGURES
1 DECISION TREE
2 RELATIVE YIELDS OF B FOR BATCH (OR PLUG FLOW) AND CST REACTORS
3 REACTOR SURVEY FORM
Graphical Representation of Liquid-Liquid Phase EquilibriaGerard B. Hawkins
Graphical Representation of
Liquid-Liquid Phase Equilibria
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
4.1 Use of Composition Diagrams
4.2 Ternary Systems with Immiscible Liquids
4.3 Graphical Design Using Ternary Diagrams
APPENDICES
A INTERPOLATION AND CORRELATION OF THE LINES
FIGURES
1 TRIANGULAR CO-ORDINATES
2 TYPE 1 SYSTEM: ONE PAIR OF PARTIALLY MISCIBLE LIQUIDS
3 TYPE 2 SYSTEM: TWO PAIR OF PARTIALLYMISCIBLE LIQUIDS
4 DESIGN OF COUNTERCURRENT EXTRACTION SYSTEM WITHOUT REFLUX – TYPE 1 SYSTEM
5 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF REFLUXED LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
6 DESIGN OF COUNTERCURRENT SYSTEM WITH REFLUX
7 CONSTRUCTION OF THE CONJUGATE LINE
Chemical Process Conception
0 INTRODUCTION / PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 PRODUCT STRATEGY
4.1 General
4.2 Market for the Product
4.3 Production Costs
4.4 Process Technology
5 PRELIMINARY PROCESS INFORMATION
6 REACTION AND REACTOR
6.1 Batch vs Continuous
6.2 Multiple Reactors
7 RECYCLE
7.1 Recycle Structure
7.2 Classification of Chemicals
7.3 Effect of Recycle
7.4 Preliminary Estimation of Conversion
8 REACTOR TYPE AND PERFORMANCE
8.1 Conversion-Yield Effects
8.2 Heat Effects
8.3 Equilibrium Effects
8.4 Kinetic Effects
8.5 More Help with Reactor Design
9 SEPARATION SYSTEM
10 REVIEW
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES
11.1 Preliminary Flowsheeting
11.2 Physical Properties
11.3 Reactors
11.4 Separation
11.5 Costing
APPENDICES
A BASIC REACTOR SYSTEM DESIGN
B DISCUSSION BETWEEN A CHEMIST AND A
CHEMICAL ENGINEER
C BASIC SEPARATION STRATEGY
TABLES
1 CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
FIGURES
1 FLOWCHART OF THE ITERATIVE PROCEDURE REQUIRED IN PROCESS AND PRODUCT SELECTION AND DEVELOPMENT
Batch Distillation
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 BACKGROUND TO THE DESIGN
4.1 General
4.2 Choice of batch/continuous operation
4.3 Boiling point curve and cut policy
4.4 Method of design
4.5 Scope of calculations required for design
5 SIMPLE BATCH DISTILLATION
6 FRACTIONAL BATCH DISTILLATION
6.1 General
6.2 Approximate methods
6.3 Rigorous design - use of a computer model
6.4 Other factors influencing the design
6.4.1 Occupation
6.4.2 Choice of Batch Rectification or Stripping
6.4.3 Batch size
6.4.4 Initial estimate of cut policy
6.4.5 Liquid Holdup
6.4.6 Total reflux operation and heating-up time
6.4.7 Column operating pressure
6.5 Optimum Design of the Batch Still
6.6 Special design problems
7 GENERAL ASPECTS OF EQUIPMENT DESIGN
7.1 Kettle reboilers
7.2 Column Internals
7.3 Condensers and reflux split boxes
8 PROCESS CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION IN
BATCH DISTILLATION
9 MECHANICAL DESIGN FEATURES
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A McCABE - THIELE METHOD - TYPICAL EXAMPLE
Process Synthesis
INTRODUCTION
1 A SUGGESTED GENERAL APPROACH
2 EXAMPLES OF PROCESS SELECTION
2.1 Harvesting and Thickening of Single Cell Protein
2.2 Dewatering of a Specialty Latex
3 REFERENCES
TABLES
1 THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIFFERENT RANGE OF PH FOR “PROTEIN” ORGANISM FLOCCULATION
2 THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF VARYING EXTENTS OF CELL BREAKAGES
