The aim of this paper is to estimate true liquid level of tank from noisy measurements due to dynamic conditions
using kalman filter algorithm. We proposed kalman filter based approach to reduce noise in liquid level
measurement system due to effect like sloshing. The function of kalman filter is to reduce error in liquid level
measurement that produced from sensor resulting from effect like sloshing in dynamic environment. A prototype
model was constructed and placed in dynamic condition, level data was acquired using ultrasonic sensor to
verify the effectiveness of kalman filter. The tabulated data are shown for comparison of accuracy and error
analysis between both measurements with Kalman filter and statistical averaging filter. After several test with
different liquid levels and analysis of the recorded data, the technique shows the usefulness in liquid level
measurement application in dynamic condition.
Determining The Coefficient Of Tr, Α And River Length (L) Of Flood Runoff Mod...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study determining coefficients for a flood runoff model using a synthetic unit hydrograph method in the Bedadung watershed in Jember, Indonesia. The study obtained a time of concentration (Tr) value of 0.3 hours and an alpha (α) coefficient of 0.651, giving the model a reliability of 71%. By further investigating the river length coefficient (L), a value of 0.052 was determined, increasing the model's reliability to 87.44%.
The document discusses a hydrologic monitoring system assessment being conducted to help a World Bank borrower develop technical specifications for tendering a hydrologic monitoring project. It reviews common hydrologic measurement methods and requests information from the borrower on measurement sites and parameters to fully design the monitoring system. The goal is to produce clear specifications that will lead to more competitive bidding and a cost-effective, sustainable hydrologic monitoring system.
A Smart Flow Measurement System Adaptive to Different Variation Using Ultraso...Sheikh R Manihar Ahmed
This Paper Explain the Design of a Smart Flow measurement Technique using Ultrasonic Flow Meter for custody transfer quality. The objective of the work are; (i) to extend the linearity range of measurement to 100% of the input range, (ii) to make the measurement system adaptive to variations in pipe diameter, liquid density, and liquid temperature. An Accurate flow measurement is an essential requirement both from qualitative and economic points of view. Among the non contact type of flow measurement, ultrasonic flow measurement is widely used to measure flow, because of its advantage like high resolution and less interference of noise on output. However, non linear characteristics of Ultrasonic flow meters have restricted its use. An optimal Computational Logic is considered by comparing various schemes and algorithms based on minimization of Mean Square Error and Regression close to one. The output of ultrasonic flow meter is frequency. It is converted to voltage by using a frequency to voltage converter. An optimal Computational logic block is added in cascade to frequency to voltage converter. This arrangement helps to linearise the overall system for 100% of full scale and makes it adaptive to variations in pipe diameter, liquid density, and liquid temperature. Since the proposed Smart flow measurement technique produces output which is adaptive to variations in pipe diameter, liquid density, and liquid temperature, the present technique avoids the requirement of repeated calibration every time there is change in liquid, and/or pipe diameter, and/or liquid temperature. The results show that proposed measurement technique achieves the objectives quite satisfactorily.
In this slide there is a description of liquid level transducer and its types. In this there is detail description of all its types with there diagrams. In this there is also a advantage and disadvantage of this transducer. Its application are also in these slides.
DMUG 2016 - Scott Hamilton, Ricardo Energy & EnvironmentIES / IAQM
This presentation discusses using the CALPUFF model to assess odour impacts from a manufacturing facility. It describes the methodology used, which included modeling meteorology with WRF and CALMET, running CALPUFF simulations for different stack parameters, and comparing results to a Warren Springs model. The modeling showed that increasing the stack height from 14m to 30m significantly reduced odor concentrations on and near the site. A design value of 60,000 odor units per second was estimated to prevent complaints at nearby properties. The agreement between modeled and measured meteorology was good.
The document discusses a canal network flow monitoring system (CNFMS) being developed as part of the ClimaAdapt project at the Water And Land Management Training and Research Institute (WALAMTARI) to monitor canal flows. The CNFMS uses sensors and software to automatically collect gauge readings with minimal human intervention, increasing accuracy and efficiency. Various sensor types are described, including ultrasonic, radar, and pressure sensors. Implementation of the CNFMS involves sensor development, software development, operation and maintenance of the system, and decision support tools to analyze and visualize the water level and flow data.
USING MINE SITE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR ACCURATE ANDScot D. Abbott
This document discusses the advantages of using on-site gas chromatography (GC) over handheld detectors for mine gas analysis. GC provides more accurate and reliable analysis of multiple gases compared to handheld detectors which can be influenced by mine conditions. While GC requires experienced personnel and investment, outsourcing GC services to a third party may reduce costs for mines while ensuring quality practices and timely results. Choosing a third party requires vetting their expertise in GC methodology, regulatory knowledge, troubleshooting, and quality control to properly administer a GC program for multiple mine sites.
Determining The Coefficient Of Tr, Α And River Length (L) Of Flood Runoff Mod...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study determining coefficients for a flood runoff model using a synthetic unit hydrograph method in the Bedadung watershed in Jember, Indonesia. The study obtained a time of concentration (Tr) value of 0.3 hours and an alpha (α) coefficient of 0.651, giving the model a reliability of 71%. By further investigating the river length coefficient (L), a value of 0.052 was determined, increasing the model's reliability to 87.44%.
The document discusses a hydrologic monitoring system assessment being conducted to help a World Bank borrower develop technical specifications for tendering a hydrologic monitoring project. It reviews common hydrologic measurement methods and requests information from the borrower on measurement sites and parameters to fully design the monitoring system. The goal is to produce clear specifications that will lead to more competitive bidding and a cost-effective, sustainable hydrologic monitoring system.
A Smart Flow Measurement System Adaptive to Different Variation Using Ultraso...Sheikh R Manihar Ahmed
This Paper Explain the Design of a Smart Flow measurement Technique using Ultrasonic Flow Meter for custody transfer quality. The objective of the work are; (i) to extend the linearity range of measurement to 100% of the input range, (ii) to make the measurement system adaptive to variations in pipe diameter, liquid density, and liquid temperature. An Accurate flow measurement is an essential requirement both from qualitative and economic points of view. Among the non contact type of flow measurement, ultrasonic flow measurement is widely used to measure flow, because of its advantage like high resolution and less interference of noise on output. However, non linear characteristics of Ultrasonic flow meters have restricted its use. An optimal Computational Logic is considered by comparing various schemes and algorithms based on minimization of Mean Square Error and Regression close to one. The output of ultrasonic flow meter is frequency. It is converted to voltage by using a frequency to voltage converter. An optimal Computational logic block is added in cascade to frequency to voltage converter. This arrangement helps to linearise the overall system for 100% of full scale and makes it adaptive to variations in pipe diameter, liquid density, and liquid temperature. Since the proposed Smart flow measurement technique produces output which is adaptive to variations in pipe diameter, liquid density, and liquid temperature, the present technique avoids the requirement of repeated calibration every time there is change in liquid, and/or pipe diameter, and/or liquid temperature. The results show that proposed measurement technique achieves the objectives quite satisfactorily.
In this slide there is a description of liquid level transducer and its types. In this there is detail description of all its types with there diagrams. In this there is also a advantage and disadvantage of this transducer. Its application are also in these slides.
DMUG 2016 - Scott Hamilton, Ricardo Energy & EnvironmentIES / IAQM
This presentation discusses using the CALPUFF model to assess odour impacts from a manufacturing facility. It describes the methodology used, which included modeling meteorology with WRF and CALMET, running CALPUFF simulations for different stack parameters, and comparing results to a Warren Springs model. The modeling showed that increasing the stack height from 14m to 30m significantly reduced odor concentrations on and near the site. A design value of 60,000 odor units per second was estimated to prevent complaints at nearby properties. The agreement between modeled and measured meteorology was good.
The document discusses a canal network flow monitoring system (CNFMS) being developed as part of the ClimaAdapt project at the Water And Land Management Training and Research Institute (WALAMTARI) to monitor canal flows. The CNFMS uses sensors and software to automatically collect gauge readings with minimal human intervention, increasing accuracy and efficiency. Various sensor types are described, including ultrasonic, radar, and pressure sensors. Implementation of the CNFMS involves sensor development, software development, operation and maintenance of the system, and decision support tools to analyze and visualize the water level and flow data.
