Lesson 4 pigments
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The document discusses the roles of pigments like chlorophylls and carotenoids in photosynthesis, specifically how they harvest light energy which is transferred to reaction centers in photosystems. It provides details on how light is absorbed by individual chlorophylls in light-harvesting complexes and transferred via resonance energy transfer to reaction centers where electron transfer initiates. Diagrams and information are given on the structures of photosystem II and its prosthetic groups that are involved in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
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Photosynthesis has two photosystems, Photosystem I and Photosystem II, that work sequentially to harness light energy to produce chemical energy. Photosystem II uses light energy to split water, releasing electrons that are transferred through an electron transport chain, pumping protons across the membrane and producing oxygen. The energized electrons are then passed to Photosystem I, which uses them to reduce NADP+ to NADPH to be used in the Calvin cycle for carbon fixation. Together, the two photosystems convert light energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
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why is there an uneven distribution of photosystem 1 and 2 on the thylakoid membrane?
Solution
Photosynthesis is carried out by the cyanobacteria, plants involved the absorption of light and the
conversion of its energy into chemical energy. The photosynthetic apparatus is made up of 4
multiprotein complexes, which are asymmetrically embedded in the thyalkoid memberane. It is
the high structural and functional coordination between these 4 complexes, which enables the
efficient coupling of photosynthetic electron transfer and photophosphorylation.
The 4 complexes - Photosystem II (PSII), cytochrome b6f complex, PS I and the proton-ATP
synthase, are unevenly distributed between the 2 regions of the thylakoids. The PS II complex is
situated in the appressed grana-lamella region, the PS I and the ATP synthase complex are
located in the non-appressed stroma-lamella region.
Light driven electron transfer is intiated with the oxidation of water mole. by the PS II complex
and the reduction of quinones associated with the PS II complex. The electrons are then
transferred across the memberane to plastocyanin via the Cyt b6f complex. Plastocyanin is a
copper protein facing the lumen of the thylakoids, is the secondary electron donor of the PS I
complex. In the PS I the electron are translocated across the memberane to ferredoxin which
further transfers them to NADP+. The membrane potental and proton gradient resulting from this
photochemical electron transport provide the motive force required for the formation of ATP by
the ATP synthase.
The transport of electron against the electrical potential and the formation of ATP and NADPH
are made possible due to the unique ability of the thylakoids to absorb light energy. The 2
pigment complexes (PS II and PS I) are responsible for harvesting the light and performing the
charge separation across the thylakoid memberanes.
Photosytem II (PS II):
1. PS II is located at the inner surface the grana thyalkoid memberane
2. The photocentre is P680
3. Pigments absorb shorter wavelengths of light (<680nm)
4. Participates only in non cyclic photophosphorylation
5. It is associated with photolysis of water
6. Main functions are ATP synthesis and hydrolysis of water
Photosystem I (PS I)
1. PS I is located at the outer surface the grana thylakoid memberane
2. The photocentre is P700
3. Pigments absorb longer wavelength of light (>680nm)
4. Participates in cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation
5. It is not associated with photolysis of water
6. Main function is ATP synthesis
This is the purpose the two photosystems (PS) are unevely distributed in thyalkoid memberane..
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1) Autotrophs like plants use photosynthesis to produce oxygen and energy-rich molecules like glucose from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
2) Photosynthesis occurs in leaves through the light-dependent reactions that capture solar energy and produce ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent Calvin cycle that uses these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules.
3) The structure of leaves and chloroplasts facilitates photosynthesis through specialized tissues, membranes, and pigments that absorb sunlight and drive the light reactions.
Photosynthesis light reaction and dark reaction
Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water. It occurs in two stages: the light reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced using energy from sunlight, and the dark reactions where ATP and NADPH are used to produce glucose. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts and produce oxygen as a byproduct. There are two photosystems, photosystem I and photosystem II, which absorb different wavelengths of light and transfer energy to reaction centers to drive electron transport and produce ATP.
Photochemical Reactions M Pharm Chemistry.pptx
Photochemical reaction is included in the syllabus Advance Organic Chrmitry M Pharm (Pharmaceutical Chemistry) which discribes thode chemical reactions which are takes place by the help of light
Week 1.ppt
Photosynthesis involves multiple light-dependent and light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use pigments like chlorophyll to absorb light energy which is used to power electron transport and generate ATP and NADPH. This occurs through two photosystems that facilitate electron transfer, with photosystem II initiating the process by splitting water. Cytochrome b6f and other proteins mediate electron transfer between the photosystems. The light-independent Calvin cycle then uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from CO2 into glucose.
