This document describes the development of a seakeeping test and data processing system. The system includes two main procedures: wave generation and data processing. In wave generation, a linear filtering method is used to generate irregular waves that meet a target spectrum. In data processing, time domain and frequency domain methods are used to analyze experimental data on irregular waves, ship motions, and hull stresses. The system was tested using experiments on a ship model in irregular waves and showed accurate simulation and reliable data processing.
WaReS is a code developed by Marine Analytica to calculate loads and responses of floating structures. This memo presents an extract of the verification report.
The Analysis of EM Wave for Different Media by GPR TechniqueIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey conducted at Universiti Sains Malaysia to analyze electromagnetic wave signals in different subsurface media (asphalt, air, and concrete).
2) GPR data was collected using a 250 MHz antenna and processed using filtering and plotting software. Graphs of amplitude versus time showed differences in the period of the first wavelet for each medium.
3) The results found that air had the shortest period of 53.04 ns, indicating it had the highest velocity for EM wave propagation. Asphalt and concrete both had longer periods, corresponding to slower velocities.
This document summarizes a study on developing warning algorithms for the Istanbul earthquake early warning system. It discusses establishing threshold levels based on ground motion data from earthquakes within 100 km of Istanbul with magnitudes over 7.0. A new approach called the windowed bracketed cumulative average velocity (BCAV-W) is presented for setting rational threshold levels of 0.2 m/s, 0.4 m/s and 0.7 m/s for the system's three alarm levels. The study aims to improve the current system's capability through additional early warning algorithms.
The document discusses integrating European TCCON sites into the ICOS Research Infrastructure. TCCON provides complementary and reference data for satellite validation by measuring total column concentrations of greenhouse gases. Currently, European TCCON sites rely on short-term project funding, threatening continued operations. Integrating sites into ICOS could provide long-term funding and support from a proposed Atmospheric Column Thematic Centre. This would help preserve the network while centralizing quality control, data handling, and supporting innovation to improve satellite validation and calibration efforts. However, some open issues around instrumentation, data exchange, and national funding commitments would still need to be addressed.
1. Radar cross section (RCS) is a measure of how much electromagnetic energy is reflected back towards the radar from a target and is compared to that reflected from a smooth sphere of cross-sectional area 1 m^2. RCS depends on the target's physical geometry, composition, and orientation with respect to the radar.
2. For a sphere, RCS is equal to the sphere's physical cross-sectional area and is independent of frequency in the optical region where the wavelength is much smaller than the sphere's radius. In other regions, RCS can vary with frequency due to interference between specularly reflected waves and creeping waves that follow the sphere's surface.
3. Reducing the RCS of
This document discusses various methods for calculating radar cross section (RCS), including the finite difference time domain method, method of moments, geometrical optics, physical optics, geometrical theory of diffraction, and physical theory of diffraction. It provides overviews and comparisons of each method, explaining their approaches, assumptions, accuracy, and applicability to different target sizes and frequencies.
This project developed a control system to continuously measure the quality factor (Q) of mechanical oscillators. The system locks the phase between the oscillator's exciter and normal mode to π/2 and locks the oscillator's amplitude with control loops. This allows the rate of energy input to equal the rate of energy loss, from which Q can be determined. The author has successfully locked both phase and amplitude to within fractions of a percent on a test oscillator with Q of 5×104 ± 104 using PID controllers. The system shows promise for efficiently measuring Q of LIGO test masses with Qs up to 8×105 ±105. Current work is adapting the PID controllers for this higher-Q system.
WaReS is a code developed by Marine Analytica to calculate loads and responses of floating structures. This memo presents an extract of the verification report.
The Analysis of EM Wave for Different Media by GPR TechniqueIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey conducted at Universiti Sains Malaysia to analyze electromagnetic wave signals in different subsurface media (asphalt, air, and concrete).
2) GPR data was collected using a 250 MHz antenna and processed using filtering and plotting software. Graphs of amplitude versus time showed differences in the period of the first wavelet for each medium.
3) The results found that air had the shortest period of 53.04 ns, indicating it had the highest velocity for EM wave propagation. Asphalt and concrete both had longer periods, corresponding to slower velocities.
This document summarizes a study on developing warning algorithms for the Istanbul earthquake early warning system. It discusses establishing threshold levels based on ground motion data from earthquakes within 100 km of Istanbul with magnitudes over 7.0. A new approach called the windowed bracketed cumulative average velocity (BCAV-W) is presented for setting rational threshold levels of 0.2 m/s, 0.4 m/s and 0.7 m/s for the system's three alarm levels. The study aims to improve the current system's capability through additional early warning algorithms.
The document discusses integrating European TCCON sites into the ICOS Research Infrastructure. TCCON provides complementary and reference data for satellite validation by measuring total column concentrations of greenhouse gases. Currently, European TCCON sites rely on short-term project funding, threatening continued operations. Integrating sites into ICOS could provide long-term funding and support from a proposed Atmospheric Column Thematic Centre. This would help preserve the network while centralizing quality control, data handling, and supporting innovation to improve satellite validation and calibration efforts. However, some open issues around instrumentation, data exchange, and national funding commitments would still need to be addressed.
