Lesson 4: does wealth equal wellbeing
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The document discusses different concepts and measures of human wellbeing beyond just income levels. It examines the United Nations Human Development Index, which considers factors like education and healthcare, and the Happy Planet Index, which evaluates wellbeing and environmental impact. The document also notes that single measures have limitations and that combining multiple indicators can provide a more accurate picture of wellbeing in a given place.
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Lesson 4 does wealth equal wellbeing
While per capita income is often used to measure wellbeing, it does not provide a full picture. The UN developed the Human Development Index which combines factors like education and healthcare. However, even the HDI does not account for all aspects of wellbeing, such as environmental issues. Other proposed measures, like the Happy Planet Index and Gross National Happiness, attempt to use broader indicators to more accurately reflect a population's wellbeing. Developing a multi-factor index that incorporates economic, social, and environmental dimensions can help compare wellbeing across countries.
Lesson 3 attachment and emotional development
This document discusses attachment and emotional development in infants. It explains that attachment refers to the emotional bond between an infant and caregiver. It describes John Bowlby's theory that infants have an innate drive to form attachments, which improves survival and provides a foundation for healthy emotional development. The document also discusses factors like genetics, temperament, and early life experiences that can influence the type of attachment formed, noting that secure attachments are most likely when caregivers are sensitively responsive to infants' signals.
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This lesson defines hemispheric specialization as the idea that one hemisphere has specialized cognitive and behavioral functions. It explains that the left hemisphere specializes in verbal and analytical functions like reading, writing, and logical reasoning, while the right hemisphere specializes in non-verbal functions like spatial thinking, creativity, and recognizing faces and music. While each hemisphere has specialized functions, both are involved in nearly all functions.
From the eye to the brain
After light is absorbed by photoreceptors in the retina, sensory information is converted into action potentials that are transmitted along the optic nerve. This transmission sends the sensory information to relevant areas of the brain for perception, where the visual information is processed and interpreted. The retina plays a key role in this process by receiving and absorbing light, and processing images before the information is sent to the brain.
Lesson 2 sensitive and critical periods
Sensitive periods are times when an individual is more responsive to environmental experiences or learning, while critical periods are specific times when lack of certain stimuli can harm development. Both refer to windows in psychological growth when outside influences have heightened impact.
Lesson 6 influences on tate perception
Santa drank some beer from the fridge but immediately spit it out. Using his knowledge of the three stages of gustatory sensation, he was able to recognize that the beer had gone bad. The three stages are:
1. Reception - Molecules in the bad beer stimulated Santa's taste buds when dissolved by saliva.
2. Transduction - The receptor cells on Santa's taste buds converted the chemical energy into nerve impulses.
3. Transmission - The nerve impulses were sent to Santa's brain via electrochemical messages from the taste buds.
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The document discusses the human nervous system. It describes the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS has two divisions - the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system involves skeletal muscle activity and contains sensory neurons that receive messages, motor neurons that activate muscles, and interneurons that connect sensory and motor neurons.
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Flavour is a perceptual experience that results from a combination of taste and other sensations, while taste is the sense that distinguishes between sweet, sour, salty, and bitter qualities of substances in the mouth. The perception of flavour is influenced by numerous factors, including expectations based on prior ideas of how foods should taste (perceptual set), colour intensity, and texture. Texture contributes to flavour through the surface area of food that comes into contact with taste receptors - drinking carrot juice provides an immediate blast of flavour compared to eating a chunk of carrot, as the juice allows for maximum contact with receptors.
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Lesson 4 does wealth equal wellbeing
While per capita income is often used to measure wellbeing, it does not provide a full picture. The UN developed the Human Development Index which combines factors like education and healthcare. However, even the HDI does not account for all aspects of wellbeing, such as environmental issues. Other proposed measures, like the Happy Planet Index and Gross National Happiness, attempt to use broader indicators to more accurately reflect a population's wellbeing. Developing a multi-factor index that incorporates economic, social, and environmental dimensions can help compare wellbeing across countries.
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This document discusses attachment and emotional development in infants. It explains that attachment refers to the emotional bond between an infant and caregiver. It describes John Bowlby's theory that infants have an innate drive to form attachments, which improves survival and provides a foundation for healthy emotional development. The document also discusses factors like genetics, temperament, and early life experiences that can influence the type of attachment formed, noting that secure attachments are most likely when caregivers are sensitively responsive to infants' signals.
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This lesson defines hemispheric specialization as the idea that one hemisphere has specialized cognitive and behavioral functions. It explains that the left hemisphere specializes in verbal and analytical functions like reading, writing, and logical reasoning, while the right hemisphere specializes in non-verbal functions like spatial thinking, creativity, and recognizing faces and music. While each hemisphere has specialized functions, both are involved in nearly all functions.
