Lesson 4 constant
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Constants in PHP are like variables that cannot change value once defined. Constants are defined using the define() function, which takes a name, value, and optional case sensitivity parameter. Constants can store simple values as well as arrays. Unlike variables, constants are globally accessible across any PHP script.
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This document discusses network protocols. It begins by defining what a protocol is and provides some common examples used at different layers, such as TCP, UDP, IP, and HTTP. It then explains that protocols break large processes into smaller tasks and functions that must cooperate across network levels. Protocols are created according to industry standards. The document categorizes protocols for communication, network management, and security. It provides examples for each category and concludes with descriptions of some frequently used protocols like HTTP, SSH, and SMS.
PC 106 PPT-01
This document provides an overview of the history and development of computer networks and the internet. It discusses the early development of packet switching in the 1960s by researchers at MIT, RAND, and the UK. It also describes the creation of ARPANET in the late 1960s and early 1970s and its growth. Subsequent sections discuss the proliferation of networks in the 1980s and 1990s driven by NSFNET and the development of the World Wide Web. The document concludes by outlining some of the key hardware components of networks and benefits and disadvantages of computer networks.
PC 106 PPT-06
The document discusses the OSI model, which defines 7 layers for network communication: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application. It was developed by ISO to standardize network architectures and allow components from different vendors to communicate. Each layer has a set of well-defined functions and builds upon the layers below it, with standards developed independently for easier introduction and less effect of changes on other layers. This model divides network communication into simpler components and encourages standardization.
PC 106 PPT-05
There are several common network topologies for LANs and WANs. Common LAN topologies include bus, star, ring, switched, daisy chain, and hierarchical topologies. Bus topology is easy to implement but has limited cable length. Star topology is easy to manage and scale but a failure of the central device takes down the whole network. Ring topology provides better performance than bus but a single failure affects the whole network. WAN topologies include peer-to-peer, ring, star, full mesh, partial mesh, multi-tiered, and hybrid configurations with different tradeoffs around cost, performance, redundancy, and scalability.
PC 106 Slide 04
Network media refers to the communication channels used to connect nodes on a computer network. Common network media include copper cables like twisted pair and coaxial, optical fiber cables, and wireless transmission using radio waves. Key factors in choosing network media include the network topology, size, required transmission speed and distance, environment, and cost. A network interface card installed in each computer enables it to connect to the chosen network media type.
PC 106 Slide no.02
A computer network is composed of end devices, network media, and intermediary devices connected together. The number of computers that can be connected depends on the type of network, which is classified by geographical size as a personal area network (PAN), local area network (LAN), campus area network (CAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), wide area network (WAN), wireless local area network (WLAN), or peer-to-peer network. In a client/server network, servers provide centralized services and resources to client devices, while in a peer-to-peer network all devices can act as both clients and servers sharing resources directly.
pc-106-slide-3
Network hardware includes end devices like servers, computers, VoIP phones, security cameras, and mobile devices. It also includes intermediary devices like hubs, switches, wireless access points, repeaters, bridges, and routers. Servers store files and applications for sharing. Switches provide connections and send information directly to the correct location. Wireless access points allow Wi-Fi devices to connect to wired networks. Routers select the best path to route messages between networks. Network interface cards provide the physical connection between computers and the network.
PC 106 Slide 2
The document discusses different types of computer networks classified by their geographical size, including personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), campus area networks (CANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), and wireless local area networks (WLANs). It provides details on each type of network, such as LANs connecting computers close together within the same building, MANs connecting LANs within a city that are too far for a direct connection, and WANs spanning large geographic areas like cities or countries. The document also illustrates a basic computer network and reviews common network acronyms.
PC 106 Slide 1.pptx
A computer network connects multiple computers together to allow them to communicate and share resources. The basic building blocks of a network include computers equipped with network ports, cables to connect the computers, and a network switch for them to plug into. Larger networks may include additional components like routers or repeaters. Computer networks provide benefits such as hardware and data sharing between connected devices, enhanced real-time communication, collaborative work environments, access to shared programs stored on servers, and increased storage capacity from network-attached devices. However, networks also pose security threats from hacking or data theft, single point of failures if the main server crashes, and potential virus or malware spread throughout the connected systems. Proper technical skills are required to administer large computer networks
Db2 characteristics of db ms
This document discusses the fundamentals of database systems. It outlines four key characteristics: the self-describing nature of databases through metadata stored in the DBMS catalog; insulation between programs and data through program-data independence; support of multiple views of data through user-specific subsets or views; and sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing through concurrency control in a multiuser environment.
Db1 introduction
This document defines key terms related to database systems and provides an overview of database fundamentals. It defines data, information, and databases. A database management system (DBMS) is introduced as a collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain a database by defining, constructing, manipulating, and sharing the data. A DBMS also protects the database and maintains it over time. Examples of database systems that store student and course information are provided to illustrate database concepts. Characteristics of the DBMS approach are compared to the traditional file system approach.
Lesson 3.2
A flowchart is a graphical representation of a process or system. This document provides flowcharts for troubleshooting various hardware issues, including hard drive boot problems, CPU/RAM/motherboard performance issues, video adapter/GPU/monitor problems, peripheral device failures, SCSI/SAS drive errors, and DVD/CD/Blu-ray recording issues. The flowcharts help diagnose common problems and their potential solutions.
Lesson 3.1
This document discusses common computer errors, including hardware errors like blank monitors, hard drive failures, and faulty keyboards or mice. It also covers software errors such as access denied, file not found, and out of memory issues. Specific error types like disk read errors, boot failures, freezing, and the blue screen of death are explained in more detail. The document emphasizes the importance of properly diagnosing errors to identify whether the issue is hardware or software related.
Lesson 1.6
Bootable media contains software that allows a computer to boot from a removable device like a USB flash drive. When booting, the computer performs self-checks, loads the BIOS which finds the boot loader on the hard drive, and then loads the operating system along with hardware drivers and any startup programs. Bootable USB flash drives provide an easy way to install operating systems without discs by creating a portable boot device.
Lesson 3.2
Computer troubleshooting is a systematic process used to locate the cause of faults in computer systems and resolve hardware and software issues. It involves following a logical process with steps like identifying the problem, establishing a probable cause, testing theories to determine the cause, developing a solution plan, verifying the system works, and documenting findings. Troubleshooting skills are developed over time through experience solving different problems. Common computer issues include failures of storage devices, motherboards, power supplies, CPUs, memory, displays, and more. Solutions may involve checking connections, updating drivers or BIOS, replacing faulty components, and ensuring proper cooling and power.
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