USING MINE SITE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR ACCURATE ANDScot D. Abbott
This document discusses the advantages of using on-site gas chromatography (GC) over handheld detectors for mine gas analysis. GC provides more accurate and reliable analysis of multiple gases compared to handheld detectors which can be influenced by mine conditions. While GC requires experienced personnel and investment, outsourcing GC services to a third party may reduce costs for mines while ensuring quality practices and timely results. Choosing a third party requires vetting their expertise in GC methodology, regulatory knowledge, troubleshooting, and quality control to properly administer a GC program for multiple mine sites.
Quality control of rain gauge measurements using telecommunication microwave ...JoergRieckermann
Accurate rain rate measurements are essential for many hydrological applications. Although rain gauge remains the reference instrument for the measurement of rain rate, the strong spatial and temporal variability of rainfall makes it difficult to spot faulty rain gauges. Due to the poor spatial representativeness of the point rainfall measurements, this is particularly difficult where their density is low. Taking advantage of the high density of telecommunication microwave links in urban areas, a consistency check is proposed to identify faulty rain gauges using nearby microwave links. The methodology is tested on a data set from operational rain gauges and microwave links, in Zürich (Switzerland). The malfunctioning of rain gauges leading to errors in the occurrence of dry/rainy periods are well identified. In addition, the gross errors affecting quantitative rain gauge measurements during rainy periods, such as blocking at a constant value, random noise and systematic bias, can be detected. The proposed approach can be implemented in real time.
A Study on Performance of Different Open Loop PID Tunning Technique for a Liq...IJITCA Journal
Process control is the application and study of automatic control to maintain a process at the desired
operating condition ,safety,and efficiently while satisfying the environmental and product quality.Like the
Level,Temparature & Pressure, Liquid flow Measurement is one of the major controlling parameter in
process plant. This paper mainly concern about the single tank liquid flow process and designing the
controller with different PID tunning methods.Many process plants controlled by the PID controller with
similar dynamics to find out the possible set of satisfactory controller parameters from the less plant
information but from the mathematical model.With minimum effort adjust the controller parameters by
using three open loop PID controller IMC,CHR & AMIGO and compare their output response in real time
flow tank system.
The document discusses procedures for sampling suspended particulates using a high volume sampler (HVS). Some key points:
- The HVS uses vacuum to draw ambient air through a filter at a rate of 40-60 cubic feet per minute for 24 hours, collecting 0.5 grams of particulate matter.
- Common filters used are Whatman No. 41 glass fiber filters, which have a collection efficiency over 99% for particles over 0.3 microns.
- Sampling procedures involve conditioning the filter, recording start/stop times and flow rates, and calculating mass concentration based on initial/final filter weights and total air volume.
- Results are reported as milligrams or micrograms of particulate matter per
This Presentation is an introduction to current meter device specially how to measure flow velocity using current meter,its types and methods used in field.
1. Current meters measure the velocity of fluid flow using various mechanical, electrical, or optical methods.
2. The most commonly used current meters for irrigation and watershed measurements are anemometer and propeller types, which measure velocity using rotating cups or propellers.
3. However, electromagnetic current meters that produce voltage proportional to flow velocity are also widely used, especially by water districts, as they provide direct analog readings without moving parts.
The document discusses methods to improve the accuracy of reconstructing transient emissions measurements from heavy-duty vehicles. It examines using higher order derivatives and different numerical differentiation methods in the differential coefficients method. Using backward differences for numerical differentiation and including higher order derivatives improved the reconstruction accuracy by about 10% compared to just the first two derivatives. This margin of improved accuracy may be important for model accuracy or assessing emissions criteria compliance.
Calibration of Flow Sensors by Nabeel EhmedNabeel Ehmed
This document discusses different methods for calibrating flow meters, including gravimetric, volumetric, and gas flow meter calibration. Gravimetric calibration of liquid flow meters involves weighing the collected liquid and dividing by density to determine volume. Volumetric calibration uses a container of known volume to collect liquid. Pipe provers provide dynamic volumetric calibration by timing flow between switches of known pipe volume. Gas flow meter calibration uses methods analogous to liquids, commonly using a bell prover which measures displaced air volume into a calibrated bell.
The role of open source technology based equipment in developing reliablereli...Paolo Losi
1. A custom-made electrical conductivity logging device was developed using open source hardware and software to measure groundwater characteristics during a single point dilution test (SPD test) at a contaminated site in Italy.
2. The lightweight device measures temperature and electrical conductivity simultaneously at different depths without requiring an operator to be present, providing cost-effective and reliable data to improve the site's conceptual model.
3. A field test using the device estimated groundwater velocities and hydraulic permeability, demonstrating its ability to efficiently characterize the aquifer and inform remediation design with minimal costs and waste production.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Flow through VenturimeterIRJET Journal
1. The document describes an experimental study and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of flow through a venturi meter. The venturi meter geometry was modeled in NX and meshed in ANSYS. CFD analysis was conducted using ANSYS Fluent to simulate flow and calculate pressure changes.
2. Experimental data was collected for different flow rates and used to calculate the discharge coefficient. CFD results for discharge coefficient were also calculated and found to be within 15% of experimental values.
3. The study demonstrated that CFD can be an efficient and accurate method for calibrating flow meters like the venturi meter, providing a alternative to costly experimental calibration methods.
Irrigation water measurement is essential for determining how much water to apply to crops and for field experiments. Water can be measured by volume per unit of time for flowing water, or by total volume for stationary water. Common units include cubic meters per second. Accurate measurement requires choosing an appropriate technique depending on the volume of water, desired accuracy, and financial resources. Methods include the direct volumetric method, velocity-area method using floats or current meters, water meters, venturi meters, and tracer techniques.
This document summarizes a study that determined coefficients for the nonlinear Muskingum model of flood routing using genetic algorithms and numerical solutions of continuity equations. The researchers optimized the coefficients using genetic algorithms to increase computation speed compared to conventional methods. They then computed outflows using the optimized coefficients and by solving continuity equations with the Runge-Kutta method. Results showed the Runge-Kutta method produced hydrographs that more closely matched actual flows compared to the Muskingum and Muskingum-Cunge models.
Dan Dix from ALL4 Inc., presented the following workshop on PM2.5 Measurement and Modeling for Compliance Demonstrations at the NCASI 2013 Northern Regional Meeting. The presentation includes: a review of PM2.5 modeling updates from the last 6 months, a case study of PM2.5 NAAQS modeling analysis from a pulp and paper mill, findings and recommendations from the case study, and general recommendations for PM2.5 modeling.
This document summarizes a research paper that compares two methods for estimating water losses from leakage in a water distribution system: minimum night flow analysis and hydraulic model calibration. Both methods were applied to an existing district metered area in southern Brazil. Minimum night flow analysis estimated daily real losses of 53.54 cubic meters, while hydraulic model calibration using Epanet Calibrator software estimated daily real losses of 49.73 cubic meters, showing similar results. The study concludes that calibration is a useful alternative to minimum night flow analysis for estimating leakage, as it allows visualization of the entire network hydraulics.
This document discusses hyphenated techniques in thermal analysis, which combine thermal analysis methods like TGA, DSC, and DMA with secondary analytical methods. It provides examples of combining thermal analysis with FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, GC-MS, and IR-GCMS to obtain both chemical and structural information about materials as they undergo thermal changes. Some key advantages and disadvantages of different hyphenated techniques are discussed, along with examples of applications in areas like polymer identification, soil analysis, and pharmaceutical analysis.
The document specifies requirements for a cup-type current meter used to measure water velocity and discharge in rivers and canals. It must operate reliably under flow conditions, be easy to use, and include accessories for deployment. Key components are a 6-cup sensor measuring velocities from 0.05-3.5 m/s, various suspension methods including wading rods or cables, and fish weights from 25-100kg for suspended use. Accessories like tools, spare parts, and carrying cases must also be provided.
