The document discusses layering as a method of asexual plant propagation, detailing its advantages, disadvantages, physiology, and various techniques such as simple, compound, trench, mount, and air layering. Layering allows for higher success rates and benefits from the nutrient resources of the parent plant, though it is not suitable for all plants and takes longer than other methods. Each layering technique has specific applications and requirements for efficient rooting and plant development.

1. Council for technical

2. Council for technical technical education and vocational training
Tikapur polytechnic institute
Submitted by submitted to
Krishna raj joshi Hemant neupane
Agriculture department

3. LAYERING
• The development of roots on a stem while the
stem is still attached to the parent plant is
called layering.
• A layer is the rooted stem following
detachment (removal) from the parent plants.
• Layering is an easy way to start new plants
from old ones.

4. Advantage of layering
• The success rate is higher than other asexual
method.
• Simple and easy method than other methods.
• Low cost than other methods.
• Plant being rooted benefits from the
resources of water and nutrients that the
mother plant provides.

5. Disadvantage of layering
• Not suitable for all type of ornamental plants.
• Required the more time than other methods
• Fewer plant can be started from each parent
plant.

6. Physiology of layering
• The flow of carbohydrates, hormones and other
organic substances is interrupted by the removal
of the bark through notching or girdling (removal
of bark).
• The accumulation of these organic substances in
the stem facilitates rooting.
• The rooting media is provided for the proper
development of roots.
• When sufficient roots are formed the plantlets
are severed from the mother plants.

7. Different methods of layering
• Simple layering
• Air layering.
• Mount or stool layering.
• Compound layering.
• Trench layering.
•

8. Simple layering
• In this method the branches of stem are bent
towards the ground and portion to be layered is
covered with soil leaving the tip of the shoot
exposed above the ground.
• Sometime a notched or girdle is necessary to
stimulate the root formation.
• A wooden peg or stone may be used to anchor
the stem buried part of the stem.
• Rhododendron, lemon, lime, climbing roses etc.

9. Figure: Simple layering:

10. Compound layering
• It is same as simple layering but differs by
cover and expose section of the stem.
• Each section should have at least one bud
exposed and one bud covered with soil.
• Wound the lower side of each stem section to
be covered facilitates rapid root growth.
• This method is mostly applied in Muscadine
grapes & other vines.

12. Trench layering
• In trench layering, a branch is laid horizontally in a
small trench to encourage the development of
several new shoots from it.
• The little plants can then be removed from the
original trench after roots have formed.
• This method is used primarily for fruit trees which
are difficult to propagate by other methods.
Eg apple, walnuts, pear, peach

13. Figure: Trench layering.

14. Mount or stool layering
• Mound (stool) layering is useful with heavy
stemmed, closely branched shrubs and rootstock of
tree fruits.
• Mound soil over the new shoots as they grow.
• Roots will develop at the bases of the young
shoots.
• Remove the layers in the dormant season.
•This method is successful with gooseberries and
apple rootstocks.

15. Figure: Mound layering.

16. Air layering
• Air layering is also called “Gootee”, Chinese layering or marcotting.
• In this method roots are produced in the branch of tree.
• No twisting or tending are required.
• First girdle or bending are required.
• First girdle the bark along with cambium layer between two buds.
• Rooting is encouraged by placing the rooting media (moist
soil+sphagnum mass) in the girdled portion and wrapped with plastic
or gunny bag and tied properly.
• When root is formed detach the plant and grown as new plant.
• Example Rubber plant, litchi, guava, jackfruit, lemon etc.

17. Figure: air layering.