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This document discusses the origins and foundations of social science. It traces social science back to ancient Greek philosophers like Plato and Aristotle who inquired into ethics, human nature, and the organization of societies and governments. These philosophers laid the groundwork for later disciplines like political science, anthropology, sociology and history. The document also examines 17th century thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu and Rousseau and their influential ideas about government, power, and social contracts between rulers and citizens.
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The document summarizes some key ideas of the Enlightenment period in the 18th century in Europe. It discusses philosophers such as George Berkeley, who argued that reality consists only of particular objects and our perceptions of them. David Hume believed that human cognition is based on sensory perception alone. The French Enlightenment emphasized using reason to study problems in philosophy, religion, science, and politics. Philosophers like Montesquieu and Voltaire analyzed social and political systems, and advocated for democratic reforms and expansion of knowledge.
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The Enlightenment occurred between 1650-1800 and was known as the Age of Reason. Key thinkers like Hobbes, Locke, and Montesquieu applied scientific reasoning to challenge traditional authority and institutions. They believed natural laws could be discovered through reason to improve life. Locke argued people had natural rights to life, liberty, and property, and that governments derived power through the people's consent rather than being absolute. If a government violated people's rights, the people had a right to overthrow it.
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Thomas Hobbes believed that in a state of nature, life would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short due to people's natural inclination towards violence and self-interest. To escape this, individuals must surrender their freedom to an absolute sovereign who maintains order and security through rule of law.
John Locke believed that individuals are born free and equal, and have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rights, people form civil societies and establish limited governments.
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UNIT IV.pptx
According to the Oxford Dictionary of Sociology (1994), ‘The state is a distinct set of institutions that has the authority to make rules which govern society.’ These institutions, according to Miliband (1969), are the government, the administration (the civil service), the judiciary and parliamentary assemblies. State power lies in these institutions.
Max Weber defined it as ‘the social insti¬tution that holds a monopoly over the use of force’. It has a ‘monopoly’ of legitimate violence ‘within a specific territory”. Hence, the state includes such institutions as the armed forces, civil service or bureaucracy, police, judiciary and local and national councils of elected representatives, such as parliament.
Consequently, the state is not a unified entity. It is rather a set of institutions which describe the terrain and parameters for political conflicts between various interests over the use of resources and the direction of public policy.
Sociologists have been particularly concerned with the state, but they have examined it in relation to society as a whole, rather than in isolation. Their main concern is the description analysis, and explanation of the state as an institution which claims a monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a given territory.
What are the state’s interests or the boundaries of the state? It is very difficult to identify them clearly, since different parts of the state apparatus can have different interests and conflicting preferences. Because of this diffi¬culty, there are frequently conflicts between elected politicians and non-elected civil servants or the judiciary over policy and resources.
Moreover, its boundaries have not been clearly defined and are constantly changing. It is here useful to bear in mind Althusser’s concept of state apparatuses. The capacity of the state to control the armed forces and police (repressive state apparatus) as well as the major means of communication, notably the media (the ideological state apparatus) is crucial to its power.
Defining state, Anthony Giddens (1997) writes: ‘A state exists where there is a political apparatus of government (institutions like a parliament, civil services officials, etc.) ruling over a given territory, whose authority is backed by a legal system and by the capacity to use military force to implement its policies.’
Dunleavy and O’Leary (1967) have suggested the following five characteristics of the modern state:
1. The state is a recognizably separate institution or set of institutions, so differentiated from the rest of its society as to create identifiable public and private spheres.
2. The State is sovereign, or the supreme power, within its territory, and by definition the ultimate authority for all law.
3. The state’s sovereignty extends to all the individuals within a given territory, irrespective of formal positions held in the government or rule-making institutions.
4. The modern state’s personnel are mostly recruited and trained for manag
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Thomas Hobbes believed that human nature is driven by self-interest and the desire to avoid pain. He thought that without strong central authority, life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short" due to conflicts between self-interested humans. Hobbes advocated for absolute government control to maintain order and prevent chaos in society.
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Thomas Hobbes believed that in a state of nature, life would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short due to people's natural inclination towards violence and self-interest. To escape this, individuals must surrender their freedom to an absolute sovereign who maintains order and security through rule of law.
John Locke believed that individuals are born free and equal, and have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rights, people form civil societies and establish limited governments.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that while humans are naturally good, the development of private property and unequal social structures have corrupted human nature and increased inequality. He advocated for direct democracy with elected representatives to balance the
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UNIT IV.pptx
According to the Oxford Dictionary of Sociology (1994), ‘The state is a distinct set of institutions that has the authority to make rules which govern society.’ These institutions, according to Miliband (1969), are the government, the administration (the civil service), the judiciary and parliamentary assemblies. State power lies in these institutions.
Max Weber defined it as ‘the social insti¬tution that holds a monopoly over the use of force’. It has a ‘monopoly’ of legitimate violence ‘within a specific territory”. Hence, the state includes such institutions as the armed forces, civil service or bureaucracy, police, judiciary and local and national councils of elected representatives, such as parliament.
Consequently, the state is not a unified entity. It is rather a set of institutions which describe the terrain and parameters for political conflicts between various interests over the use of resources and the direction of public policy.
Sociologists have been particularly concerned with the state, but they have examined it in relation to society as a whole, rather than in isolation. Their main concern is the description analysis, and explanation of the state as an institution which claims a monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a given territory.
What are the state’s interests or the boundaries of the state? It is very difficult to identify them clearly, since different parts of the state apparatus can have different interests and conflicting preferences. Because of this diffi¬culty, there are frequently conflicts between elected politicians and non-elected civil servants or the judiciary over policy and resources.
Moreover, its boundaries have not been clearly defined and are constantly changing. It is here useful to bear in mind Althusser’s concept of state apparatuses. The capacity of the state to control the armed forces and police (repressive state apparatus) as well as the major means of communication, notably the media (the ideological state apparatus) is crucial to its power.
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Dunleavy and O’Leary (1967) have suggested the following five characteristics of the modern state:
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Lesson 1.pptx
- 5. It can be traced back to the Ancient Greek philosophers who inquired on the questions of ethics, the nature of the person, society, and the state. These philosophers endeavored to bring their insights into the nature of societies and the development of governments.
- 6. Plato Human nature or the soul is a reflection of society and how a society can achieve harmony by creating classes or divisions. Aristotle Discussed how different types of governments can be transformed into something just or corrupt.
- 7. Herodotus Paid particular attention to how the different cultures of different societies converged and diverged. These became the foundations of social science disciplines such as political science, anthropology, sociology, linguistics, and history. If it’s not for them who argued about human nature and man’s place in the society, it is most likely that social science would not be where it is today.
- 15. Thomas Hobbes Develop the idea that absolute monarch are essential to enforce the will of the people, but argued that the monarch’s power came from the people and not from divine right.
- 16. John Locke Argued that the power of the state to govern is a power given by the people for the protection of their inalienable rights.
- 17. Montesquieu Developed the idea of government having a system of checks and balances, and called for the separation of government powers into the executive, legislative, and judicial branches
- 18. Jean-Jacques Rousseau Attempted to explain that a social contract exists, which enables a society to function toward a general will or a common good.
- 19. ASSESSMENT: Essay: • How did Greek philosophy aid the development of social science inquiry?