This document provides an introduction to computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It discusses the history of fluid dynamics from antiquity to the modern development of CFD. Key figures who contributed to the field are highlighted, including Archimedes, Leonardo da Vinci, Isaac Newton, Daniel Bernoulli, and Osborne Reynolds. The document also describes how CFD works by setting up the mathematical model, creating the mesh, solving the equations numerically, and examining the results. Applications of CFD and its advantages are discussed.
Open Annotation in the CHARMe Project for the I Annotate Conference Raquel Alegre
- The document discusses the CHARMe project, which uses open annotation to share knowledge about climate datasets and help users assess their fitness for purpose.
- Open annotation is a natural fit for CHARMe as it allows recording of motivations, tags, and multiple annotation targets.
- CHARMe will create connected repositories of commentary information stored as triples in "CHARMe nodes" that can be accessed through websites or services.
- Some advanced use cases for annotating climate data include discussing the timing of events, tracing plankton blooms, and identifying features in subsets of multidimensional climate datasets.
Gas-Particulate Models of Flow through Porous StructuresIJERA Editor
A recently developed general model of gas-particulate flow is sub-classified in this work. The model takes into
account both the Darcy resistance and the Forchheimer effects, and is valid for variable particle number density
and flow through variable porosity media. The form of governing equations is discussed when the particle
relaxation time is small.
On The Substitution of Energy Sources: The Effect of Flex Fuel Vehicles in th...IJERA Editor
The substitution process resultant of the competition between two energy sources for the same market based on
dynamic forecasting model derived from biomathematics, previously applied by authors in the Brazilian
gasoline/hydrated ethanol consumption market is analyzed. The hydrated ethanol restriction supply due to
decreasing production as a consequence of international price of sugar increasing was the prevailing motive of
the forecast breaking. Again the stop and go process adopted by sugarcane private sector was the main reason of
hydrated ethanol decreasing production
Security Issues and Challenges in Internet of Things – A ReviewIJERA Editor
The Internet of Things (IoT) alludes to the continually developing system of physical articles that component an
IP address for web availability, and the correspondence that happens between these items and other Web
empowered gadgets and frameworks. The security issues of the Internet of Things (IoT) are straight forwardly
identified with the wide utilization of its framework. IoT securities and enhancing the design and several
elements of this work showcases various security issues with respect to IoT and thinks of solutions for the issues
under the advancements included. Here we are going to do a study of all the security issues existing in the
Internet of Things (IoT) alongside an examination of the protection issues that an end-client might confront as
an outcome of the spread of IoT. Most of the overview is centred around the security emerging out of the data
trade innovations utilized as a part of Internet of Things. As a piece of IoTs, genuine concerns are raised over
access of individual data relating to gadget and individual protection. This review tells about the security and
protection issues of IoT.
Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Bamboo/Glass Fibers Reinforced Polyeste...IJERA Editor
The chemical resistance of Bamboo/Glass reinforced Polyester hybrid composites to acetic acid, Nitric acid,
Hydrochloric acid, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium carbonate, Benzene, Toluene, Carbon tetrachloride and Water
was studied. The tensile and impact properties of these composites were also studied. The effect of alkali
treatment of bamboo fibers on these properties was studied. It was observed that the tensile and impact
properties of the hybrid composites increase with glass fiber content. The author investigated the interfacial
bonding between Glsss/Bamboo fiber composites by SEM. These properties found to be higher when alkali
treated bamboo fibers were used in hybrid composites. The hybrid fiber composites showed better resistance to
the chemicals mentioned above. The elimination of amorphous hemi-cellulose with alkali treatment leading to
higher crystallinity of the bamboo fibers with alkali treatment may be responsible for these observations.
Quality control of rain gauge measurements using telecommunication microwave ...JoergRieckermann
Accurate rain rate measurements are essential for many hydrological applications. Although rain gauge remains the reference instrument for the measurement of rain rate, the strong spatial and temporal variability of rainfall makes it difficult to spot faulty rain gauges. Due to the poor spatial representativeness of the point rainfall measurements, this is particularly difficult where their density is low. Taking advantage of the high density of telecommunication microwave links in urban areas, a consistency check is proposed to identify faulty rain gauges using nearby microwave links. The methodology is tested on a data set from operational rain gauges and microwave links, in Zürich (Switzerland). The malfunctioning of rain gauges leading to errors in the occurrence of dry/rainy periods are well identified. In addition, the gross errors affecting quantitative rain gauge measurements during rainy periods, such as blocking at a constant value, random noise and systematic bias, can be detected. The proposed approach can be implemented in real time.
A Study on Performance of Different Open Loop PID Tunning Technique for a Liq...IJITCA Journal
Process control is the application and study of automatic control to maintain a process at the desired
operating condition ,safety,and efficiently while satisfying the environmental and product quality.Like the
Level,Temparature & Pressure, Liquid flow Measurement is one of the major controlling parameter in
process plant. This paper mainly concern about the single tank liquid flow process and designing the
controller with different PID tunning methods.Many process plants controlled by the PID controller with
similar dynamics to find out the possible set of satisfactory controller parameters from the less plant
information but from the mathematical model.With minimum effort adjust the controller parameters by
using three open loop PID controller IMC,CHR & AMIGO and compare their output response in real time
flow tank system.
The document discusses procedures for sampling suspended particulates using a high volume sampler (HVS). Some key points:
- The HVS uses vacuum to draw ambient air through a filter at a rate of 40-60 cubic feet per minute for 24 hours, collecting 0.5 grams of particulate matter.
- Common filters used are Whatman No. 41 glass fiber filters, which have a collection efficiency over 99% for particles over 0.3 microns.
- Sampling procedures involve conditioning the filter, recording start/stop times and flow rates, and calculating mass concentration based on initial/final filter weights and total air volume.
- Results are reported as milligrams or micrograms of particulate matter per
This Presentation is an introduction to current meter device specially how to measure flow velocity using current meter,its types and methods used in field.
1. Current meters measure the velocity of fluid flow using various mechanical, electrical, or optical methods.
2. The most commonly used current meters for irrigation and watershed measurements are anemometer and propeller types, which measure velocity using rotating cups or propellers.
3. However, electromagnetic current meters that produce voltage proportional to flow velocity are also widely used, especially by water districts, as they provide direct analog readings without moving parts.
The document discusses methods to improve the accuracy of reconstructing transient emissions measurements from heavy-duty vehicles. It examines using higher order derivatives and different numerical differentiation methods in the differential coefficients method. Using backward differences for numerical differentiation and including higher order derivatives improved the reconstruction accuracy by about 10% compared to just the first two derivatives. This margin of improved accuracy may be important for model accuracy or assessing emissions criteria compliance.
Calibration of Flow Sensors by Nabeel EhmedNabeel Ehmed
This document discusses different methods for calibrating flow meters, including gravimetric, volumetric, and gas flow meter calibration. Gravimetric calibration of liquid flow meters involves weighing the collected liquid and dividing by density to determine volume. Volumetric calibration uses a container of known volume to collect liquid. Pipe provers provide dynamic volumetric calibration by timing flow between switches of known pipe volume. Gas flow meter calibration uses methods analogous to liquids, commonly using a bell prover which measures displaced air volume into a calibrated bell.
The role of open source technology based equipment in developing reliablereli...Paolo Losi
1. A custom-made electrical conductivity logging device was developed using open source hardware and software to measure groundwater characteristics during a single point dilution test (SPD test) at a contaminated site in Italy.
2. The lightweight device measures temperature and electrical conductivity simultaneously at different depths without requiring an operator to be present, providing cost-effective and reliable data to improve the site's conceptual model.
3. A field test using the device estimated groundwater velocities and hydraulic permeability, demonstrating its ability to efficiently characterize the aquifer and inform remediation design with minimal costs and waste production.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Flow through VenturimeterIRJET Journal
1. The document describes an experimental study and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of flow through a venturi meter. The venturi meter geometry was modeled in NX and meshed in ANSYS. CFD analysis was conducted using ANSYS Fluent to simulate flow and calculate pressure changes.
2. Experimental data was collected for different flow rates and used to calculate the discharge coefficient. CFD results for discharge coefficient were also calculated and found to be within 15% of experimental values.
