Lesson Plan One Government New
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The document outlines several political ideologies and theories that influenced the development of the American government. The Enlightenment philosophers sought to promote progress and a more perfect life through freeing humans from ignorance. Key political theories discussed include the Divine Right Theory of kings having God-given rule, Evolutionary Theory of government developing from early families, and Force Theory of rule through conquest. However, the Social Contract Theory, which viewed the state as formed by a voluntary contract for protection and order, influenced the American system the most through philosophers like Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau.
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2) The force theory emphasizes that states originated from powerful groups subjugating weaker groups through conquest.
3) The social contract theory postulates that individuals in a state of nature came together by contract to form societies for protection of rights, with thinkers like Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau differing on the original state of nature.
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Unit #1 - Topic #1 Notes
A government is an institution that makes and enforces public policies through legislative, executive, and judicial powers in order to maintain order in society. A state is a body of people living in a defined territory that is politically organized and able to make laws without consent from a higher authority. There are four theories on the origins of the state: evolutionary theory where governments evolved from family structures; force theory where strength determines rule; divine right theory where power comes from God; and social contract theory where power comes from agreement between the ruler and the people.
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Government is an institution that enforces public policies through central authority to maintain order and provide services. There are various theories for how governments formed, including that people consented to give up some rights in exchange for protection. The US government is based on ideas of natural rights from John Locke and a system of checks and balances between three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Other types of governments include presidential, parliamentary, dictatorial, direct democracy, and representative democracy systems.
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Summary Of Lesson One
Government is an institution that enforces public policies through central authority to maintain order and provide services. There are various theories for how governments formed, including that people consented to give up some rights in exchange for protection. The US government is based on ideas of natural rights from John Locke and a system of checks and balances between three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Other types of governments include presidential, parliamentary, dictatorial, direct democracy, and representative democracy systems.
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Legitimacy, sovereignty, and authority are interrelated concepts. Legitimacy refers to the level of acceptance or obligation that people feel towards their government. Sovereignty is the control a government has over its territory. Authority is the ability of leaders to get people to obey them based on their legitimate power. The origins of sovereignty theory trace back to debates during the Reformation period over the legitimacy of royal power versus religious authority. Jean Bodin's work in the 16th century established one of the first systematic discussions of sovereignty theory, arguing the absolutist monarch was the legitimate source of law within a state.
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L3 political ideologies
This document provides an overview of different political ideologies including liberalism, conservatism, socialism, anarchism, and communism. It discusses the key thinkers and concepts associated with each ideology such as John Locke's social contract theory, Edmund Burke's traditionalist conservatism, Karl Marx's scientific socialism, and William Godwin's stateless society envisioned by anarchism. The characteristics, types, and elements of each ideology are outlined concisely.
Group 4 Enlightenment Project P2
The document discusses how ancient civilizations like Greece, China, and Western Europe influenced the development of laws and government in the United States. It provides details on the three main types of governments throughout history - democracy, monarchy, and despotism. It also discusses key philosophers and their contributions, including Socrates and the Socratic method, John Locke's social contract theory, and Baron de Montesquieu's analysis of laws being adapted to each society.
Enlightenment
1. The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that changed people's views on the world, challenging the power of the Church and forming the foundations of modern science.
2. Enlightenment thinkers like Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau influenced the American Founding Fathers and shaped the Declaration of Independence and Constitution.
3. Core Enlightenment ideas like natural rights, social contract theory, and separation of powers can be seen in the founding documents and principles of the United States.
UNIT IV.pptx
According to the Oxford Dictionary of Sociology (1994), ‘The state is a distinct set of institutions that has the authority to make rules which govern society.’ These institutions, according to Miliband (1969), are the government, the administration (the civil service), the judiciary and parliamentary assemblies. State power lies in these institutions.
Max Weber defined it as ‘the social insti¬tution that holds a monopoly over the use of force’. It has a ‘monopoly’ of legitimate violence ‘within a specific territory”. Hence, the state includes such institutions as the armed forces, civil service or bureaucracy, police, judiciary and local and national councils of elected representatives, such as parliament.
Consequently, the state is not a unified entity. It is rather a set of institutions which describe the terrain and parameters for political conflicts between various interests over the use of resources and the direction of public policy.
Sociologists have been particularly concerned with the state, but they have examined it in relation to society as a whole, rather than in isolation. Their main concern is the description analysis, and explanation of the state as an institution which claims a monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a given territory.
