Lesson 28 trophic relationships
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- Living organisms are made up of organic matter like carbon compounds, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. They obtain this organic matter through trophic relationships in an ecosystem. - In a trophic relationship, organisms are organized into producers, consumers, and decomposers based on how they obtain matter and energy. Producers like plants produce organic matter from inorganic sources while consumers eat other organisms and decomposers break down dead organic matter. - Trophic relationships can be represented by trophic chains that show who eats whom, or more complex trophic webs that show multiple feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem.
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The food chain describes who eats whom in the wild. Every living thing—from one-celled algae to giant blue whales—needs food to survive. Each food chain is a possible pathway that energy and nutrients can follow through the ecosystem.
For example, grass produces its own food from sunlight. A rabbit eats the grass. A fox eats the rabbit. When the fox dies, bacteria break down its body, returning it to the soil where it provides nutrients for plants like grass.
Of course, many different animals eat grass, and rabbits can eat other plants besides grass. Foxes, in turn, can eat many types of animals and plants. Each of these living things can be a part of multiple food chains. All of the interconnected and overlapping food chains in an ecosystem make up a food web.
Trophic Levels
Organisms in food chains are grouped into categories called trophic levels. Roughly speaking, these levels are divided into producers (first trophic level), consumers (second, third, and fourth trophic levels), and decomposers.
Producers, also known as autotrophs, make their own food. They make up the first level of every food chain. Autotrophs are usually plants or one-celled organisms. Nearly all autotrophs use a process called photosynthesis to create “food” (a nutrient called glucose) from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water.
Plants are the most familiar type of autotroph, but there are many other kinds. Algae, whose larger forms are known as seaweed, are autotrophic. Phytoplankton, tiny organisms that live in the ocean, are also autotrophs. Some types of bacteria are autotrophs. For example, bacteria living in active volcanoes use sulfur compounds to produce their own food. This process is called chemosynthesis.
The second trophic level consists of organisms that eat the producers. These are called primary consumers, or herbivores. Deer, turtles, and many types of birds are herbivores. Secondary consumers eat the herbivores. Tertiary consumers eat the secondary consumers. There may be more levels of consumers before a chain finally reaches its top predator. Top predators, also called apex predators, eat other consumers.
Consumers can be carnivores (animals that eat other animals) or omnivores (animals that eat both plants and animals). Omnivores, like people, consume many types of foods. People eat plants, such as vegetables and fruits. We also eat animals and animal products, such as meat, milk, and eggs. We eat fungi, such as mushrooms. We also eat algae, in edible seaweeds like nori (used to wrap sushi rolls) and sea lettuce (used in salads).
Detritivores and decomposers are the final part of food chains. Detritivores are organisms that eat nonliving plant and animal remains. For example, scavengers such as vultures eat dead animals. Dung beetles eat animal feces.
Decomposers like fungi and bacteria complete the food chain. They turn organic wastes, such as decaying plants, into inorganic materials, such as nutrient-rich soil. Decomposers complete the cycle
Ch. 3 Notes Biosphere
Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. Ecologists study different levels of organization, from individual organisms to the entire biosphere. They use three approaches - observing, experimenting, and modeling - to ask and answer ecological questions. Energy flows through ecosystems from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs like plants and some bacteria through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and then to heterotrophs like animals. Matter cycles through ecosystems in biogeochemical cycles unlike energy, which flows in one direction. Key cycles include the water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles which are essential to living organisms and ecosystem health.
Ths general biology unit 1 our environment living relationships notes_v1516
(1) All living things rely on others for sources of energy and matter that are transferred and transformed throughout ecosystems. Only 10% of total energy is transferred between each organism.
(2) An ecosystem includes both biotic factors like plants, animals, and bacteria, as well as abiotic factors like water, sunlight, and minerals.
(3) Autotrophs like plants can produce their own food, while heterotrophs like animals must consume other organisms for energy and cannot produce their own food. Heterotrophs include herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores, and decomposers.
food chain.pptx
This document defines and compares food chains and food webs. A food chain shows a linear transfer of energy from plants through herbivores and carnivores. Food webs are more complex and show that most organisms are part of multiple overlapping food chains. They depict all the feeding relationships in an ecosystem and increase the adaptability of organisms. Decomposers like bacteria and fungi break down dead material and return nutrients to the soil to complete the cycle.
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2) Hooke was the first to use the term "cell" to describe the basic units that make up living things.
3) In the early 19th century, scientists in Germany developed the cell theory, which stated that all living things are made of one or more cells, cells are the basic unit of life, new cells are produced from existing cells, and cells can function independently.
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This document discusses biological organization and measuring microscopic objects. It explains that microscopic objects are measured in micrometers and nanometers, which are smaller than what can be seen with the naked eye. The document provides exercises calculating sizes of objects in millimeters, micrometers, and nanometers, including the size of a paramecium magnified 300 times.
Lesson 28 changes in the ecosystems
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Lesson 26 relationship between species
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Lesson 20 speciation
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2. Fossil evidence showing that ancient species share similarities with modern species and intermediate forms that show evolutionary transitions between groups.
3. Embryonic evidence that embryos of different but related species resemble each other, indicating their shared evolutionary history.
4. Biogeographical evidence of how species are distributed geographically.
5. Molecular evidence from similarities in DNA and proteins.
6. Other unspecified evidence supporting evolution
Lesson 18 the theory of natural selection
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2) In 1858, Alfred Russel Wallace proposed a nearly identical theory of natural selection, prompting Darwin to publish On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859.
3) Darwin's book used evidence from animal breeding, biogeography, and embryology to argue that species evolved over generations through a process of natural selection, where favorable heritable traits increase the survival and reproduction of individuals.
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Lesson 16 mutations
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Lesson 28 trophic relationships
- 1. Trophic relationships Trophic chains and webs Lesson #28
- 2. Organic matter • Living organisms are made up of organic matter. • Organic compounds are made up of carbon. Methane is the simplest form CH4. Living organisms are made up of larger organic molecules (biomolecules) such as: proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids…etc… • They therefore need organic matter to grow and to obtain energy. • Some living organism make organic matter out of inorganic matter.
- 3. Trophic relationships • Living organisms relate to obtain the matter and energy necessary for their nutrition. • Organisms in an ecosystem are organized according to how they obtain their matter and energy in: • Producers: autotrophic organisms. They produce organic matter out of inorganic matter. • Consumers: heterotrophic organisms which feed on living organic matter. • Primary consumers; Hervibores • Secondary consumers • Terciary or final consumers • Scavengers: considered as a type of carnivore that consumes dead animals. They are the beginning of the decomposition of this non-living organic matter. • Detritivores/Decomposers: heterotrophic organism which feed on detritus/debris (non-living organic matter) and break it down. • Decomposition: when organic matter is broken down into smaller or simpler forms of matter.
- 4. Trophic chain and webs • Organisms are chained together according “eating and being eaten” • The arrow means “eaten by” The chain advances through TROPHIC LEVELS An organism can be part of different trophic levels at the same time. Producers are alway on the 1st level. Consumers can be part of any trophic level except the 1st level.
- 8. Food web: Excercise 1. Group the organisms in columns according to the trophic level they belong to. a) When do we say that an organism can belong to more than one trophic level? Is there an example in this food web? b) Which trophic level do mushroom belong to?
- 9. Excercise 2. In a crop field, the roots serve as food supply for the crickets, and the larvae of insects. The shrew eat larvae and crickets and are the prey of foxes and buzzards. a) Make three different trophic chains in this crop field. b) Make the food web.