3. The study demonstrated that CFD can be an efficient and accurate method for calibrating flow meters like the venturi meter, providing a alternative to costly experimental calibration methods.
Irrigation water measurement is essential for determining how much water to apply to crops and for field experiments. Water can be measured by volume per unit of time for flowing water, or by total volume for stationary water. Common units include cubic meters per second. Accurate measurement requires choosing an appropriate technique depending on the volume of water, desired accuracy, and financial resources. Methods include the direct volumetric method, velocity-area method using floats or current meters, water meters, venturi meters, and tracer techniques.
This document summarizes a study that determined coefficients for the nonlinear Muskingum model of flood routing using genetic algorithms and numerical solutions of continuity equations. The researchers optimized the coefficients using genetic algorithms to increase computation speed compared to conventional methods. They then computed outflows using the optimized coefficients and by solving continuity equations with the Runge-Kutta method. Results showed the Runge-Kutta method produced hydrographs that more closely matched actual flows compared to the Muskingum and Muskingum-Cunge models.
Dan Dix from ALL4 Inc., presented the following workshop on PM2.5 Measurement and Modeling for Compliance Demonstrations at the NCASI 2013 Northern Regional Meeting. The presentation includes: a review of PM2.5 modeling updates from the last 6 months, a case study of PM2.5 NAAQS modeling analysis from a pulp and paper mill, findings and recommendations from the case study, and general recommendations for PM2.5 modeling.
This document summarizes a research paper that compares two methods for estimating water losses from leakage in a water distribution system: minimum night flow analysis and hydraulic model calibration. Both methods were applied to an existing district metered area in southern Brazil. Minimum night flow analysis estimated daily real losses of 53.54 cubic meters, while hydraulic model calibration using Epanet Calibrator software estimated daily real losses of 49.73 cubic meters, showing similar results. The study concludes that calibration is a useful alternative to minimum night flow analysis for estimating leakage, as it allows visualization of the entire network hydraulics.
This document discusses hyphenated techniques in thermal analysis, which combine thermal analysis methods like TGA, DSC, and DMA with secondary analytical methods. It provides examples of combining thermal analysis with FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, GC-MS, and IR-GCMS to obtain both chemical and structural information about materials as they undergo thermal changes. Some key advantages and disadvantages of different hyphenated techniques are discussed, along with examples of applications in areas like polymer identification, soil analysis, and pharmaceutical analysis.
The document specifies requirements for a cup-type current meter used to measure water velocity and discharge in rivers and canals. It must operate reliably under flow conditions, be easy to use, and include accessories for deployment. Key components are a 6-cup sensor measuring velocities from 0.05-3.5 m/s, various suspension methods including wading rods or cables, and fish weights from 25-100kg for suspended use. Accessories like tools, spare parts, and carrying cases must also be provided.
This document provides an introduction to computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It discusses the history of fluid dynamics from antiquity to the modern development of CFD. Key figures who contributed to the field are highlighted, including Archimedes, Leonardo da Vinci, Isaac Newton, Daniel Bernoulli, and Osborne Reynolds. The document also describes how CFD works by setting up the mathematical model, creating the mesh, solving the equations numerically, and examining the results. Applications of CFD and its advantages are discussed.
Open Annotation in the CHARMe Project for the I Annotate Conference Raquel Alegre
- The document discusses the CHARMe project, which uses open annotation to share knowledge about climate datasets and help users assess their fitness for purpose.
- Open annotation is a natural fit for CHARMe as it allows recording of motivations, tags, and multiple annotation targets.
- CHARMe will create connected repositories of commentary information stored as triples in "CHARMe nodes" that can be accessed through websites or services.
- Some advanced use cases for annotating climate data include discussing the timing of events, tracing plankton blooms, and identifying features in subsets of multidimensional climate datasets.
Gas-Particulate Models of Flow through Porous StructuresIJERA Editor
A recently developed general model of gas-particulate flow is sub-classified in this work. The model takes into
account both the Darcy resistance and the Forchheimer effects, and is valid for variable particle number density
and flow through variable porosity media. The form of governing equations is discussed when the particle
relaxation time is small.
On The Substitution of Energy Sources: The Effect of Flex Fuel Vehicles in th...IJERA Editor
The substitution process resultant of the competition between two energy sources for the same market based on
dynamic forecasting model derived from biomathematics, previously applied by authors in the Brazilian
gasoline/hydrated ethanol consumption market is analyzed. The hydrated ethanol restriction supply due to
decreasing production as a consequence of international price of sugar increasing was the prevailing motive of
the forecast breaking. Again the stop and go process adopted by sugarcane private sector was the main reason of
hydrated ethanol decreasing production
Security Issues and Challenges in Internet of Things – A ReviewIJERA Editor
The Internet of Things (IoT) alludes to the continually developing system of physical articles that component an
IP address for web availability, and the correspondence that happens between these items and other Web
empowered gadgets and frameworks. The security issues of the Internet of Things (IoT) are straight forwardly
identified with the wide utilization of its framework. IoT securities and enhancing the design and several
elements of this work showcases various security issues with respect to IoT and thinks of solutions for the issues
under the advancements included. Here we are going to do a study of all the security issues existing in the
Internet of Things (IoT) alongside an examination of the protection issues that an end-client might confront as
an outcome of the spread of IoT. Most of the overview is centred around the security emerging out of the data
trade innovations utilized as a part of Internet of Things. As a piece of IoTs, genuine concerns are raised over
access of individual data relating to gadget and individual protection. This review tells about the security and
protection issues of IoT.
Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Bamboo/Glass Fibers Reinforced Polyeste...IJERA Editor
The chemical resistance of Bamboo/Glass reinforced Polyester hybrid composites to acetic acid, Nitric acid,
Hydrochloric acid, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium carbonate, Benzene, Toluene, Carbon tetrachloride and Water
was studied. The tensile and impact properties of these composites were also studied. The effect of alkali
treatment of bamboo fibers on these properties was studied. It was observed that the tensile and impact
properties of the hybrid composites increase with glass fiber content. The author investigated the interfacial
bonding between Glsss/Bamboo fiber composites by SEM. These properties found to be higher when alkali
treated bamboo fibers were used in hybrid composites. The hybrid fiber composites showed better resistance to
the chemicals mentioned above. The elimination of amorphous hemi-cellulose with alkali treatment leading to
higher crystallinity of the bamboo fibers with alkali treatment may be responsible for these observations.
Big data Mining Using Very-Large-Scale Data Processing PlatformsIJERA Editor
Big Data consists of large-volume, complex, growing data sets with multiple, heterogenous sources. With the
tremendous development of networking, data storage, and the data collection capacity, Big Data are now rapidly
expanding in all science and engineering domains, including physical, biological and biomedical sciences. The
MapReduce programming mode which has parallel processing ability to analyze the large-scale network.
MapReduce is a programming model that allows easy development of scalable parallel applications to process
big data on large clusters of commodity machines. Google’s MapReduce or its open-source equivalent Hadoop
is a powerful tool for building such applications.
On-state Torque Optimization for Synthesized MR FluidIJERA Editor
This document describes research into optimizing the composition of magneto-rheological (MR) fluids to achieve high on-state torque. Eighteen MR fluid samples were prepared using different combinations of carrier fluid, iron particle size, and concentrations of iron particles, oleic acid, and tetra-methyl-ammonium-hydroxide according to an L18 orthogonal array design of experiments. The torque generated by each sample was experimentally measured. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to statistically analyze the experimental results and identify which factors most significantly affect the on-state torque, in order to determine the optimal composition. The composition found to generate the highest on-state torque of 0.887587 N-m is
Petrological and Geochemical Studies on Granitoids in BibinagarBhongir Area, ...IJERA Editor
The Granitoids of the Bibinagar- Bhongir area in the Nalgonda district are purely high potassic calc alkaline and
meta aluminous and A-type belongs to Peninsular Gneissic Complex of the Eastern Dharwar Craton. The
petrographic study of granitoids indicates that of pure magmatic origin in the form of different magmatic
textures viz. perthitic, porphyritic and poiklitic textures. Geochemically the granitoids are rich in K2O & Na2O
suggesting source from calc-alkaline magma. The Granitoids are falling mostly in the volcanic arc field on Yb
vs Ta discrimination plot. The REE pattern shows strong Eu negative anomaly, suggesting early separation of
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Hybrid system with multi-connected boost converterIJERA Editor
Environmentally friendly solutions are becoming more prominent than ever as a result of concern regarding the
state of our deteriorating planet. This paper presents a new system configuration of the front-end rectifier stage
for a hybrid wind/photovoltaic energy system. This configuration allows the two sources to supply the load
separately or simultaneously depending on the availability of the energy sources. The inherent nature of this
Cuk-SEPIC fused converter, additional input filters are not necessary to filter out high frequency harmonics.