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After light is absorbed by photoreceptors in the retina, sensory information is converted into action potentials that are transmitted along the optic nerve. This transmission sends the sensory information to relevant areas of the brain for perception, where the visual information is processed and interpreted. The retina plays a key role in this process by receiving and absorbing light, and processing images before the information is sent to the brain.
Lesson 2 sensitive and critical periods
Sensitive periods are times when an individual is more responsive to environmental experiences or learning, while critical periods are specific times when lack of certain stimuli can harm development. Both refer to windows in psychological growth when outside influences have heightened impact.
Lesson 6 influences on tate perception
Santa drank some beer from the fridge but immediately spit it out. Using his knowledge of the three stages of gustatory sensation, he was able to recognize that the beer had gone bad. The three stages are:
1. Reception - Molecules in the bad beer stimulated Santa's taste buds when dissolved by saliva.
2. Transduction - The receptor cells on Santa's taste buds converted the chemical energy into nerve impulses.
3. Transmission - The nerve impulses were sent to Santa's brain via electrochemical messages from the taste buds.
Lesson 5 the human nervous system
The document discusses the human nervous system. It describes the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS has two divisions - the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system involves skeletal muscle activity and contains sensory neurons that receive messages, motor neurons that activate muscles, and interneurons that connect sensory and motor neurons.
Lesson 2 judgement of flavours
Flavour is a perceptual experience that results from a combination of taste and other sensations, while taste is the sense that distinguishes between sweet, sour, salty, and bitter qualities of substances in the mouth. The perception of flavour is influenced by numerous factors, including expectations based on prior ideas of how foods should taste (perceptual set), colour intensity, and texture. Texture contributes to flavour through the surface area of food that comes into contact with taste receptors - drinking carrot juice provides an immediate blast of flavour compared to eating a chunk of carrot, as the juice allows for maximum contact with receptors.
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Lesson 5 taste perception - mouth to brain
Taste perception involves stimulus reception by taste receptors in taste buds located on papillae in the tongue. This stimulation is transduced by gustatory neurons into neural signals that travel to the primary gustatory cortex in the brain for perception of the five basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami.
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The document provides an overview of physical, cognitive, social, and personality development in preschool-aged children (ages 2-6). Some key points include:
- Children experience significant physical growth and motor skill development during this period.
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The document discusses two common visual illusions: the Muller-Lyer illusion and the Ames room illusion. It provides learning objectives about explaining how these illusions distort visual perception. For the Muller-Lyer illusion, it evaluates biological, psychological, and social explanations, including that we evolved to perceive in 3D rather than 2D, and that our experiences of architecture can influence our perceptions. The Ames room illusion makes objects appear to change in size due to variations in perceived distance within a specially constructed room.
Perceptual constancy and set
Camouflage is most effective when the appearance of an object, or figure, blends in with the characteristics of the background, or ground. A tiger's bright orange stripes strongly contrast with a grey urban landscape, making it easily visible, whereas in a jungle setting its camouflage allows it to blend in among the yellows, oranges, and browns of the vegetation. Perceptual constancy refers to perceiving an object as remaining the same despite changes to the image on the retina, while perceptual set is a predisposition to perceive something based on expectations.
Gestalt rules 20016
This document discusses several visual perception principles: figure-ground, which distinguishes figures from backgrounds based on detail; similarity, which groups similar elements; closure, which fills in missing parts of figures; and proximity, which groups objects that are physically close together. These principles are rules that the human visual system automatically applies to help organize and interpret visual stimuli in a consistent way.
Lesson 1 physiological and psychological charactertistics of responses to s...
This document provides an overview of physiological and psychological responses to stress. It discusses key concepts such as the definitions of stress, stressors, and the stress response. The stress response can be mild, acute, or chronic. There are also physiological (bodily) and psychological changes that occur when confronted by a stressor, such as increased arousal. Two models of stress are described: the Yerkes-Dodson curve and Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome, which outlines three stages of the stress response - alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion.
Gestalt rules
Visual perception principles are rules that help organize and interpret visual stimuli in a consistent way. These innate rules include figure-ground, which distinguishes figures from backgrounds based on detail; similarity, which groups similar elements; closure, which fills in missing parts of figures; and proximity, which groups objects that are physically close together.
