The document summarizes the revolution in England that established parliamentary rule over absolute monarchy. It began when King John faced a rebellion from nobles in 1215, forcing him to agree to the Magna Carta which established basic legal rights and limited royal power. This led to the development of institutions like common law, due process, habeas corpus and an increasingly powerful Parliament that sought to restrict monarchs' authority. This conflict continued until the Glorious Revolution of 1688 established England as a constitutional monarchy with Parliament drafting the Bill of Rights to define the powers of monarch and parliament. A cabinet system developed where government ministers answered to Parliament rather than the monarch, establishing the prime minister as head of the ruling party.

1. REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND

2. Main struggle: English rulers vs. Parliament What is a parliament? A body of representatives that make laws for a nation; a legislature King John, an unpopular king, fought a costly and unsuccessful war with France (lost land, raised taxes to pay for the war) English nobles were angry In 1215 the nobles rebelled and forced John to grant guarantees of certain traditional political rights

3. Their demands written as the Magna Carta (Great Charter), a contract between the king and nobles of England: Limited the power of the English monarch over all English subjects Monarchs had to govern according to law, not just an way they pleased Basic legal rights for individuals English church and people have all the liberties written here now and in the future No special tax can be imposed unless everyone agrees to it

4. London and other cities shall be free in business and transportation No trials without witnesses No arrest or imprisonment unless a jury of peers follow the laws of the land No sale, refusal, or delay of rights or justice Free travel for merchants, free from tolls/taxes Travel to and from England should be unrestricted, except for those lawfully imprisoned or enemies during wartime

5. English Democratic Developments Common Law: The body of English law that reflected customs and principles established over time rather than the will of a ruler or lawmaker Due Process of Law: Administration of the law by proceeding according to established legal principles that protect individual rights Habeas Corpus: A document requiring that a prisoner be brought before a court or judge so that it can be decided whether their imprisonment is legal

6. History of Conflicts between Rulers and Parliament King James I (1603-1625) believed in his divine right, tried to maintain absolute authority to rule Charles I (1625-1649) dissolved Parliament when it refused to fund his wars. When Parliament tried to limit his power he tried to arrest its leader, causing civil war Oliver Cromwell (1649-1685) won the English Civil War, imprisoned and executed Charles I for treason. Established a republican form of government but then rules as a military dictator

7. Charles II (1660-1685) restored the monarchy James II (1685-1688) violated English law by being Catholic, putting Catholics in office. His daughter Mary and her husband William over through King James II in the Glorious Revolution (a bloodless revolution) William & Mary (1689-1702) promised to rule according to the laws of Parliament, England went from absolute to constitutional monarchy. Parliament drafted a Bill of Rights

8. English Bill or Rights What can English monarchs not do No suspending of Parliament’s laws No levying of taxes without a specific grant from Parliament No interfering with freedom of speech in Parliament No penalty for a citizen who petitions the king about grievances

9. Cabinet System Develops Designed to facilitate the constitutional monarchy (monarch working with Parliament) Cabinet: A group of government ministers who acted in the ruler’s name but in reality represented the major party of Parliament Over time became the center of power and policy making The leader of the majority party in Parliament heads the cabinet and is called the prime minister Same system in England today