1. Radar cross section (RCS) is a measure of how much electromagnetic energy is reflected back towards the radar from a target and is compared to that reflected from a smooth sphere of cross-sectional area 1 m^2. RCS depends on the target's physical geometry, composition, and orientation with respect to the radar.
2. For a sphere, RCS is equal to the sphere's physical cross-sectional area and is independent of frequency in the optical region where the wavelength is much smaller than the sphere's radius. In other regions, RCS can vary with frequency due to interference between specularly reflected waves and creeping waves that follow the sphere's surface.
3. Reducing the RCS of
This document discusses various methods for calculating radar cross section (RCS), including the finite difference time domain method, method of moments, geometrical optics, physical optics, geometrical theory of diffraction, and physical theory of diffraction. It provides overviews and comparisons of each method, explaining their approaches, assumptions, accuracy, and applicability to different target sizes and frequencies.
This project developed a control system to continuously measure the quality factor (Q) of mechanical oscillators. The system locks the phase between the oscillator's exciter and normal mode to π/2 and locks the oscillator's amplitude with control loops. This allows the rate of energy input to equal the rate of energy loss, from which Q can be determined. The author has successfully locked both phase and amplitude to within fractions of a percent on a test oscillator with Q of 5×104 ± 104 using PID controllers. The system shows promise for efficiently measuring Q of LIGO test masses with Qs up to 8×105 ±105. Current work is adapting the PID controllers for this higher-Q system.
This document provides an overview of radar antennas and scanning techniques. It begins with introductions to basic antenna concepts such as near and far field regions, electromagnetic field equations, polarization, and antenna gain. It then discusses reflector antennas, which use mechanical scanning to direct the antenna beam. The document outlines additional topics that will be covered, including phased array antennas, frequency scanning, and hybrid scanning methods. The goal is to provide an introduction to different types of radar antennas and how they are used to direct electromagnetic energy.
This document summarizes a presentation on Frequency Scanning Interferometry (FSI) measurements. It describes the basic principles and components of FSI, including that it measures absolute distances by scanning the frequency of a laser and measuring phase changes. It also discusses sources of error like drift and techniques to reduce them. Applications mentioned include using FSI to monitor the CLIC and ATLAS experiments for high-precision dimensional control and shape monitoring.
Radar 2009 a 2 review of electromagnetism3Forward2025
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a professional association for electronic engineering and electrical engineering. Founded in 1963, IEEE has over 420,000 members in over 160 countries and publishes over 200 transactions, journals and magazines. IEEE sets standards for electric power, telecommunications, computer engineering, medical technology, biotechnology, and aerospace among other fields.
First and second order semi-Markov chains for wind speed modelingNozir Shokirov
An overview of Guglelmo D'Amic et al. paper titled as "First and second order semi-Markov chains for wind speed modeling" from the journal of Physica A 2012.
The document is a lecture on radar antennas and discusses various antenna scanning techniques. It begins with an overview of radar systems and the radar equation. It then covers antenna fundamentals and different types of mechanical, electronic and hybrid scanning antennas used in radar systems. The lecture outlines electronic scanning with phased arrays, including linear and planar array beamforming. It discusses controlling the array pattern through element excitation phases and amplitudes. Properties of linear arrays like beamwidth and sidelobes are also covered. The document provides examples of increasing array gain by adding more elements.
This document discusses power system operation and transmission line modeling. It provides an overview of the goals of developing simple transmission line models and gaining intuition about how line geometry affects the model parameters. It also reviews relevant magnetic concepts like magnetomotive force, magnetic field intensity, flux density, flux, inductance, and Faraday's law. Homework assignments and exam dates are provided.
This document presents the results of a study on modeling and simulating the transmission of daylight through circular light pipes with and without bends. It describes an analytical raytracing method developed to compute the transmission of collimated and diffuse light through such pipes. Experimental results on light transmission through straight pipes and pipes with bends are shown to match well with calculations. The paper also compares transmitted daylight illuminance values using measured versus generated sky luminance data as light inputs.
The document discusses ionospheric effects in SAR interferometry and methods for estimating the ionosphere's impact. It presents two main methods: the split spectrum method, which uses interferometric phase from lower and upper subbands, and the range group-phase delay method, which takes the difference between phase delay and group delay estimates. Theoretical analysis and experiments with ALOS-PALSAR data show that both methods can reliably estimate ionospheric phase screens given sufficient coherence, though the range group method has better statistical performance. Accounting for ionospheric effects will be important for precision InSAR at P-band and L-band and even higher frequencies.
This document discusses prelaunch testing and post-launch validation plans for the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) on the NPP satellite. Key points:
- ATMS underwent antenna pattern testing using a Compact Antenna Test Range to verify beam pointing accuracy and efficiency. Radiometric thermal vacuum testing validated the sensor meets specifications and defined calibration parameters.
- Post-launch calibration/validation has four phases: activation, checkout, intensive calibration/validation, and long-term trending. It involves evaluating sensor performance, verifying data records, tuning algorithms, and using techniques like satellite maneuvers and simultaneous nadir overpasses.
- Plans aim to fully characterize the sensor and produce high-quality
Towards the identification of the primary particle nature by the radiodetecti...Ahmed Ammar Rebai PhD
This document summarizes a study using the CODALEMA experiment to analyze radio signals from air showers and identify properties of primary cosmic ray particles. It describes:
1) Analyzing time delays of radio signals compared to a plane wavefront hypothesis and finding systematic deviations, indicating the wavefront is curved.
