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Limit Setting Styles
                      an overview



Wh ich li m it se tt ing st y le is mos t ef fe ct ive?
Values
Believing in Yourself       Honesty


Courage                     Love


Excellence                  Learning


Fairness                    Patriotism


Freedom                     Respect


Faith                       Sportsmanship


Forgiveness                 Thinking


Humility                    Understanding / Empathy


Happiness
PSF Philosophy
PSF Philosophy
External

 intellectual

 exploration

 growth

 stimulating

 master tasks
PSF Philosophy
External            Internal

 intellectual        social

 exploration         emotional

 growth              safe

 stimulating         nurturing

 master tasks        love of learning
Styles
Styles
Styles




Increasingly Strong Limits
Styles




 Negligent


Increasingly Strong Limits
Styles




 Negligent     Authoritarian


Increasingly Strong Limits
Styles
Increasingly Strong Empathy




                               Negligent     Authoritarian


                              Increasingly Strong Limits
Styles
Increasingly Strong Empathy



                              Permissive




                               Negligent     Authoritarian


                              Increasingly Strong Limits
Styles
Increasingly Strong Empathy



                              Permissive     Authoritative




                               Negligent     Authoritarian


                              Increasingly Strong Limits
Styles
Increasingly Strong Empathy



                              Permissive     Authoritative




                               Negligent     Authoritarian


                              Increasingly Strong Limits
Data
Data
Authoritative
parenting results in
both external and
internal competence
(Baumrind, 1971,
1989, 1991; Weiss &
Schartz, 1996)
Data
Authoritative          Egypt (Dwairy, 2006)
parenting results in
both external and
internal competence
(Baumrind, 1971,
1989, 1991; Weiss &
Schartz, 1996)
Data
Authoritative          Egypt (Dwairy, 2006)
parenting results in
both external and      African American
internal competence    (Mandara, 2006)
(Baumrind, 1971,
1989, 1991; Weiss &
Schartz, 1996)
Data
Authoritative          Egypt (Dwairy, 2006)
parenting results in
both external and      African American
internal competence    (Mandara, 2006)
(Baumrind, 1971,
                       Turkey (Cakir, 2005)
1989, 1991; Weiss &
Schartz, 1996)
Data
Authoritative          Egypt (Dwairy, 2006)
parenting results in
both external and      African American
internal competence    (Mandara, 2006)
(Baumrind, 1971,
                       Turkey (Cakir, 2005)
1989, 1991; Weiss &
Schartz, 1996)         Sweden
                       (Jutengren, 2007)
Data
Authoritative          Egypt (Dwairy, 2006)
parenting results in
both external and      African American
internal competence    (Mandara, 2006)
(Baumrind, 1971,
                       Turkey (Cakir, 2005)
1989, 1991; Weiss &
Schartz, 1996)         Sweden
                       (Jutengren, 2007)

                       Hong Kong
                       (Chan, 2007)
Style Characteristics




 Adapted from Berk, Laura: Infants, Children and Adolescents, 6th ed.
Style Characteristics
                    Acceptance
    Style                                    Control             Autonomy
                    of Emotions

  Negligent              none                   none              indifferent


                  child’s emotions not     high parental         parent makes
Authoritarian          important              control          decisions for child

                                                                  child makes
                    child’s emotions
 Permissive         most important
                                         high child control     decisions before
                                                                     ready
                  child encouraged to     parental control       joint decision
Authoritative      express thoughts      balanced by child’s     making when
                     and emotions            maturity               possible
            Adapted from Berk, Laura: Infants, Children and Adolescents, 6th ed.
Style Characteristics
                    Acceptance
    Style                                    Control             Autonomy
                    of Emotions

  Negligent              none                   none              indifferent


                  child’s emotions not     high parental         parent makes
Authoritarian          important              control          decisions for child

                                                                  child makes
                    child’s emotions
 Permissive         most important
                                         high child control     decisions before
                                                                     ready
                  child encouraged to     parental control       joint decision
Authoritative      express thoughts      balanced by child’s     making when
                     and emotions            maturity               possible
            Adapted from Berk, Laura: Infants, Children and Adolescents, 6th ed.
Style Characteristics
                    Acceptance
    Style                                    Control             Autonomy
                    of Emotions

  Negligent              none                   none              indifferent


                  child’s emotions not     high parental         parent makes
Authoritarian          important              control          decisions for child

