Loaders are system software programs that perform the loading function of placing programs into memory for execution. The fundamental processes of loaders include allocation of memory space, linking of object programs, relocation to allow loading at different addresses, and loading the object program into memory. There are different types of loaders such as compile-and-go loaders, absolute loaders, and linking loaders. Compile-and-go loaders directly place assembled code into memory locations for execution, while absolute loaders place machine code onto cards to later load into memory. Linking loaders allow for multiple program segments and external references between segments through the use of symbol tables and relocation information.
Description of all types of Loaders from System programming subjects.
eg. Compile-Go Loader
General Loader
Absolute Loader
Relocating Loader
Practical Relocating Loader
Linking Loader
Linker Vs. Loader
general relocatable loader
Topics Covered:
Linker: Types of Linker:
Loaders : Types of loader
Example of Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Object Module
Difference between Static and Dynamic Binding
Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Program Relocatability
Description of all types of Loaders from System programming subjects.
eg. Compile-Go Loader
General Loader
Absolute Loader
Relocating Loader
Practical Relocating Loader
Linking Loader
Linker Vs. Loader
general relocatable loader
Topics Covered:
Linker: Types of Linker:
Loaders : Types of loader
Example of Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Object Module
Difference between Static and Dynamic Binding
Translator, Link and Load Time Address
Program Relocatability
loader and linker are both system software which capable of loads the object code, assembled by an assembler, (loader) and link a different kind of block of a huge program. both software works at the bottom of the operation (i.e. closer to the hardware). in fact, both have machine dependent and independent features.
Introduction, Macro Definition and Call, Macro Expansion, Nested Macro Calls, Advanced Macro Facilities, Design Of a Macro Preprocessor, Design of a Macro Assembler, Functions of a Macro Processor, Basic Tasks of a Macro Processor, Design Issues of Macro Processors, Features, Macro Processor Design Options, Two-Pass Macro Processors, One-Pass Macro Processors
presentation on design of a 2 pass assembler, and variant I and variant II in the subject of systems programming. especially helpful to GTU students, CSE and IT engineers
Modern processors are faster than memory
So Processors may waste time for accessing memory
Its purpose is to make the main memory appear to the processor to be much faster than it actually is
loader and linker are both system software which capable of loads the object code, assembled by an assembler, (loader) and link a different kind of block of a huge program. both software works at the bottom of the operation (i.e. closer to the hardware). in fact, both have machine dependent and independent features.
Introduction, Macro Definition and Call, Macro Expansion, Nested Macro Calls, Advanced Macro Facilities, Design Of a Macro Preprocessor, Design of a Macro Assembler, Functions of a Macro Processor, Basic Tasks of a Macro Processor, Design Issues of Macro Processors, Features, Macro Processor Design Options, Two-Pass Macro Processors, One-Pass Macro Processors
presentation on design of a 2 pass assembler, and variant I and variant II in the subject of systems programming. especially helpful to GTU students, CSE and IT engineers
Modern processors are faster than memory
So Processors may waste time for accessing memory
Its purpose is to make the main memory appear to the processor to be much faster than it actually is
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
4. LOADERS
o A loader is a system software program that performs the loading function.
o Loading is the process of placing the program into memory for execution.
o Loader is responsible for initiating the execution of the process.
5. Fundamental process of Loaders (Functions of Loaders)
Allocation : the space for program is allocated in the main memory,
by calculating the size of the program.
Linking - which combines two or more separate object programs and
supplies the necessary information.
Relocation – modifies the object program so that it can be loaded at an
address different from the location originally specified.
Loading – brings the object program into memory for execution.
7. Answer : Bootstrap Loader
A bootstrap loader is a computer program that loads the main operating
system or runtime environment for the computer after completion of self-
tests.
For Example ::::::::
Old generation’s Operating Systems
8. Types of Loaders
Compile and go loader
Absolute Loader
Linking Loader
9. COMPILE-AND-GO LOADER
In compile and go loader is a link editor/program loader in which
the assembler itself places the assembled instruction directly into the
designated memory locations for execution.
The instruction are read line by line, its machine code is obtained and it is
directly put in the main memory at some known address.
After completion of assembly process, it assigns the starting address of the
program to the location counter.
Examples of compile-and-go systems are WATFOR, PL/C, and Dartmouth BASIC.
10. The assembler is first executed and it, when it is finished, causes
a branch straight to the first instruction of the program.
There is no stop between the compilation, link editing, loading, and execution
of the program.
It is also called an assemble-and-go or a load-and-go system.
11. ADVANTAGES OF COMPILE-AND-GO LOADERS
They are simple and easier to implement.
No additional routines are required to load the
compiled code into the memory.
12. DISADVANTAGES OF COMPILE-AND-GO
LOADERS
There is wastage in memory space due to the presence of the assembler.
There is no production of .obj file, the source code is directly converted to
executable form. Hence even though there is no modification in the source
program it needs to be assembled and executed each time.
13. ABSOLUTE LOADERS
In this scheme the assembler outputs the machine language translation of the
source program in almost the same form as in the “Compile and go” , except that
the data is punched on cards. Here it will directly placed in memory .
The loader in turn simply accepts the machine language text and places it into
core at the location prescribed by the assembler.
15. the end of MAIN is overlap with the start of SQRT. It would then necessary to
assign SQRT to a new location by changing its START.
There are four functions involving in the Absolute loading
Allocation
Linking
Relocation
Loading
16. DIRECT-LINKING LOADERS
o A direct-linking loader is a relocatable loader.
o It has advantage of allowing programmer multiple
procedure segments and multiple data segments.
o Complete freedom in referencing data or instructions
contained in other segments, provides flexible intersegment
referencing.
17. o The assembler should give the following information to the loader:
1. The length of the object code segment.
2. A list of external symbols (could be used by other segments).
3. List of External symbols(The segment is using).
4. Information about address constants.
5. Machine code translation of the source program.
18. o The assembler generates following types of cards:
o ESD
o TXT
o RLD
o END
1. ESD -
External symbol dictionary contains information about all
symbols that are defined in the program but referenced
somewhere. It contains
· Reference no
· Symbol Name
· TYPE
· Relative Location
· Length
19. o The assembler generates following types of cards:
o ESD
o TXT
o RLD
o END
1. ESD -
External symbol dictionary contains information about all
symbols that are defined in the program but referenced
somewhere. It contains
· Reference no
· Symbol Name
· TYPE
· Relative Location
· Length
20. o TYPE:
SD - Segment Definition.
LD - Local Definition.
ER - External Reference.
2. TXT –
Text card contains actual object code.(translated
source code).
3. RLD –
Relocation and linkage directory contains
information about locations in the program whose
content depend on the address at which program is
placed.
21. o The RLD cards contains information:
· Location of the constant that need relocation
· By what it has to be changed
· The operation to be performed
oThe Format of RLD
· Reference No
· Symbol
· Flag
· Length
· Relative Location
4. END –
Indicates the end of the program and specifies
starting address for execution
22. DISADVANTAGE :
o Allocate, relocate, link, and load all the subroutines each time in order to execute a
program.
o Furthermore, even though loader program smaller than assembler, it absorb
considerable amount of memory.
ADVANTAGE :
o This type loader allows programmer multiple to use procedure segments and multiple
data segments.
23. Two different process of loading:
Blinder
Module loader
Blinder : It binds subroutines together, output text as a file or card deck.
Module loader : The output file is ready to get loaded, called load module.
This module gets physically loaded into memory.