Bio ch04 2
Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts within plant cells and captures energy from sunlight to produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water. The process has two parts - the light-dependent reactions in the thylakoids that absorb light energy using chlorophyll and transfer it to make ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions in the stroma that use ATP and NADPH to produce sugars and release oxygen as a byproduct. Overall, the chemical equation represents photosynthesis combining carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen using energy from sunlight.
gen-biology-photosythesis.pptx
The document summarizes the two stages of photosynthesis - the light reactions and Calvin cycle. It traces the movement of electrons through linear and cyclic electron flow during the light reactions. Linear electron flow involves both photosystem I and II and produces both ATP and NADPH using light energy. Cyclic electron flow only uses photosystem I and produces ATP. Both processes generate a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis, similar to how mitochondria produce ATP but using different energy sources. The light reactions ultimately produce ATP and reduce NADP+ to NADPH to be used in the Calvin cycle for sugar production.
Biology 201 Chapter 8
This document provides an outline and overview of a lecture on photosynthesis. It begins with an introduction to photosynthesis and the key organelles and structures involved. It then describes the light-dependent reactions, including the two photosystems, electron transport, and ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis. Finally, it briefly introduces the Calvin cycle for carbon fixation. The document utilizes headings, diagrams, and captions to concisely summarize each topic.
Chapt08lectureanim 151005172704-lva1-app6891
This document provides an outline and overview of a lecture on photosynthesis. It begins with an introduction to photosynthesis and the key organelles and structures involved. It then describes the light-dependent reactions, including the two photosystems, electron transport, and ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis. Finally, it briefly introduces the Calvin cycle for carbon fixation. The document utilizes headings, diagrams, and captions to concisely summarize each topic.
Assignment
Chlorophyll and carotenoids are the primary light-absorbing pigments in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is found within chloroplasts in the thylakoid membranes, which contain stacked sacs called grana. Light energy is absorbed by the pigments and passed between chlorophyll molecules until it reaches a reaction center, where it is used to convert NADP+ to NADPH and drive ATP synthesis via an electron transport chain. This captures the key elements of how photosynthesis uses pigments to harness light energy.
AP Biology Ch 8 Photosynthesis Light Reactions
Here is the labeled diagram of the light reactions:
Water
Light
PS II
ETC
PS I
Oxygen
H+
e-
ATP
NADPH
ATP synthase
ADP + Pi
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The document discusses amino acid and protein structure. It covers:
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Lesson 3 starch, glycogen and cellulose
1. Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are polysaccharides made of glucose monomers that differ in their structure and function.
2. Starch has a linear structure that allows for close packing, making it a good energy store that can be easily broken down into glucose.
3. Glycogen branches, allowing several branches to be cut off at once to quickly supply energy.
4. Cellulose has hydroxyl groups that form hydrogen bonds between chains, holding them firmly together into strong microfibrils.
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Exam tip tweets from staff shared
The teachers provided various exam and revision tips which focus on practicing past papers under timed conditions, using memory techniques like songs to remember facts, creating study tools like flashcards and index cards, studying in short bursts and revisiting topics regularly, getting good sleep, and structuring answers rather than rushing straight into writing. Overall the tips emphasized effective preparation, practice of past papers, testing oneself, and taking breaks to reduce stress and increase retention.
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Photosynthesis 6 light independent reaction
The document discusses cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation, which are the light-dependent and light-independent stages of photosynthesis. In the light-dependent stage, ATP and NADPH are produced to be used in the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle (light-independent stage) uses the products of the light reaction with the enzyme rubisco to incorporate carbon dioxide into glycerate-3-phosphate and regenerate RuBP, allowing the process to repeat to ultimately produce glucose or other organic molecules.
Lesson 3 photosynthetic pigment extraction
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Lesson 2 chloroplast structure and leaf adaptations
This document discusses photosynthesis and chloroplast structure. It begins by outlining learning objectives about linking leaf structure to photosynthesis efficiency, reviewing chloroplast structure, and describing the role of photosynthetic pigments in light harvesting. It then provides an overview of photosynthesis as a two-stage process that takes place in chloroplasts, and explains chloroplast structure through diagrams and electron micrographs. Specifically, it notes that chloroplasts contain thylakoids which harbor chlorophyll and other pigments for light absorption and energy transfer during the light reactions of photosynthesis.