3 PREDICTED AND OBSERVED FILTER CAKE SOLIDS CONTENTS FOR THE VARIOUS LATICES AFTER COAGULATION
FIGURES
1 THE “PROTEIN” BACTERIAL HARVESTING SYSTEM
2 PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURE OF CALCIUM CARBONATE FILTERS
3 H-ACID ISOLATION
4 A SUGGESTED APPROACH TO DETERMINING FEASIBLE PROCESS OPTIONS, AND OPERATING CONDITIONS FOR SEPARATION OF FINE SOLIDS FROM SUSPENSION
5 MODULI VERSUS SOLIDS CONTENT FORTYPICAL FORWARD FLOCCULATED “PROTEIN” SUSPENSIONS
6 DECISION TREE FOR SELECTION OF AS1 HARVESTING CONDITIONS WHEN PRINCIPAL CONSTRAINT CONCERNS THE DEGREE OF THICKENING REQUIRED IN THE CONCENTRATE
7 DECISION TREE FOR SELECTION OF AS1 HARVESTING CONDITIONS WHEN PRINCIPAL CONSTRAINT CONCERNS THE USE OF FLOTATION AS A UNIT OPERATION FOR THICKENING
8 DECISION TREE FOR SELECTION OF AS1 HARVESTING CONDITIONS WHEN PRINCIPAL CONSTRAINT CONCERNS THE QUALITY OF THE RECYCLED LIQUOR
9 MODULUS SOLIDS CONTENT CURVES FOR THEVARIOUS COAGULATED LATICES
Troubleshooting in Distillation Columns
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 FLOW DIAGRAM FOR TROUBLESHOOTING
5 GENERAL APPRAISAL OF PROBLEM
5.1 Is the Problem Real?
5.2 What Is the Magnitude of the Problem?
5.3 Is it the Column or the Associated Equipment which is Causing the Problem?
6 PROBLEMS IN THE COLUMN
6.1 Capacity Problems
6.2 Efficiency Problems
7 PROBLEMS OUTSIDE THE COLUMN
7.1 Effect of Other Units on Column Performance
7.2 Column Control System
7.3 Improper Operating Conditions
7.4 Auxiliary Equipment
8 USEFUL BACKGROUND READING
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY
FIGURES
1 FLOW DIAGRAM FOR TROUBLESHOOTING
2 DETERMINATION OF COLUMN CAPACITY
Mixing of Immiscible Liquids
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 EQUIPMENT
4.1 Agitated Tanks
4.2 Flow Mixers
4.3 'High Shear' Mixers
5 SYSTEM PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Density
5.2 Viscosity
5.3 Interfacial Tension
6 STIRRED VESSELS
6.1 Design for Complete Dispersion
6.2 Prediction of Phase Inversion
6.3 Design for Mass Transfer
6.4 Design for Dispersed Phase Mixing
6.5 Hold-Up in Continuous Vessels
7 FLOW MIXERS
7.1 Design for Turbulent Conditions
7.2 Design for Laminar Conditions
TABLES
1 REYNOLDS NUMBER RANGES
FIGURES
1 STANDARD TANK CONFIGURATION
2 EXPERIMENTAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MASS
TRANSFER COEFFICIENT AND POWER DENSITY
Distillation Sequences, Complex Columns and Heat IntegrationGerard B. Hawkins
Distillation Sequences, Complex Columns and Heat Integration
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 SEQUENCING OF SIMPLE COLUMNS
4.1 Sidestream Columns
4.2 Multi-Feed Columns
5 SIMPLE COLUMN SEQUENCING AND HEAT
INTEGRATION INTERACTIONS
5.1 Energy Quantity and Quality
5.2 Heat Integration within the Total Flowsheet
6 COMPLEX COLUMN ARRANGEMENTS
6.1 Indirect Sequence with Vapor Link
6.2 Sidestream Systems
6.3 Pre-Fractionator Systems
7 COMPLEX COLUMNS AND HEAT INTEGRATION
INTERACTIONS
FIGURES
1 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SEQUENCES
2 A SINGLE SIDESTREAM COLUMN REPLACING 2
SIMPLE COLUMNS
3 A TYPICAL MULTI-FEED COLUMN
4 TYPICAL GRAND COMPOSITION CURVE
5 TYPICAL INDIRECT SEQUENCE WITH VAPOUR LINK
6 SIDESTREAM STRIPPER AND SIDESTREAM
RECTIFIER
7 SIMPLEST PRE-FRACTIONATOR SYSTEM
8 SIMPLEST PRE-FRACTIONATOR SYSTEM
9 PETLYUK COLUMN
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Liquid liquid extraction--_basic_principles
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GBH Enterprises, Ltd.