2) Developing a model to reconstruct the emission center position based on fitting time delays to a parabolic function dependent on curvature radius and antenna distances.
3) Applying the model to 450 selected CODALEMA events and comparing reconstructed shower core positions to results from other models, finding consistency.
This document summarizes a lecture on radar clutter. It discusses different types of clutter sources including ground, sea, rain, and birds. It provides details on the attributes of rain clutter such as how it is affected by wavelength and circular polarization. Graphs are presented showing reflectivity of rain and its Doppler spectrum. Bird clutter properties around radar cross-section, velocity, and density are also covered. The document aims to explain the impact of various clutter sources on radar performance.
1) Researchers experimentally generated and detected a radio beam with orbital angular momentum (OAM) and an electromagnetic vortex using a single antenna and spiral reflector.
2) Measurements of beam intensity and interference patterns between two receiving antennas matched numerical simulations and indicated the presence of a vortex and OAM in the radio beam.
3) The results demonstrate for the first time that OAM states can be imparted onto radio beams, opening applications in wireless communications, radar technology, and studies of plasma in astrophysical systems.
The document provides an outline for a presentation on acoustic emission phenomena and applications. It discusses the history of acoustic emission and describes acoustic emission instrumentation components like sensors, preamplifiers, and data acquisition systems. It also covers acoustic emission measurement principles, source location techniques, applications of acoustic emission in metals, and international acoustic emission standards. The document contains detailed information on various acoustic emission concepts.
Towards the identification of the primary particle nature by the radiodetecti...Ahmed Ammar Rebai PhD
To contact the author use ahmed.rebai2@gmail.com
Radio signal from extensive air showers EAS studied by the CODALEMA experiment have been detected by means of the classic short fat antennas array working in a slave trigger mode by a particle scintillator array. It is shown that the radio shower wavefront is curved with respect to the plane wavefront hypothesis. Then a new fitting model (parabolic model) is proposed to fit the radio signal time delay distributions in an event-by-event basis. This model take into account this wavefront property and several shower geometry parameters such as: the existence of an apparent localised radio-emission source located at a distance Rc from the antenna array of and the
radio shower core on the ground. Comparison of the outputs from this model and other reconstruction models used in the same experiment show: 1)- That the radio shower core is shifted from the particle shower core in a statistic analysis approach. 2)- The capability of the radiodetection method to reconstruct the curvature radius
with a statistical error less than 50 g.cm−2 . Finally a preliminary study of the primary particle nature has been performed based on a comparison between data and Xmax distribution from Aires Monte-Carlo simulations for the same set of events.
The document provides an overview of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It discusses the principles, instrumentation, and applications of both techniques. For GC-MS, it describes how the carrier gas transports compounds through the column where they are separated and then ionized before being detected by the mass spectrometer. For LC-MS, it explains how compounds are separated by the liquid mobile phase and HPLC column before being ionized, typically by electrospray ionization, and detected based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Common applications of these techniques include analysis of metabolites, toxins, pesticides, and other compounds.
Analysis of Time Diversity Gain for Satellite Communication Link based on Ku-...IJECEIAES
This paper reports a study on mitigation of propagation impairments on Earth–space communication links. The study uses time diversity as a technique for mitigating rain propagation impairment in order to rectify rain fade. Rain attenuation time series along earth-to-satellite link were measured for two years period at 12.255 GHz in Malaysia. The time diversity technique was applied on measured rain fade to investigate the level of possible improvement in system. Time diversity gain from measured oneminute rain attenuation for two years period was estimated and significant improvement was observed with different delays of time. These findings will be utilized as a useful tool for link designers to apply time diversity as a rain fade mitigation technique in Earth-satellite communications systems.
The document summarizes a study report on implementing a Kalman filter in Matlab. It begins with an introduction that provides motivation for programming a Kalman filter and previews the contents of the report. The document then provides general information on the Kalman filter, including definitions of the state vector, dynamic model, and observation model. It proceeds to describe the algorithms for the standard Kalman filter and extended Kalman filter, including the prediction and correction steps. An example application to estimating the orbit of a geostationary satellite is presented.
Radar 2009 a 14 airborne pulse doppler radarForward2025
This document provides an overview of a lecture on airborne pulse Doppler radar systems. It discusses different airborne radar missions including fighter/interceptor radars like those used on F-16s and F-35s, as well as airborne early warning radars like AWACS. It covers topics like airborne radar clutter, pulse Doppler modes using different PRFs, and examples of military radars and their specifications. The goal is to explain the considerations and techniques involved in airborne pulse Doppler radar system design and operation.
This document summarizes an experiment that measured wave forces on different shapes of wind turbine towers, including a cylinder, square rod, and actual tower model. Models were tested in a water tunnel using particle image velocimetry (PIV) to analyze velocity profiles and calculate drag forces via two methods: applying momentum conservation to a control volume around each model, and determining drag coefficients based on Reynolds number and model geometry. Four layers within the control volume were analyzed separately to obtain velocity measurements at different depths.