Harmonic content is detrimental for the generator lifespan, heating issues, and efficiency. The fused multiinput
rectifier stage also allows Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) to be used to extract maximum power from
the wind and sun when it is available. An adaptive MPPT algorithm will be used for the wind system and a
standard perturb and observe method will be used for the PV system. Operational analysis of the proposed
system will be discussed in this paper. Simulation results are given to highlight the merits of the proposed
circuit
Design and Implementation of Digital Chebyshev Type II Filter using XSG for N...IJERA Editor
ASIC Chips and Digital Signal Processors are generally used for implementing digital filters. Now days the
advanced technologies lead to use of field programmable Gate Array (FPGA) for the implementation of Digital
Filters.The present paper deals with Design and Implementation of Digital IIR Chebyshev type II filter using
Xilinx System Generator. The Quantization and Overflow are main crucial parameters while designing the filter
on FPGA and that need to be consider for getting the stability of the filter. As compare to the conventional DSP
the speed of the system is increased by implementation on FPGA. Digital Chebyshev type II filter is initially
designed analytically for the desired Specifications and simulated using Simulink in Matlab environment. This
paper also proposes the method to implement Digital IIR Chebyshev type II Filter by using XSG platform. The
filter has shown good performance for noise removal in ECG
Identification of Sex of the Speaker With Reference To Bodo Vowels: A Compara...IJERA Editor
This work presents an application of Fundamental Frequency (Pitch), Linear Predictive Cepstral Coefficient
(LPCC) and Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC) in identification of sex of the speaker in speech
recognition research. The aim of this article is to compare the performance of these three methods for
identification of sex of the speakers. A successful speech recognition system can help in non critical operations
such as presenting the driving route to the driver, dialing a phone number, light switch turn on/off, the coffee
machine on/off etc. apart from speaker verification-caste wise, community wise and locality wise including
identification of sex. Here an attempt has been made to identify the sex of Bodo speakers through vowel
utterance by following Pitch value, LPCC and MFCC techniques. It is found here that the feature vector
organization of LPCC coefficients provides a more promising way of speech-speaker recognition in case of
Bodo Language than that of Pitch and MFCC.
Conceptual Model of Information Technology and Its Impact on Financial Univer...IJERA Editor
Information technology is heart of information system; however, it‟s proved information system with data,
information and knowledge from the component of information technology (hardware, software, database and
network communication) because they play a critical role in any organization and affects managers and their
organizations in financial University performance. Information Technology can be defined as the used of
electronic means which involve access storage, processing of electronic technology to handling of information.
The study aimed to made Conceptual model and investigate the uses Information Technology for employee at
Private University in the north of Jordan from their perspective of Users‟ satisfactions and impact of
Information Technology on University performance of employee. The study method was a descriptive survey
which uses questionnaire to collect data, questionnaire was justified and developed by the researcher to measure
the university performance based on previous studies its applied to (90) employee from University in the north
of Jordan. The study was using SPSS to analyses data. The results indicate that uses Information Technology for
employee at University in the north of Jordan there were a statistically significant relationship between the
Information Technology and University performance of employee at University in the north of Jordan; however
the sample reported a significant in the hypotheses and accepted. The study have Conclusion should gives more
attention to focus on and beneficial of using Information technology applications.
Energy Storage: CFD Modeling of Phase Change Materials For Thermal Energy Sto...IJERA Editor
To optimize the utilization of thermal conversion systems it is needed to integrate them with thermal energy
storage. Between many types of base materials, the phase change materials (PCMs) are the most adequate
mediums to store and release the thermal energy. PCMs have high latent heat of fusion and, in general, low
thermal conductivity, therefore, nanomaterials are used as additives to enhance the properties of base materials
as PCMs.
Paper presents an exhaustive classification of PCMs and nanomaterials used in thermal energy storage
technologies in addition an assessment about their modeling through computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
Goal was to emphasize CFD use as an effective tool to increase engineering development of thermal energy
storage technologies
An Analysis of the Existing Frameworks in Cloud Computing Adoption and Introd...IJERA Editor
This document proposes a new framework called RAF (Risk Assessment Framework) for evaluating cloud computing adoption projects. It summarizes existing frameworks and identifies their limitations, such as a lack of guidance on key adoption challenges. The proposed RAF framework assesses projects based on a 5-phase roadmap for adoption: analysis, planning, adoption, migration, and management. It provides a set of questions for each phase and weights the questions based on perceived impact to determine how closely a project followed best practices. The RAF aims to minimize risks and increase the success of cloud adoption projects.
Increasing Security Level in Data Sharing Using Ring Signature in Cloud Envir...IJERA Editor
Sharing of Information in a cloud environment is inevitable in onward of cloud computing environment.
Security in accessing cloud information has to consider many issues such as authentication, cost, time in
uploading and many other criteria. Authentication of data is must for utilizing the others data and uploading our
own data has become tedious. Getting Certificate and for every access is long process and cost increases. Ring
signature gives an assurance to the user to build an unidentified and accurate information sharing system. It
allows a data individualistic to innominate authenticate his data which can be put into the cloud for storage or
analysis purpose. In Identity-Based (ID Based ) Ring Signature Members of this cluster can easily share data
avoiding the pricey certificate verification as done in the usual procedure. Forward Security re authentication
overhead is avoided in Ring Signature by using RSA Algorithm we further provide increased level of security in
reduced time, efficient and simple manner.
Fibrous Scaffold Produced By Rotary Jet Spinning TechniqueIJERA Editor
This document describes research on producing fibrous scaffolds using a rotary jet spinning technique with poly(L-lactic acid) and poly(ɛ-caprolactone) polymers. Specifically:
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- The research aims
A Study on Guided and Unguided Transmission Medias and a Proposed Idea to Ext...IJERA Editor
Networking in computers enables sharing of information by interconnecting the computing devices. The sharing
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first wireless technology was infrared and it was a very slow technology. So, inventions were continued to find a
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about different Wired and Wireless Technologies and given a proposed idea to extend the limit of Gi-Fi beyond
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An Overview of Landslide Forecasting Using Wireless Sensor Network and Geogra...IJERA Editor
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Effect of MR Fluid Damping during Milling of CFRP LaminatesIJERA Editor
Machining of fiber reinforced composites is an essential activity taken up in order to integrate them with other
components. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are difficult to machine owing to the nonhomogeneity
of their constituent materials and abrasive nature. As these materials involve more than one phase,
the variation of cutting forces is rather large, which leads to tool chatter and poor surface finish. Therefore the
proper selection of the tool, process parameters and the ability to control the machining forces would result in
better tolerances and improved surface finish. In this study, multiple slots are machined in CFRP laminates
under different machining conditions of spindle speed, feed and depth of cut. A comparative study is made by
conducting the same set of experiments under the influence of the magneto- rheological (MR) damping in order
to assess the tool deflection. It is observed that the MR fluid damping reduces the tool deflection and thus
improves the quality of machined surfaces.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Digital Fuel Meter with the Help of Ultrason...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design and fabrication of a digital fuel meter that uses ultrasonic sensors to measure the amount of fuel entering a vehicle's fuel tank. It has two phases: 1) A measuring tank with an ultrasonic sensor at the top to measure the distance to the fuel surface and calculate the fuel volume. 2) A storage tank that receives the fuel after measurement and supplies it to the engine. The device aims to accurately measure the fuel amount provided, which is often incorrectly reported. It works by sending and receiving ultrasonic waves and calculating the time for their propagation to determine the fuel level based on known speed of sound in air.