Process Engineering Guide:
GBHE-PEG-MAS-613
Liquid-Liquid Extraction: Basic
Principles
Information contained in this publication or as otherwise supplied to Users is
believed to be accurate and correct at time of going to press, and is given in
good faith, but it is for the User to satisfy itself of the suitability of the information
for its own particular purpose. GBHE gives no warranty as to the fitness of this
information for any particular purpose and any implied warranty or condition
(statutory or otherwise) is excluded except to the extent that exclusion is
prevented by law. GBHE accepts no liability resulting from reliance on this
information. Freedom under Patent, Copyright and Designs cannot be assumed.
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Process Engineering Guide: Liquid-Liquid Extraction: Basic
Principles
CONTENTS SECTION
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE 2
1 SCOPE 2
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION 2
3 DEFINITIONS 2
4 LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION PROCESS 3
4.1 General 3
4.2 Choice of Solvent 3
4.3 Principles of Extraction 4
4.4 Liquid-Liquid Extraction Equipment 5
4.5 Operating Modes 6
4.6 Operating And Design Pitfalls 6
5 BIBLIOGRAPHY 9
FIGURES
1 SCHEMATIC OUTLINE OF LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
PROCESS: COUNTERCURRENT FLOW IN ROTATING
DISC CONTACTOR 8
2 COUNTERCURRENT EXTRACTION WITH REFLUX 8
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS
ENGINEERING GUIDE 10
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0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
Current trends indicate that the process industry will need to meet tighter
standards in the use of energy and in the control of effluents in order to remain
viable. Liquid-Liquid Extraction may have an increasingly important role to play in
providing an economically acceptable solution to these demands. It is also a unit
operation which, unlike distillation, does not subject process material to high
temperature and is therefore sometimes a more appropriate method of
separation when complex molecules are involved.
This guide is one in a series of Process Engineering Guides concerning Liquid-
Liquid Extraction and has been prepared for GBH Enterprises.
1 SCOPE
This Guide describes the basic features and the underlying fundamental
principles of Liquid-Liquid Extraction. It does not give detailed advice on the
design and operation of Liquid-Liquid Extraction equipment.
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
This Guide is applicable to the Process Engineering community in GBH
Enterprises worldwide.
3 DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this Process Engineering Guide the following definitions
apply:-
Extract This is the exit stream from the process being substantially
Solvent material into which the Solute has transferred.
Feed This is the inlet stream to the unit in which the substance to
be extracted is originally dissolved.
Liquid-Liquid This is the unit operation by which a substance or
Extraction substances may be substantially passed from solution in one
liquid to solution in another by the contacting of the liquids.
This process is also known as Solvent Extraction.
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Raffinate This is the exit stream from the process being substantially
Feed material from which the Solute has been transferred.
Solute This is the substance or substances which are to be
transferred from the Feed.