Lesson 2 chloroplast structure and leaf adaptations
This document discusses photosynthesis and chloroplast structure. It begins by outlining learning objectives about linking leaf structure to photosynthesis efficiency, reviewing chloroplast structure, and describing the role of photosynthetic pigments in light harvesting. It then provides an overview of photosynthesis as a two-stage process that takes place in chloroplasts, and explains chloroplast structure through diagrams and electron micrographs. Specifically, it notes that chloroplasts contain thylakoids which harbor chlorophyll and drive the light-dependent reactions that produce oxygen and energy through electron transfer.
Photosynthesis 1
Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce complex organic molecules through a process of converting carbon dioxide and water. Autotrophs like plants carry out photosynthesis, while heterotrophs rely on ingesting these organic molecules for energy through respiration. Both plant and animal respiration depend on the products of photosynthesis, as it provides the basic energy-carrying molecules that all living things rely on.
Lung dissection lesson 3
The document describes the features of the mammalian lung that enable efficient gas exchange. It discusses the alveolus as an efficient exchange surface due to diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. It also outlines the distribution of cartilage, cilia, goblet cells, smooth muscle, and elastic fibers in the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli and their functions in facilitating gas exchange. Diagrams and photographs are provided to illustrate these structures and distributions.
Exchange surfaces lesson 1
This document describes an experiment to demonstrate the effect of surface area to volume ratio on the rate of diffusion using agar cubes of different sizes submerged in hydrochloric acid. Students are instructed to cut agar cubes of varying sizes, submerge them in HCl, time how long it takes for the color to disappear, record the results, and graph the data to show that smaller cubes with a higher surface area to volume ratio will diffuse more quickly. Questions are included about controlling variables, improving reliability and accuracy, explaining the effect on diffusion rates and its importance to organisms, and limitations compared to living systems.
L4 spirometer
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Transport in plants 3 transpiration
1. Transpiration is the movement of water from the roots of a plant through the xylem and leaves where it evaporates from the surfaces of mesophyll cells and exits through stomata.
2. Factors like light, temperature, humidity, and wind affect the transpiration rate by influencing how open the stomata are and the rate of evaporation.
3. Water is transported throughout the plant via the xylem through a combination of cohesion, adhesion, and transpirational pull which creates a column of water with tensile strength that pulls water up from the roots to the leaves.
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Lesson 4 pigments
- 1. Photosynthetic pigments... Learning objectives... •The roles of pigments in light harvesting http://www.teachers-direct.co.uk/resources/quiz-busters/quiz-busters-game.aspx?game
- 5. • Photon of light strikes accessory pigment • Light energy is passed down to the reaction centre • 2 electrons are excited and released from the Mg atom PSI = chlorophyll a P700nm PSII = chlorophyll b P680nm
- 6. Light is absorbed by individual chlorophylls in the light-harvesting complexes Energy is transferred from one pigment to another via Resonance Energy Transfer This transfer funnels the energy to a reaction centre where electron transfer starts Energy transfer in light-harvesting complexes
- 8. Low resolution structures of photosystem II • electron microscopy • membrane preparations • single particles - negative stain arrangement in thylakoid membrane
- 9. Photosystem II - at 3.5Å resolution
- 10. Prosthetic groups of PSII core
- 13. • The 2 most important pigments involved in photosynthesis are chlorophylls and (1). The chlorophyll molecule consists of a complex ring called a (2) ring that is attracted to water so called (3). It also has a long lipid-soluble chain that is repelled by water and therefore called (4). Chlorophyll takes in certain wavelengths more than others. A graph of the amount of light taken in by different pigments is called the (5). Chlorophyll a acts as the (6) centres at the heart of the a complex of pigments molecules and associated (7) know collectively as a photosystem. Around the central chlorophyll molecule are (8) pigments that form a unit called a (9). Photosystem I has chlorophyll that absorbs light of wavelength (10) and found mostly in the (11) of the chloroplast. Photosystem II has chlorophyll that absorbs light of wavelength (12) and is found mainly in the (13).