A Survey On Real Time State Estimation For Optimal Placement Of Phasor Measur...IJSRD
The traditional methods of security assessment using offline data and SCADA data have become inconsistent for real time operations. The latest and propelled strategy in electric power system used for security assessment is “synchrophasor†measurement technique. The device called Phasor measurement unit (PMU) provides the time stamped data for proper monitoring, control and protection of the power system. PMU measures positive sequence voltage and current time synchronized to within a microsecond. The time synchronization of data is done with the help of timing signals from Global Positioning System (GPS). However, Phasor measurements units cannot be placed on every bus in a network mainly because of economical constraints. In this paper we provide a literature survey of determining the minimum number of Phasor measurement units to be placed in a given network so that the system becomes observable.
Online Monitoring of Wastewater in Common Effluent Treatment Plant using UV-V...Mudasir Gulzar
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Quality of food is determined in terms of food texture, taste and appearance butmoisture content (MC) of food is a determination factor of quality & stability of the processed food. Complex impedance measurement has several advantages over conventional moisture measurement methods and can be used for portable moisture measurement. This paper presents the Auto Balancing Bridge Circuitry to determine the complex impedance of the grain sample for moisture analysis. The complex impedance measurement has been done using Auto Balancing Bridge method. Experimentation has been done to reduce the losses of internal ABB circuit so that it can provide measurements at high frequency range. At lower radio frequencies, density- independent moisture content determination is achievable with multiple-frequency measurement. Due to operational amplifier’s limitations at higher frequencies, proper design of ABB circuit is very crucial in the proposed circuit. Hence, ABB circuit in was simulated in Multisim& best opamp was selected.
Advanced gas leakage detection using acoustic sensors newYatheesh Kaggere
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This document presents a new technique called the Modified Deconvolution Technique (MDT) to reconstruct instantaneous heavy duty vehicle emissions from measured data. MDT models the emissions analyzer system using a gamma probability density function to account for time dispersion effects. It uses fast Fourier transforms to divide the analyzer output signal by the impulse response function to estimate the original instantaneous emissions signal. The technique was tested on emissions data from a transit bus and showed improved correlation between reconstructed emissions and engine power compared to an earlier Differential Coefficients Method. The new technique provides a more accurate way to relate emissions to operating conditions like vehicle speed and acceleration.
Refining Underwater Target Localization and Tracking EstimatesCSCJournals
Improving the accuracy and reliability of the localization estimates and tracking of underwater targets is a constant quest in ocean surveillance operations. The localization estimates may vary owing to various noises and interferences such as sensor errors and environmental noises. Even though adaptive filters like the Kalman filter subdue these problems and yield dependable results, targets that undergo maneuvering can cause incomprehensible errors, unless suitable corrective measures are implemented. Simulation studies on improving the localization and tracking estimates for a stationary target as well as a moving target including the maneuvering situations are presented in this paper
Jamming Detection based on Doppler Shift Estimation in Vehicular Communicatio...IJCNCJournal
Since Doppler shift is one of the most important parameters in wireless propagation, the evaluation of the Doppler shift at the base station (BTS) in vehicular communications improves BTS in many aspects such as channel varying rate, jamming detection, and handover operations. Therefore, in this study, we propose a novel method at a base station based on the received user signal to estimate the channel Doppler shift seen by BTS. Utilizing the inherent information existed in common receivers, a level crossing rate (LCR) based Doppler shift estimation algorithm is developed without any excessive hardware. Moreover, a jamming detection algorithm is improved based on the proposed Doppler shift estimation scheme. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated in a Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) network, and comprehensive experimental results have shown superior performance in a wide range of velocities, signal to noise ratios and jammers.
A NEW METHOD OF SMALL-SIGNAL CALIBRATION BASED ON KALMAN FILTERijcseit
The basic principle of Kalman filter (KF) is introduced in this paper, based on which, it presents a new
method for high precision measurement of small-signal instead of the unreal direct one. We have designed a
method of multi-meter information infusion. With this method, we filter the measured value of a type of
special equipment and extract the optimal estimate for true value. Experimental results show that this
method can effectively eliminate the random error of the measurement process. The optimal estimate error
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algorithm reference for the design of automatic calibration equipment.
A NEW METHOD OF SMALL-SIGNAL CALIBRATION BASED ON KALMAN FILTERijcseit
The basic principle of Kalman filter (KF) is introduced in this paper, based on which, it presents a new
method for high precision measurement of small-signal instead of the unreal direct one. We have designed a
method of multi-meter information infusion. With this method, we filter the measured value of a type of
special equipment and extract the optimal estimate for true value. Experimental results show that this
method can effectively eliminate the random error of the measurement process. The optimal estimate error
meets the basic requirements of conformity assessment, 3푈95 ≤ 푀푃퐸푉. This method can provide an
algorithm reference for the design of automatic calibration equipment.
The document discusses pipeline leak detection technologies. It describes automated, semi-automated, and manual detection methods. Common current methods like satellite imaging, helicopter surveillance, and sonic sensors are outlined along with their limitations. An internally-based Real Time Transient Model (RTTM) method is proposed, which uses pressure, flow, temperature, and acoustic sensors along with modeling of the pipeline flow. RTTM can detect small leaks and estimate their location and rate. It is faster and less prone to false alarms than other methods but requires more complex modeling and instrumentation.
Development of Seakeeping Test and Data Processing Systemijceronline
This document describes the development of a seakeeping test and data processing system. The system includes two main procedures: wave generation and data processing. In wave generation, a linear filtering method is used to generate irregular waves that meet a target spectrum. In data processing, time domain and frequency domain methods are used to analyze experimental data on irregular waves, ship motions, and hull stresses. The system was tested using experiments on a ship model in irregular waves and showed accurate simulation and reliable data processing.
A NEW METHOD OF SMALL-SIGNAL CALIBRATION BASED ON KALMAN FILTERijcseit
The basic principle of Kalman filter (KF) is introduced in this paper, based on which, it presents a new
method for high precision measurement of small-signal instead of the unreal direct one. We have designed a
method of multi-meter information infusion. With this method, we filter the measured value of a type of
special equipment and extract the optimal estimate for true value. Experimental results show that this
method can effectively eliminate the random error of the measurement process. The optimal estimate error
meets the basic requirements of conformity assessment, 3푈95 ≤ 푀푃퐸푉. This method can provide an
algorithm reference for the design of automatic calibration equipment.
A NEW METHOD OF SMALL-SIGNAL CALIBRATION BASED ON KALMAN FILTERijcseit
The basic principle of Kalman filter (KF) is introduced in this paper, based on which, it presents a new
method for high precision measurement of small-signal instead of the unreal direct one. We have designed a
method of multi-meter information infusion. With this method, we filter the measured value of a type of
special equipment and extract the optimal estimate for true value. Experimental results show that this
method can effectively eliminate the random error of the measurement process. The optimal estimate error
meets the basic requirements of conformity assessment, 3𝑈95 ≤ 𝑀𝑃𝐸𝑉. This method can provide an
algorithm reference for the design of automatic calibration equipment.
This project developed a control system to continuously measure the quality factor (Q) of mechanical oscillators. The system locks the phase between the oscillator's exciter and normal mode to π/2 and locks the oscillator's amplitude with control loops. This allows the rate of energy input to equal the rate of energy loss, from which Q can be determined. The author has successfully locked both phase and amplitude to within fractions of a percent on a test oscillator with Q of 5×104 ± 104 using PID controllers. The system shows promise for efficiently measuring Q of LIGO test masses with Qs up to 8×105 ±105. Current work is adapting the PID controllers for this higher-Q system.
This document summarizes a study on developing a fault detection and isolation method for sensors and actuators of a wind turbine using a modified Kalman filter. The study models the pitch system of a 2.5 MW wind turbine. It considers correlated process and measurement noises and designs residual generators to decouple disturbances from faults. Generalized likelihood ratio and cumulative variance tests are used for detection, and a bank of residual generators is used for isolation based on dual sensor redundancy. The goal is to reliably detect and isolate faults in wind turbines to improve safety and reduce downtime.