This document presents a new technique called the Modified Deconvolution Technique (MDT) to reconstruct instantaneous heavy duty vehicle emissions from measured data. MDT models the emissions analyzer system using a gamma probability density function to account for time dispersion effects. It uses fast Fourier transforms to divide the analyzer output signal by the impulse response function to estimate the original instantaneous emissions signal. The technique was tested on emissions data from a transit bus and showed improved correlation between reconstructed emissions and engine power compared to an earlier Differential Coefficients Method. The new technique provides a more accurate way to relate emissions to operating conditions like vehicle speed and acceleration.
1) The document discusses using discrete wavelet transforms to analyze vibration signals from roller bearings to detect faults. It proposes a new feature - summing the squared wavelet decomposition coefficients at each level - and compares it to the traditional energy-based feature.
2) An experiment is described where vibration signals are collected from a test rig under normal conditions and with introduced inner race, outer race, and combined faults. The signals are decomposed using discrete wavelet transforms.
3) Features are then extracted from the wavelet decompositions using both the proposed summed squared coefficient feature and the traditional energy-based feature. A decision tree is used to classify the features and determine which feature performs better at detecting the faults.
This document provides an overview of radar antennas and scanning techniques. It begins with introductions to basic antenna concepts such as near and far field regions, electromagnetic field equations, polarization, and antenna gain. It then discusses reflector antennas, which use mechanical scanning to direct the antenna beam. The document outlines additional topics that will be covered, including phased array antennas, frequency scanning, and hybrid scanning methods. The goal is to provide an introduction to different types of radar antennas and how they are used to direct electromagnetic energy.
This document summarizes a presentation on Frequency Scanning Interferometry (FSI) measurements. It describes the basic principles and components of FSI, including that it measures absolute distances by scanning the frequency of a laser and measuring phase changes. It also discusses sources of error like drift and techniques to reduce them. Applications mentioned include using FSI to monitor the CLIC and ATLAS experiments for high-precision dimensional control and shape monitoring.
Radar 2009 a 2 review of electromagnetism3Forward2025
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a professional association for electronic engineering and electrical engineering. Founded in 1963, IEEE has over 420,000 members in over 160 countries and publishes over 200 transactions, journals and magazines. IEEE sets standards for electric power, telecommunications, computer engineering, medical technology, biotechnology, and aerospace among other fields.
First and second order semi-Markov chains for wind speed modelingNozir Shokirov
An overview of Guglelmo D'Amic et al. paper titled as "First and second order semi-Markov chains for wind speed modeling" from the journal of Physica A 2012.
The document is a lecture on radar antennas and discusses various antenna scanning techniques. It begins with an overview of radar systems and the radar equation. It then covers antenna fundamentals and different types of mechanical, electronic and hybrid scanning antennas used in radar systems. The lecture outlines electronic scanning with phased arrays, including linear and planar array beamforming. It discusses controlling the array pattern through element excitation phases and amplitudes. Properties of linear arrays like beamwidth and sidelobes are also covered. The document provides examples of increasing array gain by adding more elements.
This document discusses power system operation and transmission line modeling. It provides an overview of the goals of developing simple transmission line models and gaining intuition about how line geometry affects the model parameters. It also reviews relevant magnetic concepts like magnetomotive force, magnetic field intensity, flux density, flux, inductance, and Faraday's law. Homework assignments and exam dates are provided.
This document presents the results of a study on modeling and simulating the transmission of daylight through circular light pipes with and without bends. It describes an analytical raytracing method developed to compute the transmission of collimated and diffuse light through such pipes. Experimental results on light transmission through straight pipes and pipes with bends are shown to match well with calculations. The paper also compares transmitted daylight illuminance values using measured versus generated sky luminance data as light inputs.
The document discusses ionospheric effects in SAR interferometry and methods for estimating the ionosphere's impact. It presents two main methods: the split spectrum method, which uses interferometric phase from lower and upper subbands, and the range group-phase delay method, which takes the difference between phase delay and group delay estimates. Theoretical analysis and experiments with ALOS-PALSAR data show that both methods can reliably estimate ionospheric phase screens given sufficient coherence, though the range group method has better statistical performance. Accounting for ionospheric effects will be important for precision InSAR at P-band and L-band and even higher frequencies.
This document discusses prelaunch testing and post-launch validation plans for the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) on the NPP satellite. Key points:
- ATMS underwent antenna pattern testing using a Compact Antenna Test Range to verify beam pointing accuracy and efficiency. Radiometric thermal vacuum testing validated the sensor meets specifications and defined calibration parameters.
- Post-launch calibration/validation has four phases: activation, checkout, intensive calibration/validation, and long-term trending. It involves evaluating sensor performance, verifying data records, tuning algorithms, and using techniques like satellite maneuvers and simultaneous nadir overpasses.
- Plans aim to fully characterize the sensor and produce high-quality
Towards the identification of the primary particle nature by the radiodetecti...Ahmed Ammar Rebai PhD
This document summarizes a study using the CODALEMA experiment to analyze radio signals from air showers and identify properties of primary cosmic ray particles. It describes:
1) Analyzing time delays of radio signals compared to a plane wavefront hypothesis and finding systematic deviations, indicating the wavefront is curved.
2) Developing a model to reconstruct the emission center position based on fitting time delays to a parabolic function dependent on curvature radius and antenna distances.
3) Applying the model to 450 selected CODALEMA events and comparing reconstructed shower core positions to results from other models, finding consistency.