Solvent This is the second liquid phase fed to the process into which
the Solute is transferred. The Solvent should be substantially
immiscible with the Feed.
With the exception of terms used as proper nouns or titles, those terms with initial
capital letters which appear in this document and are not defined above are
defined in the Glossary of Engineering Terms.
4 LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION PROCESS
4.1 General
Liquid-Liquid Extraction is the process of extracting a Solute from a Feed by use
of a Solvent to produce an Extract and a Raffinate. In its simplest form, it may
take the guise of a single stage mixing and separation unit analogous to a single
stage flash in distillation.
The choice of Solvent is critical in effecting a Liquid-Liquid Extraction. Factors
affecting the choice are summarized later; it is usually necessary to compromise
in one area or another.
As in distillation it is frequently impossible to achieve the separation required by
use of a single stage unit, and a multistage unit is required. These units are
summarized later and modes of operation further considered.
A number of pitfalls in operation and design of Liquid-Liquid Extraction units are
briefly mentioned.
GBHE reports covering Liquid-Liquid Extraction include “An Illustrated Brochure
on Liquid-Liquid Extraction". Other useful reference books are listed in Clause 5,
Bibliography.
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4.2 Choice of Solvent
The choice of Solvent is influenced by many factors some of which are listed
below:
(a) High Selectivity:
The ability of a Solvent to extract a component or class of components in
preference to others. This factor will determine the number of extraction
stages required.
(b) Distribution or Partition Coefficient:
The ratio of the solubility of the Solute in the Solvent compared to the
Feed. This factor will affect the selectivity and the amount of Solvent
phase required.
(c) Density:
The greater the density difference between the Feed and the Solvent the
easier it will be to obtain phase separation.
(d) Viscosity:
A high viscosity will inhibit both mass transfer and separation of the
phases. A low viscosity (say less than 10 cP) is desirable.
(e) Interfacial Tension:
This affects the settling, coalescence and mass transfer coefficient of a
system. Coalescence and settling are generally aided by high interfacial
tension whilst mass transfer is hindered.
(f) Volatility:
The Solvent is likely to need to be separated from the Solute and/or the
Feed. If this is to be done by distillation the volatility should, where
possible, be chosen to allow this separation to be easily effected.
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(g) Stability:
The Solvent should be stable at process conditions in order to minimize
losses by degradation and generation of further impurities.
(h) Corrosivity:
If possible, there is a strong incentive to use a component that is already
in the process, such as a reactant feed stream, as the Solvent. This may
avoid additional materials handling, environmental and corrosion penalties
later in the process.
(j) Toxicity:
The advantages of a non-toxic Solvent are self evident in considering
inherent process safety and capital cost. Some solvents now appear on
the "Environmental Red List" and should be avoided.
(k) Cost:
The extraction process may only be a small part in the overall process and
solvent losses should not greatly affect process economics.
No Solvent is likely to meet all the above criteria and the list is not claimed to be
exhaustive. A compromise will be necessary based on overall process
economics.
A common approach to Solvent selection is to carry out a literature survey of
solvents used in similar processes. It may be necessary to consult with Physical
Property specialists or with a Liquid-Liquid Extraction expert.
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4.3 Principles of Extraction
Solvent Extraction depends on a favorable distribution of the Solute between the
Solvent and Feed streams. The two important parameters which fix the number
of extraction stages and the Solvent usage are the distribution coefficient and the
selectivity factor.
The distribution or partition coefficient, K, is defined as:-
where C refers to the composition of a component in any consistent convenient
units and the subscripts E and R refer to the Extract and Raffinate phase
respectively.
A high value of K is required for the component to be extracted, this determines
the quantity of solvent required to affect the recovery. Ideally K is independent of
the concentration of the Solute and the ratio of Extract to Raffinate phase.
The separation or selectivity factor, S, is defined as:-
where the subscript!1 refers to the component to be preferentially extracted and
subscript 2 refers to the component to be preferentially retained.