Turbine flow meters measure volumetric flow by detecting the rotation of a rotor within a housing as fluid passes through. They provide accurate, repeatable measurements with a fast response time. To ensure high accuracy, turbine meters must be calibrated using a positive displacement calibrator that can achieve errors of 0.05% or less. Viscosity affects turbine performance, so meters should be calibrated at the operating viscosity or equipped with technology to correct for viscosity and density variations caused by temperature changes. With proper calibration and correction methods, turbine meters can accurately measure varying flows.
This document compares different methods for measuring respiratory rate (RR) including using status sensors, infrared imaging sensors, and pressure sensors. It first reviews current RR measurement techniques using contact sensors like electrical impedance sensors and pressure sensors or non-contact sensors like infrared imaging and fiber Bragg grating sensors. It then describes testing RR using a status sensor (MPU-6050) that measures acceleration, an infrared imaging sensor, and commercial pressure sensors. It discusses signal processing methods like the quaternion-based filter, Kalman filter, and zero-crossing test that can be applied to the sensor signals to determine RR. Results show the feasibility of using the status sensor and infrared imaging sensor for RR measurement compared to commercial pressure sensors.
This document summarizes research on multiphase flow instrumentation and measurement techniques being developed in Brazil. It describes three sensors: 1) A resonant cavity sensor that measures water cut using resonance frequency shifts; 2) An electrical capacitance tomograph that estimates phase fractions using capacitance measurements between electrode pairs; 3) A wire-mesh sensor that provides 2D phase distribution images using conductivity or capacitance measurements at wire crossings. Experiments show the techniques can accurately measure phase fractions in oil-water and air-water flows.
portable_flow_measurement-pr-en PES Scotland NIVUSDavid White
The document discusses portable flow measurement instruments for sewer networks. It provides information on:
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- The measurement principles of using ultrasonic sensors to measure flow velocity and level to calculate flow rates in partially or fully filled pipes.
- Features of the PCM systems like easy operation, redundant data storage, and indication of real flow profiles to assess measurement sites.
- A variety of sensor types suited for different pipe and channel applications and measurement ranges.
Similar to Liquid Level Estimation in Dynamic Condition using Kalman Filter (20)
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This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
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3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
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1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
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Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
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Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
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Liquid Level Estimation in Dynamic Condition using Kalman Filter
1. Sagar Kapale Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 8, ( Part -1) August 2016, pp.12-16
www.ijera.com 12 | P a g e
Liquid Level Estimation in Dynamic Condition using Kalman
Filter
Sagar Kapale, Sangita Bharakad
(P.G. student, Department of Electronics and tele-communication, Government college of Engineering,
Aurangabad)
(Asst. Professor, Department of Electronics and tele-communication, Government college of Engineering,
Aurangabad)
ABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to estimate true liquid level of tank from noisy measurements due to dynamic conditions
using kalman filter algorithm. We proposed kalman filter based approach to reduce noise in liquid level
measurement system due to effect like sloshing. The function of kalman filter is to reduce error in liquid level
measurement that produced from sensor resulting from effect like sloshing in dynamic environment. A prototype
model was constructed and placed in dynamic condition, level data was acquired using ultrasonic sensor to
verify the effectiveness of kalman filter. The tabulated data are shown for comparison of accuracy and error
analysis between both measurements with Kalman filter and statistical averaging filter. After several test with
different liquid levels and analysis of the recorded data, the technique shows the usefulness in liquid level
measurement application in dynamic condition.
Keywords: Estimation, Kalman filter, Dynamic, LabVIEW, Sloshing.
I. INTRODUCTION
Modern automotive vehicle in today world
are equipped with digital meters and gauges as well
as extra functionality that inform driver for different
conditions of vehicle. One of important function is
inform driver about fuel consummation of vehicle
and how distance vehicle can travel without refilling
fuel. However these additional functions and high
precision digital display need to rely on the accuracy
of level sensor. The performance of liquid level
measurement system in dynamic environment,
which mainly depends on level sensor, is becoming
concern for automotive vehicle industry and every
day vehicle user. The importance and need of level
sensor reliability in dynamic environment over long
period of time has led to the introduction of different
form of level sensors like motionless and contactless
level sensors. Different filtration techniques were
used for noise reduction in sensor due to different
environmental condition.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
There are different methods for sensing the
liquid level. Gauge is one of the simplest methods
for liquid level measurement, in this method there is
a gauge floating on liquid surface and the position of
gauge generally measured using angular transducer
or LVDT [1]. In a basic capacitive level sensing
system, capacitive sensors have two conducting
terminals that establish a capacitor. If the gap
between the two rods is fixed, the fluid level can be
determined by measuring the capacitance between
the conductors immersed in the liquid. Since the
capacitance is proportional to the dielectric constant,
fluids rising between the two parallel rods will
increase the net capacitance of the measuring cell as
a function of fluid height [3].Another contactless
method for liquid level measurement by using
ultrasonic sensor. An ultrasonic sensor sends a
package of ultrasonic signals. There is a reflection of
ultrasonic signal on the edge of liquid or tender
material. The controller measures the time in which
the emitted ultrasonic signal gets back to receiver
due to the refection from liquid level. By using the
acoustic velocity and the time measured from
emission to reception, the device determines the
container's filled-up state [4].
In dynamic environment like automotive
fuel tank or fuel tank of ship, whatever the method
used apart from level sensor accuracy, liquid level
measurements also get influenced by the sloshing
effect by the motion or acceleration of vehicle. In
case of automotive vehicle acceleration effect
produce the sloshing in fuel tank, this sloshing wave
have frequency proportional to the magnitude of
acceleration and other parameter like geometry of
tank and fluid level etc. [6].
To reduce the effect of sloshing on liquid
level measurement systems, varies mechanical
dampening methods consisting of baffles, statistical
averaging methods and electrical dampening
techniques have been introduced in past. However
most of these methods have higher cost of
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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production. The accuracy of these measurements of
liquid level in dynamic conditions is also not up to
the mark. The approaches like electrical dampening
and statistical averaging preliminarily perform
averaging on sensor acquired data (row data) over
some time frame. Averaging of row data over
variable time frame also used in past [8].To increase
accuracy of level sensing in dynamic conditions
vehicle speed from speed meter has been used to
determine the variable length of time frame for
averaging. When vehicle is moving with low speed
(static condition) averaging is done on small time
frame and at higher speed (dynamic condition)
averaging is done on large time frame. Despite using
a speed as reference for time frame averaging
method still have significant error in its
measurements.
Shiratsuchi [9] described approach using a
capacitive type fuel level sensing system that uses
three capacitors to determine the fuel surface plane
angle, and a fourth capacitor is used as reference
capacitor to reduce the variations in the dielectric
constant. The high cost associated with having many
capacitors makes this approach infeasible. Some
researchers also try reduce the effect sloshing using
neural network approach and support vector machine
[2][5],these approaches have complex structure and
hard to implement in controllers.
In this paper, kalman filter based approach
has been described that able to reduce effect of
dynamic environment on liquid level measurement
system. The approach described is applicable to any
type of level sensor. The main focus of described
approach is to eliminate effect of sloshing on liquid
level measurement system and parameter like
temperature and contamination which also effect
measurement system accuracy are not investigated.
Some sloshing compensation methods are compared
with results obtains by kalman fitter approach to
show its effectiveness over other.
III. MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Kalman filter have been used in verity of
application in field of engineering, rocket tracking,
robot tracking, control system and Business. Kalman
filter is an effective mathematical tool to estimate
the future state of system using physical system
model and related measurement and process error
variance parameter. Here in described approach uses
a simple 1D kalman filter for the sloshing
compensation. Figure 1 show an overview diagram
of proposed measurement system.
Fig1: Block diagram overview of proposed system
A. Ultrasonic Sensor
Ultrasonic sensors are low cost and
characterized to operate in different environmental
condition. Ultrasonic sensors can be used in
containers with pressure up to 2 mega Pascal;
temperature rang up to 100°C and depth up to 3
meter. Ultrasonic sensors also have high accuracy
with only 2% error in measurement [4]. The
ultrasonic sensor determines the liquid level by
transmitting echo pulses and measuring the return
time of the echoes reflected from surface of liquid. If
the velocity of sound in the medium is known then
the fluid level can be calculated using the following
equation
tvlevellevel ref .