This document summarizes a lecture on radar clutter. It discusses different types of clutter sources including ground, sea, rain, and birds. It provides details on the attributes of rain clutter such as how it is affected by wavelength and circular polarization. Graphs are presented showing reflectivity of rain and its Doppler spectrum. Bird clutter properties around radar cross-section, velocity, and density are also covered. The document aims to explain the impact of various clutter sources on radar performance.
1) Researchers experimentally generated and detected a radio beam with orbital angular momentum (OAM) and an electromagnetic vortex using a single antenna and spiral reflector.
2) Measurements of beam intensity and interference patterns between two receiving antennas matched numerical simulations and indicated the presence of a vortex and OAM in the radio beam.
3) The results demonstrate for the first time that OAM states can be imparted onto radio beams, opening applications in wireless communications, radar technology, and studies of plasma in astrophysical systems.
The document provides an outline for a presentation on acoustic emission phenomena and applications. It discusses the history of acoustic emission and describes acoustic emission instrumentation components like sensors, preamplifiers, and data acquisition systems. It also covers acoustic emission measurement principles, source location techniques, applications of acoustic emission in metals, and international acoustic emission standards. The document contains detailed information on various acoustic emission concepts.
Towards the identification of the primary particle nature by the radiodetecti...Ahmed Ammar Rebai PhD
To contact the author use ahmed.rebai2@gmail.com
Radio signal from extensive air showers EAS studied by the CODALEMA experiment have been detected by means of the classic short fat antennas array working in a slave trigger mode by a particle scintillator array. It is shown that the radio shower wavefront is curved with respect to the plane wavefront hypothesis. Then a new fitting model (parabolic model) is proposed to fit the radio signal time delay distributions in an event-by-event basis. This model take into account this wavefront property and several shower geometry parameters such as: the existence of an apparent localised radio-emission source located at a distance Rc from the antenna array of and the
radio shower core on the ground. Comparison of the outputs from this model and other reconstruction models used in the same experiment show: 1)- That the radio shower core is shifted from the particle shower core in a statistic analysis approach. 2)- The capability of the radiodetection method to reconstruct the curvature radius
with a statistical error less than 50 g.cm−2 . Finally a preliminary study of the primary particle nature has been performed based on a comparison between data and Xmax distribution from Aires Monte-Carlo simulations for the same set of events.
The document provides an overview of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It discusses the principles, instrumentation, and applications of both techniques. For GC-MS, it describes how the carrier gas transports compounds through the column where they are separated and then ionized before being detected by the mass spectrometer. For LC-MS, it explains how compounds are separated by the liquid mobile phase and HPLC column before being ionized, typically by electrospray ionization, and detected based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Common applications of these techniques include analysis of metabolites, toxins, pesticides, and other compounds.
Analysis of Time Diversity Gain for Satellite Communication Link based on Ku-...IJECEIAES
This paper reports a study on mitigation of propagation impairments on Earth–space communication links. The study uses time diversity as a technique for mitigating rain propagation impairment in order to rectify rain fade. Rain attenuation time series along earth-to-satellite link were measured for two years period at 12.255 GHz in Malaysia. The time diversity technique was applied on measured rain fade to investigate the level of possible improvement in system. Time diversity gain from measured oneminute rain attenuation for two years period was estimated and significant improvement was observed with different delays of time. These findings will be utilized as a useful tool for link designers to apply time diversity as a rain fade mitigation technique in Earth-satellite communications systems.
The document summarizes a study report on implementing a Kalman filter in Matlab. It begins with an introduction that provides motivation for programming a Kalman filter and previews the contents of the report. The document then provides general information on the Kalman filter, including definitions of the state vector, dynamic model, and observation model. It proceeds to describe the algorithms for the standard Kalman filter and extended Kalman filter, including the prediction and correction steps. An example application to estimating the orbit of a geostationary satellite is presented.
Radar 2009 a 14 airborne pulse doppler radarForward2025
This document provides an overview of a lecture on airborne pulse Doppler radar systems. It discusses different airborne radar missions including fighter/interceptor radars like those used on F-16s and F-35s, as well as airborne early warning radars like AWACS. It covers topics like airborne radar clutter, pulse Doppler modes using different PRFs, and examples of military radars and their specifications. The goal is to explain the considerations and techniques involved in airborne pulse Doppler radar system design and operation.
This document summarizes an experiment that measured wave forces on different shapes of wind turbine towers, including a cylinder, square rod, and actual tower model. Models were tested in a water tunnel using particle image velocimetry (PIV) to analyze velocity profiles and calculate drag forces via two methods: applying momentum conservation to a control volume around each model, and determining drag coefficients based on Reynolds number and model geometry. Four layers within the control volume were analyzed separately to obtain velocity measurements at different depths.
This document presents a new technique called the Modified Deconvolution Technique (MDT) to reconstruct instantaneous heavy duty vehicle emissions from measured data. MDT models the emissions analyzer system using a gamma probability density function to account for time dispersion effects. It uses fast Fourier transforms to divide the analyzer output signal by the impulse response function to estimate the original instantaneous emissions signal. The technique was tested on emissions data from a transit bus and showed improved correlation between reconstructed emissions and engine power compared to an earlier Differential Coefficients Method. The new technique provides a more accurate way to relate emissions to operating conditions like vehicle speed and acceleration.