                                                                  child makes
                    child’s emotions
 Permissive         most important
                                         high child control     decisions before
                                                                     ready
                  child encouraged to     parental control       joint decision
Authoritative      express thoughts      balanced by child’s     making when
                     and emotions            maturity               possible
            Adapted from Berk, Laura: Infants, Children and Adolescents, 6th ed.
Style Characteristics
                    Acceptance
    Style                                    Control             Autonomy
                    of Emotions

  Negligent              none                   none              indifferent


                  child’s emotions not     high parental         parent makes
Authoritarian          important              control          decisions for child

                                                                  child makes
                    child’s emotions
 Permissive         most important
                                         high child control     decisions before
                                                                     ready
                  child encouraged to     parental control       joint decision
Authoritative      express thoughts      balanced by child’s     making when
                     and emotions            maturity               possible
            Adapted from Berk, Laura: Infants, Children and Adolescents, 6th ed.
Style Characteristics
                    Acceptance
    Style                                    Control             Autonomy
                    of Emotions

  Negligent              none                   none              indifferent


                  child’s emotions not     high parental         parent makes
Authoritarian          important              control          decisions for child

                                                                  child makes
                    child’s emotions
 Permissive         most important
                                         high child control     decisions before
                                                                     ready
                  child encouraged to     parental control       joint decision
Authoritative      express thoughts      balanced by child’s     making when
                     and emotions            maturity               possible
            Adapted from Berk, Laura: Infants, Children and Adolescents, 6th ed.
PSF Philosophy
PSF Philosophy
External

 intellectual

 exploration

 growth

 stimulating

 master tasks
PSF Philosophy
External            Internal

 intellectual        social

 exploration         emotional

 growth              safe

 stimulating         nurturing

 master tasks        love of learning
PSF Philosophy
External            Internal

 intellectual        social

    Authoritative Limit
 exploration         emotional

 growth          safe
         Setting
 stimulating         nurturing

 master tasks        love of learning
Strategies
Strategies
       Punishment                    Discipline
        Short-Term                   Long-Term
         Reactive                    Proactive
         Inflexible                 Developmental
        Controlling                  Respectful
        Emotional                   Empathetic
        Revengeful                   Repairing
      Causes Retreat             Builds Relationship
Depends on External Control   Leads to Internal Control
Strategies
       Punishment                    Discipline
        Short-Term                   Long-Term
         Reactive                    Proactive
         Inflexible                 Developmental
        Controlling                  Respectful
        Emotional                   Empathetic
        Revengeful                   Repairing
      Causes Retreat             Builds Relationship
Depends on External Control   Leads to Internal Control
Strategies
       Punishment                    Discipline
        Short-Term                   Long-Term
         Reactive                    Proactive
         Inflexible                 Developmental
        Controlling                  Respectful
        Emotional                   Empathetic
        Revengeful                   Repairing
      Causes Retreat             Builds Relationship
Depends on External Control   Leads to Internal Control
Strategies
       Punishment                    Discipline
        Short-Term                   Long-Term
         Reactive                    Proactive
         Inflexible                 Developmental
        Controlling                  Respectful
        Emotional                   Empathetic
        Revengeful                   Repairing
      Causes Retreat             Builds Relationship
Depends on External Control   Leads to Internal Control
Strategies
       Punishment                    Discipline
        Short-Term                   Long-Term
         Reactive                    Proactive
         Inflexible                 Developmental
        Controlling                  Respectful
        Emotional                   Empathetic
        Revengeful                   Repairing
      Causes Retreat             Builds Relationship
Depends on External Control   Leads to Internal Control
Strategies
       Punishment                    Discipline
        Short-Term                   Long-Term
         Reactive                    Proactive
         Inflexible                 Developmental
        Controlling                  Respectful
        Emotional                   Empathetic
        Revengeful                   Repairing
      Causes Retreat             Builds Relationship
Depends on External Control   Leads to Internal Control
Strategies
       Punishment                    Discipline
        Short-Term                   Long-Term
         Reactive                    Proactive
         Inflexible                 Developmental
        Controlling                  Respectful
        Emotional                   Empathetic
        Revengeful                   Repairing
      Causes Retreat             Builds Relationship
Depends on External Control   Leads to Internal Control
Strategies
       Punishment                    Discipline
        Short-Term                   Long-Term
         Reactive                    Proactive
         Inflexible                 Developmental
        Controlling                  Respectful
        Emotional                   Empathetic
        Revengeful                   Repairing
      Causes Retreat             Builds Relationship
Depends on External Control   Leads to Internal Control
Strategies
       Punishment                    Discipline
        Short-Term                   Long-Term
         Reactive                    Proactive
         Inflexible                 Developmental
        Controlling                  Respectful
        Emotional                   Empathetic
        Revengeful                   Repairing
      Causes Retreat             Builds Relationship
Depends on External Control   Leads to Internal Control
Strategies



