Course 102- M.Ed Pune University

1. SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY
Department of Education & Extension
Topic: 4.3 Place of India in Human Development Index
(HDI)
Name: Jaishree Kumari Gajre
Course: M.Ed. , 102 - History and Political Economy of Education

2. Human Development Index
(HDI)
Meaning:
 The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic developed and compiled
by the United Nations to measure various countries’ levels of social and
economic development.
 It is composed of four principal areas of interest:
 Mean years of schooling
 Expected years of schooling
 Life expectancy at birth
 Gross national income (GNI) per capita.
 This index is a tool used to follow changes in development levels over time
and compare the development levels of different countries.

3. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic composite index of life
expectancy, education (mean years of schooling completed and expected years of
schooling upon entering the education system), and per capita income indicators,
which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country
scores a higher level of HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is
higher, and the gross national income GNI (PPP) per capita is higher.
Definition:
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical tool used to measure a
country's overall achievement in its social and economic dimensions. The social
and economic dimensions of a country are based on the health of people, their
level of education attainment and their standard of living.
Human Development Index
(HDI)

4. Description:
Every year UNDP (United Nation of Development Programme) ranks countries based
on the HDI report released in their annual report. HDI is one of the best tools to keep
track of the level of development of a country, as it combines all major social and
economic indicators that are responsible for economic development.
Human Development Index
(HDI)

5. Originof HDI
• A Pakistani economist Dr.Mahbub-ul-Haq created the
Human Development Index in 1990. He said in true
sense development is all about enlarging people’s choice
in order to lead long , healthy lives with dignity.
• The United Nations Development Programme has been
using his concept to publish its annual Human
Development Report since 1990.

6. Components of HDI
There are three components of HDI
 Health
 Education
 Standard of living

7. Components of HDI
(Health)
• The first component of the HDI – a long healthy life – is
measured by life expectancy.

8. Components of HDI
(Education)
Expected and average year of schooling.
• The second component – access to education – is measured by expected
years of schooling of children at school-entry age and mean years of
schooling of adult population.
• Education has been one of the most integral drivers and out comes of
global development.

9. Components of HDI
(Education)
• Mean years of schooling – estimates the average number of years of total
schooling adults aged 25 years and older have received. This data back s to the
year 1870 and is based on the data from Lee and Lee(2016); Barro Lee(2018)
and UN Development Programme.
• Expected years of schooling – measures the number of years of schooling
that a child of school entrance age can expect to receive if the current age
specific enrollment rate persists throughout the child’s life by country.

10. Long and Healthy Life Knowledge
A Decent Standard of
Living
Life Expectancy
and birth
Mean Years
of Schooling
Expected Years
of Schooling
GNI Per
Capita
Life Expectancy Index Education Index GNI Index
Human Development Index (HDI)
Dimensions
Indicators
Dimension Index

11. How is HDI Calculated ?
The HDI is summary measurement of basic achievement levels in human development. The
computed HDI of a country is an average of indexes of each of life aspects that are examined:
knowledge and understanding, along and healthy life, and an acceptable standard of living. Each of 4
components is normalized to scale between 0 and 1, and then geometric mean of the three
components is calculated.
• The HDI provides a single index measure to capture three key dimensions of human
development a long and healthy life, access to knowledge and a decent standard of living.
• HDI utilizes four key metrics.
• Life expectancy at birth – to access a long healthy life.
• Expected years of schooling to assess success to knowledge of the young generation.
• Average years of schooling – to assess the success to knowledge of the older generation.
• Gross National Income (GNI) per Capita – to assess the standard of living.

12. Dimensions of HDI
1. Life Expectancy: A key element in calculating the HDI is life expectancy at birth. The life
expectancy factor helps to determine how long the average citizen lives, how healthy he can
remain during her life and how much she can contribute in her working life. The HDI measures life
expectancy from 20 to 85 years.
2. Education Index: In this it is considered that what is the expected years of schooling and mean
years of schooling.
3. Gross National Income per capita: The gross national income per capita , or GNI, measures the
annual income of the average citizen based on purchasing power parity, or PPP. The GNI index
uses a minimum income of $100 and a maximum of $75,000.