1) The document discusses using discrete wavelet transforms to analyze vibration signals from roller bearings to detect faults. It proposes a new feature - summing the squared wavelet decomposition coefficients at each level - and compares it to the traditional energy-based feature.
2) An experiment is described where vibration signals are collected from a test rig under normal conditions and with introduced inner race, outer race, and combined faults. The signals are decomposed using discrete wavelet transforms.
3) Features are then extracted from the wavelet decompositions using both the proposed summed squared coefficient feature and the traditional energy-based feature. A decision tree is used to classify the features and determine which feature performs better at detecting the faults.
This document summarizes the evolution of experimental modal analysis techniques for civil engineering structures. It discusses the progression from input-output modal identification, which relies on controlled force excitation and measurement of the response, to output-only modal identification, which analyzes ambient vibration response alone. A variety of equipment for exciting large civil structures is described, from eccentric mass vibrators to servo-hydraulic shakers. The document also provides an overview of common input-output modal identification methods in both the time and frequency domains.
This document discusses studies and upgrades on the C70 cyclotron at the Arronax facility in France. It summarizes that:
1) The cyclotron has increased its operating hours from 4,400 hours in 2015 and is used for a wide range of experiments and radioisotope productions requiring beam intensities from pA to 350 μA and energies from 32-70.3 MeV.
2) Machine studies have included magnet scans to characterize performance and minimize losses, and first emittance measurements using collimators indicate a need for improved beam diagnostics.
3) Developments include a pulsed beam system, expanded EPICS control system, and upgrades to beamlines, stations, and cyclotron environment
The SpaceDrive Project - First Results on EMDrive and Mach-Effect ThrustersSérgio Sacani
Propellantless propulsion is believed to be the best option for interstellar travel. However, photon rockets or solar sails have thrusts so low that maybe only nano-scaled spacecraft may reach the next star within our lifetime using very high-power laser beams. Following into the footsteps of earlier breakthrough propulsion programs, we are investigating different concepts based on non-classical/revolutionary propulsion ideas that claim to be at least an order of magnitude more efficient in producing thrust compared to photon rockets. Our intention is to develop an excellent research infrastructure to test new ideas and measure thrusts and/or artefacts with high confidence to determine if a concept works and if it does how to scale it up. At present, we are focusing on two possible revolutionary concepts: The EMDrive and the Mach-Effect Thruster. The first concept uses microwaves in a truncated cone-shaped cavity that is claimed to produce thrust. Although it is not clear on which theoretical basis this can work, several experimental tests have been reported in the literature, which warrants a closer examination. The second concept is believed to generate mass fluctuations in a piezo-crystal stack that creates non-zero time-averaged thrusts. Here we are reporting first results of our improved thrust balance as well as EMDrive and Mach-Effect thruster models. Special attention is given to the investigation and identification of error sources that cause false thrust signals. Our results show that the magnetic interaction from not sufficiently shielded cables or thrusters are a major factor that needs to be taken into account for proper μN thrust measurements for these type of devices.
The document discusses the controversy around purchasing a dedicated HDTV antenna. While they are marketed as being needed to receive high definition broadcasts, in reality all an antenna does is receive radio frequencies, including those used for HDTV broadcasts. A regular TV antenna can receive both standard definition and HDTV broadcasts as long as it covers the VHF and UHF bands. There is no technical need to purchase a specialized "HDTV antenna" to receive HD channels over the air. The document questions the value and necessity of paying more for an antenna marketed specifically for HDTV rather than a regular TV antenna.
A simple faulted phase-based fault distance estimation algorithm for a loop d...IJEECSIAES
This paper presents a new fault distance estimation algorithm for loop distribution systems that uses traveling wave theory. The algorithm filters signals to remove noise, transforms the signals to modal components to avoid mutual effects, and uses discrete wavelet transforms to extract arrival times. It then identifies the faulted phase and estimates the fault distance based on the time delay between the zero mode and faulted phase-based aerial mode components. Simulations test the algorithm on a modified IEEE 14-bus test system under various fault conditions and noise levels. Results show the algorithm can accurately estimate fault distance up to 99.7% with 30dB SNR.
A simple faulted phase-based fault distance estimation algorithm for a loop d...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper presents a new fault distance estimation algorithm for loop distribution systems that uses traveling wave theory. The algorithm filters signals to remove noise, transforms the signals to modal components to avoid mutual effects, and uses discrete wavelet transforms to extract detail coefficients. It then identifies the faulted phase and estimates fault distance based on the time delay between the zero mode and faulted phase-based aerial mode detail coefficients. Simulations test the algorithm on a modified IEEE 14-bus test system under various fault conditions and noise levels. Results show the algorithm can accurately estimate fault distance up to 99.7% with 30dB SNR.
This document provides an introduction to analyzing signals in the time, frequency, and modal domains. It discusses:
1) The time domain directly records how a parameter varies over time, while the frequency domain represents a signal as the sum of its sine wave components.
2) Analyzing signals in the frequency domain can make it easier to detect small signals masked by large ones, as components are separated. Instruments like dynamic signal analyzers are useful for frequency domain analysis.
3) Examples show that a sine wave has a single frequency component, while square waves and transients have multiple components. The spectrum of an impulse is flat, containing all frequencies.