The separability of component 1 from component 2 increases with increasing
separation factor. A high value of S indicates the potential for a high degree of
separation in a small number of extraction stages.
A paper by Souders and Mott [Ref 13] indicated the relative uses of fractional
distillation, extractive distillation and Liquid-Liquid Extraction. The design of a
separations facility to carry out a particular separation was said to be the same in
a case when fractional distillation was used with a relative volatility of 1.5,
extractive distillation with a relative volatility of 2.0 and Liquid-Liquid Extraction
with a Selectivity factor of 6.0.
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It is possible sometimes to tailor a particular solvent to give the desired
combination of selectivity and partition coefficient. In a mixed hydrocarbon
solvent this might be achieved by varying the proportion of aromatic to paraffinic
material for example or in a chemical solvent pH might be varied to influence
solvent activity. A solvent may be tailored to "pick up" a given solute from a
particular Feed then "drop it" into a further solvent by addition of acid or alkali to
alter the pH or some chemical equilibrium constant.
Choice as to whether to make the raffinate or the extract phase continuous will
be based on a number of considerations. These include the stability of the
mixture interface which may improve mass transfer but inhibit settling, the
relative mass transfer coefficients which may be influenced by surface tension
and more mundane considerations such as inventory of flammable or toxic
materials.
4.4 Liquid-Liquid Extraction Equipment
It has already been indicated that it may require more than one stage of Liquid-
Liquid Extraction in order to achieve the degree of separation required. It is
possible to achieve this by removing the Extract and making the Raffinate the
Feed to another Liquid-Liquid Extraction unit using fresh Solvent. This requires a
considerable amount of Solvent to be used and as in distillation it is more usual
to employ equipment where a countercurrent flow of one phase against the other
occurs. Equipment to achieve this is summarized in 4.4.1 to 4.4.4 but covered
more extensively in a subsequent Process Engineering Guide.
4.4.1 Mixer Settlers
These units consist of a number of mixing and settling units connected
alternately in series. They are normally used when only a small number of stages
are required. Mechanical agitation is required in the mixing zone, flow of fluid
from one zone to another may either be effected by gravity or by use of pumps.
Traditionally, the mixing chamber will have been a container with an agitator
followed by a settling chamber all known as a "Box Mixer Settler". The mixing
function may be performed by pumping the fluids through a static mixer or by
mixing the fluids in an appropriate pump followed by a settling device. Scale up is
usually good in these units.
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4.4.2 Packed and Plate Column Contactors
These devices are used widely for simple separations requiring less than 3
stages. The interface is controlled to be either above or below the internals
depending on whether the light or the heavy phase is to be continuous. They
have the advantage of there being no moving parts but are difficult to scale up
with confidence due to the possibility of back-mixing and bypassing of either
phase.
4.4.3 Mechanically Agitated Columns
As throughput and numbers of stages required increases, mechanically agitated
columns become the preferred unit. There are many types of unit offered by
manufacturers including the Rotating Disc Column and the Kuhni Column.
Agitation may either be by movement of the internals in the column, e.g. by
rotation, or by pulsing the flow of the feeds to and/or products from the column.
Mechanically agitated columns are more usually used in the
4.4.4 Sundry Devices
There are a number of other sundry devices for achieving multistage contacting
to effect Liquid-Liquid Extraction including the rotating Podbielniak Extractor and
RTZ (Graesser) falling bucket contractor.
4.5 Operating Modes
The extension of a single stage Liquid-Liquid Extraction operation to a multi-
staged countercurrent operation is most simply achieved by making the Feed
and the Solvent inputs to the extreme stages in the unit. This is shown in Figure
1 where a dense Feed enters at the top of the extractor and the less dense
Solvent enters near the bottom.
In this case the Feed is taken to be the continuous phase with an interface
control near the top of the unit, but this is a matter of choice.
A Liquid-Liquid Extraction unit is not usually an isolated piece of equipment in a
flowsheet but will exist in conjunction with other items such as distillation units to
further process the product streams.