What are the state’s interests or the boundaries of the state? It is very difficult to identify them clearly, since different parts of the state apparatus can have different interests and conflicting preferences. Because of this diffi¬culty, there are frequently conflicts between elected politicians and non-elected civil servants or the judiciary over policy and resources.
Moreover, its boundaries have not been clearly defined and are constantly changing. It is here useful to bear in mind Althusser’s concept of state apparatuses. The capacity of the state to control the armed forces and police (repressive state apparatus) as well as the major means of communication, notably the media (the ideological state apparatus) is crucial to its power.
Defining state, Anthony Giddens (1997) writes: ‘A state exists where there is a political apparatus of government (institutions like a parliament, civil services officials, etc.) ruling over a given territory, whose authority is backed by a legal system and by the capacity to use military force to implement its policies.’
Dunleavy and O’Leary (1967) have suggested the following five characteristics of the modern state:
1. The state is a recognizably separate institution or set of institutions, so differentiated from the rest of its society as to create identifiable public and private spheres.
2. The State is sovereign, or the supreme power, within its territory, and by definition the ultimate authority for all law.
3. The state’s sovereignty extends to all the individuals within a given territory, irrespective of formal positions held in the government or rule-making institutions.
4. The modern state’s personnel are mostly recruited and trained for manag
Political Ideologies.pptx
This document provides an overview of major political ideologies including their key principles and characteristics. It discusses ideologies such as liberalism, conservatism, socialism, anarchism, communism, Marxism, fascism, and feminism. For each ideology, it describes how society should be structured according to its principles as well as important figures associated with the ideology's development. It also lists some countries that are most closely aligned with certain ideologies.
Thinkers Of The Enlightenment Essay
The document discusses the Enlightenment era and several Enlightenment thinkers. It notes that the Enlightenment stressed reason and the power of individuals to solve problems. It discusses how Enlightenment thinkers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau approached their goals differently due to their backgrounds and environments. While some of their ideas are not used today, they were instrumental in shaping modern society. Baron de Montesquieu in particular helped shape the United States. The document also notes how Enlightenment thinkers challenged authority by speaking their minds and instigating change, despite facing persecution for their views.
Chloe ppt
The document discusses several early political thinkers and their influence on the American Constitution. Confucius promoted the idea of the emperor representing the father of all people in China and treating everyone equally. The Greeks developed ideas around universal laws and intellectual thinking promoted by philosophers like Socrates. John Locke was an influential English philosopher who believed in natural rights and equality. Rousseau believed sovereignty should belong to the people through a social contract between the government and citizens.
Philosophers
- Thomas Hobbes argued that in a state of nature without government, life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" due to individuals looking out for their own self-interest. He believed people consented to form societies and cede some rights to a sovereign authority in order to have security and order.
- John Locke believed individuals in a state of nature had natural rights and consented to form governments to better protect those rights from harm, as living without such protection would leave individuals in a state of fear. He advocated for limiting government power to protect individual freedoms.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued people in a state of nature had more freedom and morality,
202335.ppt
The document summarizes some key ideas of the Enlightenment period in the 18th century in Europe. It discusses philosophers such as George Berkeley, who argued that reality consists only of particular objects and our perceptions of them. David Hume believed that human cognition is based on sensory perception alone. The French Enlightenment emphasized using reason to study problems in philosophy, religion, science, and politics. Philosophers like Montesquieu and Voltaire analyzed social and political systems, and advocated for democratic reforms and expansion of knowledge.
17.1 philosophy and the age of reason
The Enlightenment philosophers used reason to challenge traditional political and social structures. Thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, and Montesquieu proposed ideas like social contracts, natural rights, and separation of powers that influenced governments to become more limited and protective of individual liberties. Enlightenment ideals also spread among the French philosophes, though their radical views faced criticism. Overall, the philosophers' emphasis on reason and individual rights sparked political and social changes across Europe.
Devi Government Powerpoint
The document discusses several influences on the foundations of the US government:
1) China contributed ideas of Confucian philosophy emphasizing family values and hierarchy, as well as merit-based civil service exams.
2) Ancient Greece developed philosophy and democracy, including the Socratic method of intellectual discussion that influences the modern legal system.