Depth cues
Binocular depth cues use both eyes to perceive depth and include retinal disparity and convergence. Retinal disparity occurs because each eye sees a slightly different image based on their positions, and convergence is the inward turning of the eyes to focus on closer objects. Monocular cues use a single eye and include linear perspective, interposition, texture gradient, relative size, and height in the visual field. A study by Turnbull found that the BaMbuti pygmies he observed did not use relative size well because their environment did not require that skill, showing that depth perception is learned rather than innate.
Sensation and perception
Sensation involves detecting and responding to sensory information through sensory receptors. Perception is the process of assigning meaning to incoming sensory information. Sensory receptors have receptive fields, which are the areas they can detect stimuli. Reception detects sensory information, which is then converted into neural signals via transduction. Transmission carries these signals along neural pathways to the brain for interpretation, where meaning is derived. While these processes are rapid, we are only consciously aware when a stimulus is ambiguous. Sensation is the detection of sensory information, while perception gives meaning to those detections.
Brain function – the evidence from brain damage
This document discusses language centers in the brain. It describes Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere, which is involved in speech production. Damage to Broca's area results in Broca's aphasia, characterized by difficulty producing speech with short, simple sentences. It also describes Wernicke's area, located in the left temporal lobe, which is involved in speech comprehension. Damage to Wernicke's area causes Wernicke's aphasia, with difficulty comprehending speech and producing nonsensical sentences. The right hemisphere can be involved in emotional language and music when the left hemisphere is damaged.
Lesson 1 plasticity
The brain has the ability to change its structure and function through experience, such as the development of myelin, the formation of new connections between neurons, and synaptic pruning. The frontal lobe is an area of the brain that exhibits plasticity. Brain plasticity has implications for learning, memory, development, and recovery from injury.
Lesson 3 The neuron
Neurons are the basic unit of the nervous system and have several parts that allow them to transmit electrochemical signals throughout the brain. Dendrites receive signals from other neurons and pass them to the soma, which controls the cell. The axon then carries the signal away from the soma to release neurotransmitters at axon terminals, crossing the synapse to activate the next neuron. Myelin insulation allows faster signal transmission between neurons.
Lesson 2 autonomic nervous system
The document describes the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and its two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system activates the body's fight or flight response when under threat, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and diverting blood to muscles. The parasympathetic nervous system returns the body to homeostasis and calm once the threat is passed, slowing heart rate and aiding digestion. The ANS functions automatically to regulate internal organs and physiological processes.
Lesson 1 the human nervous system
The document discusses the human nervous system. It describes the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS has two divisions - the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system involves skeletal muscle activity and contains sensory neurons that receive messages, motor neurons that activate muscles, and interneurons that connect sensory and motor neurons.
Lesson 5 sleep:wake cyle across the lifespan
Sleep patterns change across the lifespan. During adolescence, the sleep-wake cycle shifts biologically to require about 2 hours more sleep per night, but school schedules do not accommodate this. As a result, teens build up a sleep debt by consistently getting less sleep than their bodies need. They try to catch up on weekends by sleeping in, but then go to bed later, compounding the problem. This chronic sleep deprivation negatively impacts cognitive function in adolescents.
Lesson 4 sleep deprivation
This document discusses the effects of total and partial sleep deprivation. Total deprivation involves no sleep in 24 hours, while partial deprivation involves some sleep in that period. Psychological effects of sleep deprivation include impaired sustained attention, microsleeps, irritability, confusion, and delusions or hallucinations with more severe deprivation. Physiological effects include changes to heart rate, respiration, blood pressure and body temperature. Chronic sleep deprivation can also lead to long-term health issues. While complex cognitive tasks may not be as impacted as simple ones, REM and NREM sleep deprivation can cause memory, learning, mood and physical problems. Getting extra sleep can help recover from sleep debt accumulated from deprivation.
Lessson 3 characteristics and patterns of sleep
The document discusses the characteristics and patterns of sleep. It describes the stages of non-REM (NREM) sleep including stages 1-4, as well as REM sleep. NREM sleep makes up about 80% of total sleep and involves light to deep unconscious sleep, while REM sleep involves vivid dreaming. Sleep cycles through NREM and REM stages about every 90 minutes. Theories on why we sleep include survival theories that sleep conserves energy and restorative theories that sleep enhances functions like memory, growth, and repair of the body. However, both types of theories have limitations in fully explaining sleep.
Lesson 2 sleep and methods for studing consciousness
Sleep is a regularly occurring altered state of consciousness characterized by a loss of awareness. There are different brain wave patterns associated with different states of consciousness, including beta waves during normal waking, alpha waves during a relaxed meditative state, theta waves during light sleep, and delta waves during the deepest stages of sleep. Studying different brain wave patterns can provide insights into various states of consciousness like sleeping and waking.
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