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At the end of the column where fresh Solvent is introduced, at the bottom in
Figure 1, there will be a loss of Solvent due to any solubility in the Raffinate
stream. This would normally be recovered by distillation where the Solvent might
be expected to behave as a light component due to a high activity coefficient in
the Raffinate stream. In the case where Aromatics are recovered from a mixed
hydrocarbon stream the Solvent is polar and this may be recovered in a separate
Liquid-Liquid Extraction unit by contacting with water.
At the top of the column in Figure 1 the best separation between the desired
product and any impurity will depend on the Selectivity factor and the
concentration in the Feed. It may be possible to introduce the Feed midway down
the column, such as in Figure 2, and return Solute until it becomes insoluble in
the Solvent acting as Reflux such as in distillation. An alternative to this may be
to recover a portion of the Raffinate which is either insoluble in the Solvent or
easily separable from both Solvent and Solute and to reflux that.
4.6 Operating And Design Pitfalls
Distillation is a unit operation than depends primarily on the bulk properties of the
liquid and vapor phases. These bulk properties are so different that surface
properties tend not to have a great affect on the design and operation of
distillation units unless the columns are known to be operating with systems that
support stable foams. Hence, distillation is a unit operation that is readily
amenable to simulation for both theoretical plate analysis and for mass transfer
analysis.
In Liquid-Liquid Extraction the phases have more similar bulk properties therefore
surface effects, that are generally less easily measured, have greater affect.
Impurities, particularly surfactants, may concentrate at boundaries modifying the
surface properties and therefore mass transfer, separation and coalescence.
Hence, few Liquid-Liquid Extraction designs can be considered complete without
a laboratory simulation as discussed in GBHE-PEG-MAS-602.
4.6.1 Emulsions
Stable Emulsions which may be formed when surface active contaminants
are present, are an extreme example of how surface properties of a
system can make a Liquid-Liquid Extraction unit inoperable. Laboratory
simulations should be done wherever possible using actual plant streams
and the style of equipment that is operating
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4.6.2 Crud Layer
Crud, as related to Liquid-Liquid Extraction, is material that collects at the
interface of the two liquid phases. A crud layer will occur in most
processes due to the concentration of finely divided particulate matter, but
in the majority of cases it is not troublesome. Where biological crud is
occurring due to the occurrence of bacteria or fungi, or where difficulties
are experienced, provision should be made for periodically removing
material from the interface for elimination and treatment of the crud.
4.6.3 Phase Inversion
Two types of phase inversion are possible as indicated below:
(a) It is possible that the dense phase at one end of the extractor, for
example the Feed, may be the less dense phase at the other end,
the Raffinate. This is only likely to occur when the Solute forms a
significant proportion of either the Feed, the Extract or both. Under
these circumstances, operation of a column contactor is impossible.
A series of mixer settlers may be possible but control will be difficult
as the location of the inversion may move down the units. It is
better to avoid having to operate this type of system if at all
possible.
(b) Phase inversion may occur by which the phase that was intended
to be continuous becomes dispersed and vice versa. This may
have a number of consequences, mass transfer may decrease,
coalescence may take longer and in a column contactor the
implication is that control has been lost as the interface has moved
to the opposite end of the column to that intended.
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FIGURE 1 SCHEMATIC OUTLINE OF LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
PROCESS: COUNTERCURRENT FLOW IN ROTATING DISC CONTACTOR
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FIGURE 2 COUNTERCURRENT EXTRACTION WITH REFLUX
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5 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS ENGINEERING GUIDE
This Process Engineering Guide makes reference to the following documents:
GBHE ENGINEERING GUIDES
GBH Enterprises Glossary of Engineering Terms (referred to in Clause
3).
GBH Enterprises Guide for laboratory extraction (referred to in 4.6).
GBHE REPORTS
An illustrated brochure on liquid-liquid extraction (referred to in 4.1).
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