13. Dimensions of HDI
Example
India in 2017
Life expectancy at birth 68.8 Years
Expected years of schooling 12.3 Years
Mean years of schooling 6.4 years
GNI per capita (2011 PPP$) 6,353
HDI Value 0.64

14. Dimensions of HDI
Index Calculation:
Dimension index = ( actual value – minimum value ) / ( maximum value – minimum value )
Life Expectancy Index
The HDI measures life expectancy from 20 to 85 years.
Life expectancy in India 68.8 years.
Life Expectancy Index = ( LE - 20 ) / ( 85 – 20 )
= ( 68.8 – 20 ) / ( 85-20 )
= 48.8/65
= 0.751

15. Dimensions of HDI
Index Calculation:
Education Index
Expected years of schooling in India= 12.3 years (Range for HDI is 0 to 18 years)
Mean years of schooling in India = 6.4 years (Range for HDI is 0 to 15 years)
Expected Years of Schooling Index = 12.3 – 0 / 18 – 0
= 0.683
Mean Years of Schooling Index = 6.4 – 0 / 15 – 0
= 0.427
Education Index = ( MYSI + EYSI ) / 2.
= 0.683 + 0.427 / 2
= 0.555

16. Dimensions of HDI
Index Calculation:
GNI per capita in India (PPP) = USD 6353 (Range for HDI is USD100 to USD75,000)
GNI Index = ( log(6353) – log(0) ) / ( log(75000) – log(100)
= 1.803 / 2.875

17. Limitations of HDI
 There are criticism of HDI. It is a simplification and admittedly limited evaluation of human
development. The HDI does not specifically reflect quality-of-life factors, such as empowerment
movements or overall feelings of security.
 In recognition of these facts, the U.N. Human Development Report Office (HDRO) provides
additional composite indices to evaluate other life aspects, including inequality issues such as
gender disparity or racial inequality. Examination and evaluation of a country’s HDI are best done in
concert with examining these and other factors, such as country’s rate of economic growth ,
expansion of employment opportunities, and the success of initiatives undertaken to improve the
overall quality of life within a country.
 In case of HDI, the inclusion of the components is problematic because it is easily plausible that
higher average incomes directly lead to both more investment in formal education and better health
and longevity.
 Indeed, a fundamental principle of the composite index design is not to include multiple additional
components that are strongly correlated in a way that suggests that they might reflect the same
underlying phenomenon.

18. Place of India in
World as per HDI
 India is placed at 131 among 189 countries in the 2020 human development index, released by the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP). Meanwhile, Bhutan (129), Bangladesh (133), Nepal (142), and Pakistan (154) are the
other nations ranked among countries with medium human development.
 As per the UNDP's report, Norway topped the index, followed by Ireland, Switzerland, Hong Kong and Iceland. Germany,
Sweden, Australia, Netherlands and Denmark are the other top 10 countries ranked in the Human Development
Index. Human Development Index is the measure of a nation's health, education, and standards of living.

19. Ranking of Countries
as per HDI
Rank Country HDI value (2019)
Life
expectancy at
birth (years)
SDG3
Expected years
of schooling
(years) SDG
4.3
Mean years of
schooling
(years) SDG
4.6
Gross national income
(GNI) per capita (PPP $)
SDG 8.5
1 Norway
0.957
0.957
82.4 18.1 12.9 66,494
2 Ireland
0.955
0.955
82.3 18.7 12.7 68,371
2 Switzerland
0.955
0.955
83.8 16.3 13.4 69,394
4
Hong Kong,
China (SAR)
0.949
0.949
84.9 16.9 12.3 62,985
4 Iceland
0.949
0.949
83.0 19.1 12.8 54,682
6 Germany
0.947
0.947
81.3 17.0 14.2 55,314
7 Sweden
0.945
0.945
82.8 19.5 12.5 54,508
8 Australia
0.944
0.944
83.4 22.0 12.7 48,085
8 Netherlands
0.944
0.944
82.3 18.5 12.4 57,707
10 Denmark
0.940
0.940
80.9 18.9 12.6 58,662

20. Why is India lagging
in HDI ??
• Large number of population in India lives in slums that is around 158.4 million.
• 42 % children below 5 years age are underweight and 59 % stunted.
• Low spending on education by the government.
• Lack of schemes for urban poor like NRHM etc.
• India treats its environment poorly. Ranks 125 out 132 countries in a study done by Yale
University.

21. Human Development
Index in India
• Planning Commission calculated the human development index by taking
states and union territories as the unit of analysis.
• Kerala with composite index value of 0.790 is placed at the top rank
followed by Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Goa and Punjab
• States like Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Bihar are at the bottom among 23
major stated in India
Analysis among the Inter State Human Development

22. Human Development
Index in India
• Kerala is able to record the highest value in HDI Largely due to its impressive
performance in achieving near hundred percent literacy.
• In a different scenario the states like Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Assam and Uttar
Pradesh have very low literacy.
• States showing higher total literacy rates have less gaps between the male and female
literacy rates.
• Economically developed states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Punjab and Haryana
have higher value of HDI as compared to states like Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Madhya
Pradesh etc.
• Regional Distortions and social Disparities which developed during the colonial period
and continue to play an important role in the Indian economy, Polity and Society.

23. Human Development
Index in India

24. Conclusion
• The HDI gives an overall index of economic development.
• There are certain differences among different states development conditions so
there must be equal opportunities for development for all.
• Some important issues are missing in HDI such as infrastructure and some
economic factors.