Honor the impulse
Strategies
Strategies
Strategies

Listen actively and
empathetically
Strategies

Listen actively and
empathetically

Sportscast
Strategies

Listen actively and
empathetically

Sportscast

Facilitate
Strategies

Listen actively and
empathetically

Sportscast

Facilitate

Use “I” messages
Strategies



Phrase limits
positively
Strategies
Strategies



Offer choices
Strategies



Offer choices

Offer information
Strategies
Strategies


Set the stage
Strategies


Set the stage

Invite initiative
Strategies


Set the stage

Invite initiative

Redirect
Strategies



Impose natural or
logical consequences
Strategies
 Take a timeout
Strategies
 Take a timeout
Strategies



Say no
Limit Setting Situations
Honor the impulse          Offer information

Listen                     Set the stage

Sportscast                 Invite initiative

Facilitate                 Redirect

Use “I” messages           Impose natural/logical
                           consequences
Phrase limits positively
                           Take a timeout
Offer choices
                           Say no

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Limit Setting

  • 1. Limit Setting Styles an overview Wh ich li m it se tt ing st y le is mos t ef fe ct ive?
  • 2. Values Believing in Yourself Honesty Courage Love Excellence Learning Fairness Patriotism Freedom Respect Faith Sportsmanship Forgiveness Thinking Humility Understanding / Empathy Happiness
  • 4. PSF Philosophy External intellectual exploration growth stimulating master tasks
  • 5. PSF Philosophy External Internal intellectual social exploration emotional growth safe stimulating nurturing master tasks love of learning
  • 10. Styles Negligent Authoritarian Increasingly Strong Limits
  • 11. Styles Increasingly Strong Empathy Negligent Authoritarian Increasingly Strong Limits
  • 12. Styles Increasingly Strong Empathy Permissive Negligent Authoritarian Increasingly Strong Limits
  • 13. Styles Increasingly Strong Empathy Permissive Authoritative Negligent Authoritarian Increasingly Strong Limits
  • 14. Styles Increasingly Strong Empathy Permissive Authoritative Negligent Authoritarian Increasingly Strong Limits
  • 15. Data
  • 16. Data Authoritative parenting results in both external and internal competence (Baumrind, 1971, 1989, 1991; Weiss & Schartz, 1996)
  • 17. Data Authoritative Egypt (Dwairy, 2006) parenting results in both external and internal competence (Baumrind, 1971, 1989, 1991; Weiss & Schartz, 1996)
  • 18. Data Authoritative Egypt (Dwairy, 2006) parenting results in both external and African American internal competence (Mandara, 2006) (Baumrind, 1971, 1989, 1991; Weiss & Schartz, 1996)
  • 19. Data Authoritative Egypt (Dwairy, 2006) parenting results in both external and African American internal competence (Mandara, 2006) (Baumrind, 1971, Turkey (Cakir, 2005) 1989, 1991; Weiss & Schartz, 1996)
  • 20. Data Authoritative Egypt (Dwairy, 2006) parenting results in both external and African American internal competence (Mandara, 2006) (Baumrind, 1971, Turkey (Cakir, 2005) 1989, 1991; Weiss & Schartz, 1996) Sweden (Jutengren, 2007)
  • 21. Data Authoritative Egypt (Dwairy, 2006) parenting results in both external and African American internal competence (Mandara, 2006) (Baumrind, 1971, Turkey (Cakir, 2005) 1989, 1991; Weiss & Schartz, 1996) Sweden (Jutengren, 2007) Hong Kong (Chan, 2007)
  • 22. Style Characteristics Adapted from Berk, Laura: Infants, Children and Adolescents, 6th ed.
  • 23. Style Characteristics Acceptance Style Control Autonomy of Emotions Negligent none none indifferent child’s emotions not high parental parent makes Authoritarian important control decisions for child child makes child’s emotions Permissive most important high child control decisions before ready child encouraged to parental control joint decision Authoritative express thoughts balanced by child’s making when and emotions maturity possible Adapted from Berk, Laura: Infants, Children and Adolescents, 6th ed.
  • 24. Style Characteristics Acceptance Style Control Autonomy of Emotions Negligent none none indifferent child’s emotions not high parental parent makes Authoritarian important control decisions for child child makes child’s emotions Permissive most important high child control decisions before ready child encouraged to parental control joint decision Authoritative express thoughts balanced by child’s making when and emotions maturity possible Adapted from Berk, Laura: Infants, Children and Adolescents, 6th ed.