3) Western European philosophers like Locke, Rousseau, and Montesquieu influenced ideas around natural rights, social contracts, and separation of government powers that were incorporated into the US Constitution.
The Enlightenment (2).ppt
The document provides information about the Enlightenment and some of its key thinkers. It discusses how the Enlightenment grew out of earlier movements like the Renaissance and Scientific Revolution. Major figures discussed include Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Hobbes, and Beccaria. Their ideas influenced governments through concepts like social contract theory, separation of powers, religious tolerance, and rights of the accused. The document also examines how the Enlightenment impacted the American and French Revolutions.
Age of enlightenment powerpoint
Eighteenth Century France
What was the Enlightenment?
Ideas that originated during the Enlightenment
WHAT EVENTS WERE CATALYSTS FOR THE ENLIGHTENMENT?
OTHER CAUSES OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
The Scientific Revolution (16th and 17th century)
Bacon’s Scientific Method
Isaac Newton
18th century Enlightenment – The Age of Reason
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
Ch 1 Concept of State and Nation
This document provides an overview of concepts related to the state and nation. It defines the state as a politically organized society and discusses theories on the origin of states, including kinship, social contract, divine, matriarchal, and patriarchal theories. The document also examines types of states such as oriental, Greek, Roman, feudal, and nation states. It outlines key elements of the state including population, territory, government, and sovereignty. Finally, it discusses the role of the state from minimal to maximal perspectives.
Chapter 11 Freedom in a Political and Cultural Context
The document discusses the development of individual freedoms and democracy in Western society from several philosophical perspectives. It traces ideas from Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and others that emphasized individual autonomy, rights, and consent of the governed. While these ideas led to more liberal democracies, the document notes some modern challenges around an overemphasis on individualism at the expense of community and moral responsibility.
Lesson 1.pptx
This document discusses the origins and foundations of social science. It traces social science back to ancient Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle who inquired into ethics, human nature, and the organization of societies and governments. These philosophers laid the groundwork for later disciplines like political science, anthropology, sociology and history. The document also examines 17th century thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu and Rousseau and their influential ideas about government, power, and social contracts between rulers and citizens.
Lesson 1.pptx
This document discusses the origins and foundations of social science. It traces social science back to ancient Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle who inquired about ethics, human nature, and the ideal forms of government and society. It explains that these philosophers laid the groundwork for future social science disciplines like political science, anthropology, sociology and history by bringing philosophical insights to questions about social and political organizations. The document also discusses how philosophers like Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu and Rousseau further developed ideas about the social contract and the ideal forms of government that balanced power.
Enlightenment Thinkers
The document summarizes several Enlightenment thinkers and their beliefs about government. Thomas Hobbes believed governments should have complete control to prevent selfish behavior, likening the ideal government to a powerful Leviathan. John Locke believed the best government was run by the people and that individuals had natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Enlightenment philosophers like Voltaire and Montesquieu spread ideas about separating government powers and recognizing individual rights that influenced governments globally.
Enlightenment Thinkers
The document summarizes several Enlightenment thinkers and their ideas about government. Thomas Hobbes believed governments should have complete control to prevent selfish behavior, likening the ideal government to a powerful Leviathan. John Locke believed the best government was run by the people and that individuals have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Enlightenment philosophers like Voltaire and Montesquieu spread ideas about separating government powers and recognizing individual rights that influenced governments globally.
Ch1 sec1 pt1
The document discusses the key features and theories of the origins of states and governments. It outlines four essential features of a state: population, territory, sovereignty, and government. It then describes four theories of how governments originated: evolutionary theory, which argues states evolved from families; force theory, which claims governments emerged through conquest; divine right theory, which holds rulers were chosen by gods; and social contract theory, which says people formed governments to protect their rights from the state of nature. The document suggests social contract theory, advocated by thinkers like Hobbes and Locke, most influenced concepts like the U.S. declaration of independence.
Similar to Lesson Plan One Government New (20)
Chapter 11 Freedom in a Political and Cultural Context
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Vietnam War
The document discusses the causes and key events of the Vietnam War. It began as an effort by the US to contain the spread of communism through alliances and policies like the Domino Theory. This led to increasing American involvement and escalation over decades. Major events included the division of Vietnam in 1954, the Tet Offensive of 1968, and the Fall of Saigon in 1975, which ended with a communist victory.