2
1
Where levelref is the height of the tank, v is
the speed of the sound and t is the time-of-flight of
the ultrasonic echo. Working of ultrasonic sensor is
shown in Figure 2.
Fig.2: liquid level measurement using ultrasonic
transducer
B. Kalman filter
Rudolf kalman published his paper
describing idea of kalman filter in 1960.kalman filter
equation can be solved numerically using recursive
structure type that output depends only on current
state of input and output earlier . Kalman filter need
some initial values to start estimation process, filter
predict and adjust the parameter of system model
with each new iteration and new measurement. Filter
tries to reduce the estimation error by adjusting
parameters. Kalman filter is set of mathematical
equation that provides an efficient computational
tool to estimate the state of process, in way that
minimizes the mean square error. Kalman filter able
to supports estimation of past, present and even
future states of system. Kalman filter is one of best
optimal estimator for class of system with
(1)
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uncertainty. It also famous tool for finding true
estimation from the noisy sensor measurement data
[10].
Kalman filter estimate a process state at
given time by comparing mathematical model and
sensor acquired measurement data. Optimal
estimation done by weighting according to model,
measurement and process noise. State space model
for system represented as shown in equation 2 and
equation 3.
kkkk wuBxAx .. 1
xk is called an state vector consisting an state
variable at time step k. A is the state matrix, B is the
control matrix.
kkk vxHz .
zk is called the observation vector at time step k. It
concern with data which is known through
measurement.
wk and vk represent the state and measurement white
noise with known covariance matrices Q and R. H
is the matrix which relates the actual state with the
measurement Kalman filter is made up of two set of
equations
Fig.3: kalman filter iteration process
Predication (time update) equations
kkk uBxAx .. 1
k
T
kk QAPAP
1.
Correction (measurement update) equations
1
)...(.
RHPHHPK T
k
T
kk
).(
^^
kkkkk xHzkxx
kkk PHkIP )..(
kx
ˆ is priori estimation of state.
kP is error covariance matrix
Kk is kalman gain
To implement the filter, the measurement
noise covariance R is usually measured prior to
operation of the filter. To determine variance of the
measurement noise of the filter, several offline
samples of noise covariance, R must be tested and
analyzed. Another constant that needs to be set is
process covariance Q, which is difficult to be
estimated because of the lack of ability in observing
the process that we are estimating [10].
C. Real problem modeling
Analog value by the ultrasonic sensor is
numerical and scalar value. In this research single
ultrasonic sensor is used for level sensing therefore
single dimensional kalman filter is introduced. There
no control signal Uk involved. As we know the
sensor output is numerical constant the present value
does not change due to change in past value. Other
constant used, which H was set to 1 because it is
known that the measurement is composed of the
state value and noise.
Uk =0; A = 1; B = 1; H = 1
After knowing all the constant in kalman
filtering technique predication and correction
equations are simplified as shown in Figure 3. Initial
value for parameters in kalman filter
zk = sensor value, kx
ˆ = 0,
kP =100
Fig.4:1D kalman filter iteration process
IV. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
For experiment circular shape tank was
used with approximate height 27 cm and diameter is
20 cm. Ultrasonic sensor fitted at the center at top
cover of tank. Tank was filled with liquid above half
portion. Measurement system is investigated for
different level of liquid in tank. For sloshing effect
vibrations are artificially generated using moving
platform. Figure 5 shows overview of experimental
setup.
The level signal from the ultrasonic sensor
was acquired using the LabVIEW software and
arduino uno, which was connected to the ultrasonic
sensor on tank. LabVIEW (short for Laboratory
Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) is
a platform and development environment for a
visual programming language from National
Instruments. LabVIEW is mostly use for design
instrumentation and control system, here labVIEW
is use to visualize and filter data by designing
kalman filter.
(2)
(3)
Project state ahead (3)
Error covariance ahead (4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
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Fig.5: Experimental setup for level measurement
system
Arduino uno controller kit is used as data
acquisition card. The liquid level signal indicated by
the ultrasonic sensor output was sampled and
recorded at 10 Hz.
V. RESULTS
Three type of filter mean, median and
kalman is investigated for filtration separately.
Moving mean and moving median filter slide across
the row data provided by sensor and calculate
mean/median values in adjacent sample points [2]. If
x is the sampled raw signal of length N from sensor,
and w is size of the sliding window of the filter, then
the filtered output y using mean and median can be
obtained using Equation (1) and (2), respectively
y[i] = mean(x[i − 1], x[i − 2], . . . , x[i − w]),
for w ≤ i ≤ N (8)
y[i] = mean(x[1], x[2], . . . , x[i]),
for 1 ≤ i < w (9)
y[i] = median(x[i − 1], x[i − 2], . . . , x[i − w]),
w≤ i ≤ N (10)
y[i] = median(x[1], x[2], . . . , x[i]),
for 1 ≤ i < w (11)
The measurement noise variance R and
process noise variance Q has been set to a specific
value for output analysis of Kalman filter. Initial
values for the Kalman filter parameter are set as
shown in table.
Table 1: Filter Parameter
Sr.No. Kalman Filter
Parameter
Value
1 Pk 100
2 Xk 0
Fig6: Noisy data from ultrasonic sensor
Figure 6 shows a graph for noisy data
acquired using labVIEW. Data is sampled at rate 10
Hz. Data acquired in dynamic environment contain
large variation. Ultrasonic sensor reading for
sloshing liquid level contains large deviation from
actual value of liquid level even if ultrasonic sensor
has high accuracy.
Fig7: Response of Different Filter methods
Figure 7 shows output results obtained by
separately running filters on row data from
ultrasonic sensor in dynamic condition when actual
tank liquid level is 10 cm. Mean and maiden filter
are used with moving window of 20 samples.
Kalman filter is tune setting values of an Q and R.
Different values of Q and R were used and best
results obtained at Q=0.0001 and R=2, response is
shown in graph. The approach was also tested for
different liquid level in tank with some initial
parameters for kalman filter. Table 2 and Table 3
shows comparison with other two approaches in
terms of error in output of filter compare to actual
level of liquid.
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Table 2: Filtered values different methods
S.N. Atual
Tank
Level
(cm)
Moving
Mean
(cm)
Moving
Median
(cm)
Kalman
Filter
(cm)
1 10 8.9 10.5 9.9
2 12 12.3 12.4 12.15
3 18 17.4 18.5 17.8
4 19.5 19.9 20.1 19.4
Table 3: Error in filter output
Sr.no. Error in applied filter output
Mean Median Kalman
1 1.1 0.5 0.1
2 0.3 0.4 0.15
3 0.6 0.5 0.2
4 0.4 0.6 0.1
Compared to methods like statistical
avering method (mean/median), the proposed
method provides much less error in estimation also
variation in final output are also very low. It is
possible to get smoother values in statistical
averaging method by varying window size over
more samples but it need to store values equal to
number of samples in window, which required more
space in memory. While kalman filter only utilize
current sample for estimation due to which past
values does not need to store, which makes kalman
filter more suitable for controller application with
lower memory space. Kalman filter required initial
20-30 samples to converge for correct estimation. It
uses difference between expected value and sensor
value to converge to optimum estimation of state
.After Filter converges to optimum value, error in
estimation reduced to approximately 20% compare
to error in other filtration technique.
VI. CONCLUSION
It has been seen that The Kalman Filter is a
quite appropriate, feasible, mathematical device for
level measurement in dynamic environment. In
particular, it proved very useful to get highly
stabilized results in measuring levels of liquids
carried in tanks of mobile vehicles As it can obtain
quite simple equation forms when reduced to one-
dimensional matrix vector, it can be preferred in
micro-controller applications. The application is
independent and portable because mathematical
model or case equations belonging to the
measurement system are not used. That is to say, A
Kalman Filter optimized for level measurement
functions the same in the tanks of different
dimensions and levels.
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