  • 25. Style Characteristics Acceptance Style Control Autonomy of Emotions Negligent none none indifferent child’s emotions not high parental parent makes Authoritarian important control decisions for child child makes child’s emotions Permissive most important high child control decisions before ready child encouraged to parental control joint decision Authoritative express thoughts balanced by child’s making when and emotions maturity possible Adapted from Berk, Laura: Infants, Children and Adolescents, 6th ed.
  • 26. Style Characteristics Acceptance Style Control Autonomy of Emotions Negligent none none indifferent child’s emotions not high parental parent makes Authoritarian important control decisions for child child makes child’s emotions Permissive most important high child control decisions before ready child encouraged to parental control joint decision Authoritative express thoughts balanced by child’s making when and emotions maturity possible Adapted from Berk, Laura: Infants, Children and Adolescents, 6th ed.
  • 27. Style Characteristics Acceptance Style Control Autonomy of Emotions Negligent none none indifferent child’s emotions not high parental parent makes Authoritarian important control decisions for child child makes child’s emotions Permissive most important high child control decisions before ready child encouraged to parental control joint decision Authoritative express thoughts balanced by child’s making when and emotions maturity possible Adapted from Berk, Laura: Infants, Children and Adolescents, 6th ed.
  • 29. PSF Philosophy External intellectual exploration growth stimulating master tasks
  • 30. PSF Philosophy External Internal intellectual social exploration emotional growth safe stimulating nurturing master tasks love of learning
  • 31. PSF Philosophy External Internal intellectual social Authoritative Limit exploration emotional growth safe Setting stimulating nurturing master tasks love of learning
  • 33. Strategies Punishment Discipline Short-Term Long-Term Reactive Proactive Inflexible Developmental Controlling Respectful Emotional Empathetic Revengeful Repairing Causes Retreat Builds Relationship Depends on External Control Leads to Internal Control
  • 34. Strategies Punishment Discipline Short-Term Long-Term Reactive Proactive Inflexible Developmental Controlling Respectful Emotional Empathetic Revengeful Repairing Causes Retreat Builds Relationship Depends on External Control Leads to Internal Control
  • 35. Strategies Punishment Discipline Short-Term Long-Term Reactive Proactive Inflexible Developmental Controlling Respectful Emotional Empathetic Revengeful Repairing Causes Retreat Builds Relationship Depends on External Control Leads to Internal Control
  • 36. Strategies Punishment Discipline Short-Term Long-Term Reactive Proactive Inflexible Developmental Controlling Respectful Emotional Empathetic Revengeful Repairing Causes Retreat Builds Relationship Depends on External Control Leads to Internal Control
  • 37. Strategies Punishment Discipline Short-Term Long-Term Reactive Proactive Inflexible Developmental Controlling Respectful Emotional Empathetic Revengeful Repairing Causes Retreat Builds Relationship Depends on External Control Leads to Internal Control
  • 38. Strategies Punishment Discipline Short-Term Long-Term Reactive Proactive Inflexible Developmental Controlling Respectful Emotional Empathetic Revengeful Repairing Causes Retreat Builds Relationship Depends on External Control Leads to Internal Control
  • 39. Strategies Punishment Discipline Short-Term Long-Term Reactive Proactive Inflexible Developmental Controlling Respectful Emotional Empathetic Revengeful Repairing Causes Retreat Builds Relationship Depends on External Control Leads to Internal Control
  • 40. Strategies Punishment Discipline Short-Term Long-Term Reactive Proactive Inflexible Developmental Controlling Respectful Emotional Empathetic Revengeful Repairing Causes Retreat Builds Relationship Depends on External Control Leads to Internal Control
  • 41. Strategies Punishment Discipline Short-Term Long-Term Reactive Proactive Inflexible Developmental Controlling Respectful Emotional Empathetic Revengeful Repairing Causes Retreat Builds Relationship Depends on External Control Leads to Internal Control
  • 56. Strategies Set the stage Invite initiative Redirect
  • 58. Strategies Take a timeout
  • 59. Strategies Take a timeout
  • 61. Limit Setting Situations Honor the impulse Offer information Listen Set the stage Sportscast Invite initiative Facilitate Redirect Use “I” messages Impose natural/logical consequences Phrase limits positively Take a timeout Offer choices Say no

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