The document compares different algorithms for detecting voltage sags and swells in power systems. It describes RMS voltage detection, peak voltage detection, and discrete Fourier transform (DFT) methods. RMS detection uses historical data so it can be slow for mitigation. Peak detection requires only single-phase values but DFT is best for steady signals and not fast transients. The paper proposes a novel real-time algorithm to rapidly detect voltage sags and compares it to existing methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Digital Fuel Meter with the Help of Ultrason...IRJET Journal
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Development of Seakeeping Test and Data Processing System
1. ISSN (e): 2250 – 3005 || Vol, 05 || Issue, 01 || January – 2015 ||
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER)
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 33
Development of Seakeeping Test and Data Processing System
Fei Yu-Ting1
, HouGuo-Xiang1*
, Wang Kai1
, Zhang Yao1
School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
430074, P.R.China
I. INTRODUCTION
Wave loadsare the main external loads of ship and ocean structure, which directly affects their sailing,
performance and operation in the sea. At present, we mainly predict ship and ocean structure’s seakeeping
performance in real ocean waves through experiment[1, 2]. In the laboratory, waves can be divided into regular,
irregular and short-crested wave [3]. Irregular wave test of ship and marine structures mainly includes the
following contents: the simulation of irregular waves; the movement of marine structures on wave; collection and
analysis of test data. At present, the regular wave linear superposition and energy halving of ocean wave spectrum
method are mainly adopted to simulate two-dimensional irregular waves. Luo Chao-lin and He Qi-lian have
designed a set of multi-directional irregular wave generator system using the regular wave linear superposition[4].
Using the method of equal energy, Jiang Man-song has developed an AC servo 16 cells rocker-flap wave making
system [5]. The analytical methods of test data include spectrum analysis [6, 7] and statistical analysis [8].In this
paper, we develop a seakeeping test and data processing system combining the modern sensor technology, data
acquisition technology, and computer technology, which adopts the linear filtering method and spectrum analysis
to produce two-dimensional irregular waves and deal with the experimental data.
Simulation of two-dimensional irregular waves
The basic principles of using linear filtering method to generate two dimensional irregular waves are
expressed in this section. In order to generate wave signals meeting the requirements, we make a white noise with
Foundation item: Project(51475179) is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China
Corresponding author: HouGuo-xiang, Prof.; Tel: +8615327194313; Email: houguoxiang@163.com
ABSTRACT:
A seakeeping test and data processing system is developed for towing tanks. This system includes
two main procedures: wave-generating and data processing. In the wave-generating procedure, the
linear filtering method is used to generate irregular waveswith the full consideration of the actual
efficiency of the machine and the compensation for the actual stroke of piston. Furthermore, groups of
piston motion data meeting the requirements of target spectrum are afforded. To ensure the normal
operation of a wave machine, the above data within the range of the rated strokes of piston should be
chosen. In the data processing procedure, the correlation function method is used to handle the time
domain signals which contain irregular waves, ship swaying motion, hull stress and so on. Then the
spectrum curve of these test data can be drawn and some statistical values can be obtained based on
the narrow-band spectrum theory. According to these statistical values, the frequency response function
can be derived, and the predicted value of ship motion in irregular waves can be calculated. By
comparing the predicted and experimental results, the reliability of this system can be evaluated. On
the basis of the movement of a boat in irregular waves and a series of dynamic responding experiments,
this paper proves that thedeveloped system has many advantages, such as succinctness, completeness,
accurate data process, reliability, accurate simulation from actual spectrum to target spectrum and so
on.
KEY WORD: Wave generator; irregular wave; seakeeping test; software
2. Development of Seakeeping Test…
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 34
normal distribution to get through a designed filter according to the given target spectrum in advance. Then we
could simulate any number of irregular wave signals meeting the requirements of target spectrum on the computer,
which can control the movement of the wave machine and without periodically repeating two-dimensional
irregular waves [9]. For a fixed point, the wave high changing with time can be expressed as:
(1-1)
where representsthe wave amplitude of the component wave; represents the circular frequency of the
component wave; represents the time; represents initial phase of component wave, which is
uniformly distributed random numbers within . Changing the equation (1-1) in discrete form with equal
time interval, we obtain
(1-2)
where represents the time interval; is the wave signal points determined by the
duration of wave, representsthe number of component waves within spectrum scope; represents the
frequency in the frequency increment. To prevent cyclical repeat of two-dimensional irregular wave signal, its
value can be calculated by the following equation.
(1-3)
where is arandom number within stands for the frequency increment,which is constant when using the
frequency to divide the whole spectrum range.According to the theory of waves, the amplitude of irregular wave
and wave spectrum has the following relationship:
(1-4)
where = .
According to the Eq. (1-2) and the transfer function of wave machine , the irregular wave signals
can be expressed as:
(1-5)
where
(1-6)
where represents the wave length. This transfer function is obtained by the way of experiment. For different wave
tanks, their transfer functionsare not the same.
The main advantages of this method is that we can fully consider the actual efficiency of wave machine, and
can make some compensation for the actual stroke of electric cylinder, which will generate the actual irregular
waves signal meeting the requirements of the target spectrum.