The Cold War
The Cold War was a period of political and military tension between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991. Though they never directly fought each other, there was a constant rivalry as each country sought to spread their opposing economic and political ideologies across the world. This included the US aiming to contain the spread of communism and rebuild democratic allies through programs like the Marshall Plan, while the Soviets wanted to promote communism and control Eastern European governments as a buffer against Western influence. Their conflicting goals led to an arms race, proxy wars, and the division of Europe and Germany between capitalist and communist spheres of influence marked by the Iron Curtain.
McCarthyism
During the McCarthy Era of the 1950s in America, Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited fears about communism for political gain. He claimed to have a list of government employees who were communists and launched accusations with little evidence. McCarthyism led to widespread paranoia where Americans were denounced as communist sympathizers. It influenced society through restrictions on education, censorship of media, and promotion of pro-American ideals. McCarthy's accusations eventually lost credibility and he was censured after televised hearings showed his bullying behavior, marking the end of the McCarthy Era.
US Enters The War (WWII)
This document provides background information on the political and economic isolationism policies of the United States in the 1920s-1930s and the events leading up to its entry into World War II in 1941. It discusses the Neutrality Acts of the 1930s, FDR's 1937 quarantine speech, and the Cash and Carry policy of 1939 which allowed allies to purchase arms. It also covers increased defense spending in 1940, the Lend-Lease plan to aid allies in 1941, and the Pearl Harbor attack which led to the US declaring war on the Allied side against the Axis powers.
Japanese Internment
During World War II, over 120,000 Japanese Americans were forcibly relocated and detained in internment camps across the United States. In 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which led to Japanese Americans being evacuated from their homes and detained without due process. Ten internment camps were established in remote locations, including Manzanar in California, where families were housed in overcrowded barracks surrounded by barbed wire fences under armed guard. Life in the camps was difficult, as internees lived in poor conditions with little privacy or amenities while struggling with inadequate medical care and racism.
WWI
The document discusses key details about World War 1, including when it took place from 1914-1918, the countries involved, and the long and short term causes. It also discusses America's initial isolationism, what eventually convinced the US to join the war in 1917, including German submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Telegram. The US then helped supply the Allies with troops, money and resources to aid their efforts and turn the tide of the war. The war had social impacts on the US such as more women working and African Americans migrating north.
Reconstruction and it Effects
Political reconstruction led to a power struggle between Congress and the President over readmitting southern states to the union and granting citizenship and voting rights to African Americans. The 14th and 15th Amendments aimed to define citizenship and prohibit racial discrimination in voting. Economically, the South was devastated by the war and faced problems rebuilding industry, infrastructure, and agriculture without slave labor. Socially, the Freedman's Bureau and civil rights acts aimed to help former slaves through education, healthcare, and equal protection under the law, though racial tensions remained high.
Revolution in England
The document summarizes the revolution in England that established parliamentary rule over absolute monarchy. It began when King John faced a rebellion from nobles in 1215, forcing him to agree to the Magna Carta which established basic legal rights and limited royal power. This led to the development of institutions like common law, due process, habeas corpus and an increasingly powerful Parliament that sought to restrict monarchs' authority. This conflict continued until the Glorious Revolution of 1688 established England as a constitutional monarchy with Parliament drafting the Bill of Rights to define the powers of monarch and parliament. A cabinet system developed where government ministers answered to Parliament rather than the monarch, establishing the prime minister as head of the ruling party.
Reasons/Results of the Civil War
The document summarizes some of the key political, economic, and social reasons for the outbreak of the Civil War. The North supported a strong central government and the abolition of slavery, while the South believed in states' rights and the right to own slaves. Economically, the North was becoming more industrialized while the South relied on slave labor for its agricultural economy. These deep divisions and fears over the issues of slavery and states' rights ultimately led the South to secede from the Union and the North to refuse, resulting in the Civil War.
Iraq War
The document discusses the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. It outlines the key parties involved in each conflict such as Saddam Hussein, the US government, and terrorist groups. It also provides timelines for when each conflict began and lists reasons for American involvement such as responding to terrorist attacks and spreading democracy. Finally, it notes some results of the conflicts like rising death tolls and immense financial costs for the US.
Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Church
The document discusses the transition from the geocentric model of the universe proposed by Ptolemy and Aristotle, in which Earth is the center, to the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus, in which the Sun is the center. It also provides context about the Scientific Revolution that began in Europe in the late 1500s and early 1600s, when scientists began systematically testing theories through experiments and observation rather than relying on traditional explanations. Some of the key figures who helped establish the modern scientific method are mentioned, including Galileo, Vesalius, Harvey, Boyle, Bacon, and Descartes.
Ptolemy, Copernicus, and the Church
The document discusses the transition from the geocentric model of the universe proposed by Ptolemy and Aristotle, in which Earth is the center, to the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus, in which the Sun is the center. It also provides context about the Scientific Revolution that began in Europe in the late 1500s and early 1600s, when scientists began systematically testing theories through experiments and observation rather than relying on traditional explanations. Some of the key figures who helped establish the modern scientific method are mentioned, including Galileo, Vesalius, Harvey, Boyle, Bacon, and Descartes.
Urbanization
As more immigrants arrived in American cities in the late 19th century, urban populations skyrocketed. This posed major challenges for city governments, including providing adequate housing, transportation, water, sanitation, crime prevention, and fire protection for the growing populations. Common problems included overcrowded tenement housing, lack of indoor plumbing and clean water, piles of horse manure in the streets, increased crime rates, and destructive fires due to buildings being close together and made of wood. Cities struggled to establish effective police, fire, and sanitation services to address the problems that arose from rapid urban growth and industrialization.
Chinese exclusion Act
- Early Chinese immigration to the US in the 1800s was spurred by instability in China and the California Gold Rush, with over 20,000 Chinese immigrants arriving by 1852 to work in the gold fields.
- However, Chinese miners faced resentment and violence from white miners who saw them as competition. Laws were passed targeting Chinese immigrants and many left the gold fields for San Francisco's Chinatown.
- In the 1860s, Chinese laborers were recruited to build the Transcontinental Railroad, facing dangerous work and racism, though they were integral to its completion in 1869. Anti-Chinese violence increased in the 1870s as the economy declined.
Timeline of Democracy
The document provides information about democracy and society in ancient Greece, the Middle Ages/Medieval Times, and modern times. It then discusses several aspects of medieval European society including feudalism, the power and influence of the Catholic Church, chivalry, manors, farming, trade, towns, government, education, and the bubonic plague.
American Ideals
The document summarizes examples of groups excluded from American ideals in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. It discusses the oppression of dissenters by the Puritan church in New England. It also outlines the mistreatment of Native Americans, including taking their land through broken treaties and armed violence. Finally, it describes how African Americans were treated as property and not people under the system of slavery, which separated families and denied basic rights.
Philosophies of the Constitution
The document discusses six philosophies found in the Constitution: republican government, limited government, individual rights, popular sovereignty, separation of powers/checks and balances, and federalism. It also explains that the Bill of Rights was added to formally protect citizens' rights and freedoms, as some feared the new US government might not respect individual liberties or states' rights without explicit protections.
Maps, Maps, Maps
The document discusses different types of maps and their purposes:
- Climate maps show climate and precipitation zones using colors.
- Economic/resource maps use symbols to indicate natural resources and economic activities in different areas.
- Physical maps illustrate terrain features like mountains and rivers using colors to denote elevations.
- Political maps show boundaries and label cities and capitals.
- Road maps provide driving directions and label roads and points of interest.
- Topographic maps use contour lines to show elevations.
- Latitude and longitude help locate places on a map; the document asks the reader to name cities given coordinates.
Communism In China
By the end of WWII, the Chinese Communists had gained control of Northern China and were fighting a civil war against the Nationalists led by Jiang Jieshi. Mao Zedong's Communist forces swept to victory, establishing the People's Republic of China. The Nationalists fled to Taiwan under Jiang. The Communists won due to support from peasants unhappy with landlords and taxes, growing discontent with the Nationalists' economic policies and corruption, and control of the countryside allowing them to cut off and capture Nationalist cities. After this victory, the Communists conquered Tibet in 1950.
McMarthyism
McCarthyism arose in the late 1940s and early 1950s as anti-communist paranoia grew in response to Soviet expansion in Europe, the Soviet atomic bomb, and the Korean War stalemate. This led Republicans like McCarthy to accuse Democrats of being soft on communism, fueling fears that caused millions to take loyalty oaths or face investigations and limiting political activism and union activity. Concerns over Soviet espionage were high during this period, leading to the conviction and execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg for passing nuclear secrets to the Soviet Union.
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