II. PROCESSING METHOD OF TEST DATA
2.1.The time domain processing method
The time domain analysis is the most basic method to process the test date of the seakeeping experiment. It
not only reflects the essence of the problem, but also verifies the frequency domain analysis of seakeeping test.
Through the experimental data collected from various channels, this system visually displaysthe spectrums of
irregular waves, ship swaying motion and hull stress in the time domain. In addition, sincethe test data collected
by one experiment is insufficient, this system provides a function to link test data from experiments with same
condition. To exclude the interference of high frequency concussion signal, the system also provides high
frequency filtering and smoothing function. Moreover, this system provides some auxiliary function to eliminate
the unrepresentative data.
According to the time domain curves and the test data, we can examine the test results and obtain the various
statistics results of irregular waves, the ship swaying motions and the hull stresses.
2.2.The Frequency processing method
3. Development of Seakeeping Test…
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 35
Using the correlation function, we can convert the time domain data collected by sensors into oscillation
spectrum curve in frequency domain and displays this curve on the screen.According to the theory of narrow band
spectrum, the statistics value and the amplitude response function of amplitude can be calculated. The basic theory
of correlation function can be expressed as follows:
Considering the test data collected by sensors with equal time intervals as a sample, the correlation
function can be solved through the following formula [10]:
(2-1)
where , , represents respectively the simple size, maximum slip multiplied
and sampling interval. is the experimental data at time sequence of . Since the covariance function is an
even function, one-sided spectrum of the volatility process can be obtained by the numerical integration of the
following formula.
(2-2)
There is obvious vibrating of the spectrum curve obtained directly from the above method. The spectral
values are not very accurate. Therefore, to improve the accuracy, in this system, we uses the Hamming method to
fair this spectrum curve, which means we multiplies the correlationfunction by a weighting function .
(2-3)
where .
III. SEAKEEPING EXPERIMENT
3.1.Main parameters
The main parameters of the real ship and model are shown in table 3-1.
Main dimension Symbol Unit Model Real ship
Overall Length 3.000 60
Waterline length 2.844 56.888
Breadth 0.420 8.4
Draft 0.102 2.046
Drainage volume 0.0489 400
Wet area 1.085 434
Scale 20
3.2. Spectrum of experiment
In this experiment, we select the limited wind area spectrum which was recommended by the 15Th
international towing tank conference (ITTC) as the given target spectrum. Its expression can be written as.
(3-1)
where represent the wave spectrum of 12thITTC, ,
.
Before the experiment we need to verify the accuracy of the waves generated by our wave machine. As
shown in 3.1, the blue and red curves represent the target spectrum and generated spectrum obtained from our
wave machine respectively.Fig 3.1shows that the generated wave fully satisfy the experimental requirements.
4. Development of Seakeeping Test…
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 36
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
ω
S(ω)
Target spectrum
Generated spectrum
Figure3.1. Target spectrum v. s. Generated spectrum
3.3. Data processing
In this experiment, the speed of model is , which is corresponding to of the real ship.The
classification of wave is IV, the significant wave heigh , characteristic period s. Besides in
this experiment, we mainly collect the data ofheaving and acceleration and adopt two ways the time domain
processing and frequency processing method to deal with the data. Fig 3.2 shows the heaving curve of model in
time domain, and its spectrum curve frequency is shown in Fig 3.3.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Time(s)
Heaving(mm)
Heaving Curve
Figure3.3. The heaving curve of model in time domain
5. Development of Seakeeping Test…
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 37
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
ω
S(ω)
Heaving spectrum
Fgiure3.3 The spectrum curve of model
The acceleration curves of model in time domain and its spectrum curve are shown in Fig 3.4 and Fig3.5
respectively.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-1.4
-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Time(s)
Acceleration(g)
Bow
Mid-ship
Stern
Figure3.4. The acceleration curve of model
6. Development of Seakeeping Test…
www.ijceronline.com Open Access Journal Page 38
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
ω
S(ω) Bow
Mid-ship
Stern
Figure3.5 The spectrum curve of modle
In figure 3.4 and 3.5, the red, yellow and blue curves respectively represents the acceleration of model
on the bow, mid-ship and stern.
3.4. Experimental result
Before the irregular wave experiment, we have carried out the regular wave experiment of model. Basis on
the data of the regular wave test, we forecasted the irregular wave result. In table 3-2, the forecast value and
experimental value are shown.
Table 3-2 .Forecast value and Irregular experimental value
Forecast project
Significant shaking value
Heaving(m)
Acceleration
Bow (g) Mid-ship(g) Stern(g)
18kn
Irregular experimental value 0.796 0.552 0.170 0.233
forecast values of regular wave 0.764 0.507 0.155 0.250
IV. CONCLUSION
Fromtable 3-2, theforecast value is very close to the irregular experimental value, whichindicates that it is
reasonable to adopt these basic method and principle, and this system can be used for our wave machine.In
addition, this system can also produce some commonly used spectrum in the seakeeping test, such as12th ITTC
standard spectrum, north Atlantic spectrum, JONSWAP spectrum, China ocean wave spectrum. Because the
system provides 16 data channels, we can visually select the data processing channels to set the minimum and
maximum coordinate value for each channel.
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[4] Luo Chao-lin, Design of Multi-directional Irregular Wave Generator System Monitoring Software. Pearl River, 2011(03): P.56-59.
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